This document discusses key concepts in ecology and ecosystems. It begins by explaining that Earth is the only planet that supports life due to factors like its atmosphere, water, and perfect size. It then defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. The document goes on to explain important ecological concepts like biotic and abiotic ecosystem components, producers and consumers, and feedback mechanisms. It also discusses how various abiotic factors like light, temperature, and soil properties influence biological systems.
The Earth is made up of four interacting spheres: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The atmosphere contains gases, regulates temperature, and facilitates the water cycle. The biosphere encompasses living things and food webs. The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The lithosphere is the solid portion including the crust and mantle. These spheres constantly influence each other through exchange of matter and energy, like carbon and water cycles. Changes in one sphere can impact the others, such as volcanic eruptions releasing gases into the air and lava onto land and forests.
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
Earth Science is the study of the planet Earth and its processes. It includes four main areas: geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy. Geology studies Earth's composition and structure. Meteorology examines the atmosphere and weather. Oceanography analyzes Earth's oceans. Astronomy applies knowledge of Earth materials to understand other planets. Earth scientists seek to understand climate change, locate resources, and protect the environment from human impacts.
The document discusses ecosystems and the components that make up Earth's biosphere. It describes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere protects the planet and regulates temperatures. The lithosphere is Earth's solid outer layer made of rock and minerals. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, ice, and groundwater. Living things exist within these areas in the biosphere, which is a thin layer supporting life. Ecosystems are defined as communities of interacting living and nonliving things in a certain area.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with the physical environment to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
This document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both internal and external sources, a protective atmosphere, the right amount of energy from being located in the sun's habitable zone, a strong magnetic field, abundant nutrients circulated by geological processes and water cycles, and tectonic plates that help regulate the planet's temperature by insulating it from the Earth's hot core. These unique characteristics have made Earth habitable for billions of years and allowed life to thrive.
Lesson 1: The Universe and the Expanding Solar System Nicole Tan
This document discusses the structure and composition of the universe. It states that the universe comprises 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy. Dark matter helps hold galaxies together through gravity, while dark energy explains the accelerating expansion of the universe. Stars are born from clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. The three most abundant elements in the universe are hydrogen, helium, and lithium. Galaxies form clusters, which in turn form superclusters separated by empty spaces. The universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old and at least 91 billion light-years in diameter.
The Earth is made up of four interacting spheres: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The atmosphere contains gases, regulates temperature, and facilitates the water cycle. The biosphere encompasses living things and food webs. The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The lithosphere is the solid portion including the crust and mantle. These spheres constantly influence each other through exchange of matter and energy, like carbon and water cycles. Changes in one sphere can impact the others, such as volcanic eruptions releasing gases into the air and lava onto land and forests.
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
Earth Science is the study of the planet Earth and its processes. It includes four main areas: geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy. Geology studies Earth's composition and structure. Meteorology examines the atmosphere and weather. Oceanography analyzes Earth's oceans. Astronomy applies knowledge of Earth materials to understand other planets. Earth scientists seek to understand climate change, locate resources, and protect the environment from human impacts.
The document discusses ecosystems and the components that make up Earth's biosphere. It describes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere protects the planet and regulates temperatures. The lithosphere is Earth's solid outer layer made of rock and minerals. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, ice, and groundwater. Living things exist within these areas in the biosphere, which is a thin layer supporting life. Ecosystems are defined as communities of interacting living and nonliving things in a certain area.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with the physical environment to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
This document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both internal and external sources, a protective atmosphere, the right amount of energy from being located in the sun's habitable zone, a strong magnetic field, abundant nutrients circulated by geological processes and water cycles, and tectonic plates that help regulate the planet's temperature by insulating it from the Earth's hot core. These unique characteristics have made Earth habitable for billions of years and allowed life to thrive.
Lesson 1: The Universe and the Expanding Solar System Nicole Tan
This document discusses the structure and composition of the universe. It states that the universe comprises 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy. Dark matter helps hold galaxies together through gravity, while dark energy explains the accelerating expansion of the universe. Stars are born from clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. The three most abundant elements in the universe are hydrogen, helium, and lithium. Galaxies form clusters, which in turn form superclusters separated by empty spaces. The universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old and at least 91 billion light-years in diameter.
In this lecture you will be introduced to Earth system science a new holisitic approach to studying the Earth as a whole system of many interacting parts.
The document discusses the four main Earth systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and features of each system. Earth system science studies how these four spheres interact continuously, with each system affecting the others through examples of interactions like volcanoes erupting and hurricanes forming.
The document discusses Earth science and the Earth system. It defines Earth science as the study of the Earth's interior, rocks, soil, atmosphere and oceans. It explains that Earth science today focuses on the connections between these different parts. Heat from the Earth's interior and radiation from the sun provide energy for Earth's processes. The Earth system consists of four major interconnected parts: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere.
The document describes Earth's spheres which include:
- The geosphere (solid rocky part including crust and mantle)
- Hydrosphere (liquid water parts like oceans and rivers)
- Cryosphere (frozen water parts like ice and glaciers)
- Atmosphere (mixture of gases surrounding Earth)
- Biosphere (area where living things exist)
It explains that matter and energy constantly cycle between these spheres, and their interactions are essential for life on Earth. The spheres work together as a complex, interconnected system.
The document discusses global warming and proposes large-scale desalination and irrigation as a solution. It notes that the Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere protect life from radiation, but human activity like burning fossil fuels is polluting the atmosphere. The author argues that purifying salty ocean water through desalination on a massive scale could green dry areas and increase photosynthesis, cleaning the air through increased plant life. International cooperation from governments, religions, and companies would be needed to prioritize this solution over reducing emissions alone. In just a few sentences, the high-level idea is presented without unnecessary details.
The document describes the four major interacting components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and layers of the atmosphere. It then summarizes the geosphere as the solid Earth, the biosphere as the zone supporting life, and the hydrosphere as all of Earth's water. It concludes that Earth system science studies how changes in one component can affect the others, providing examples of how the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact.
Components of Environment | Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and BiosphereAdeel Abbas
In this ppt lecture, the author has explained environmental chemistry, earth environment, and its components such as Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and Bio or ecosphere.
Read complete articles here
https://themasterchemistry.com/earth-environment-and-its-spheres/
1) The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years through the accretion and differentiation of gases and planetesimals clumping together via gravitational forces.
2) Early Earth had extreme temperatures and volatile composition, but stabilized over time allowing the first lifeforms to emerge and eventually diversify.
3) Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has caused widespread environmental degradation through pollution, deforestation, overpopulation, and overconsumption of resources, threatening the planet's long term sustainability.
The Earth system refers to the interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes of the planet, including its land, oceans, atmosphere, poles, and natural cycles. The Earth can be viewed as a closed system, where the total amount of matter is fixed but transforms between different forms. The Earth is composed of four main subsystems - the geosphere (rocks and soil), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living things and their remains). Human lives depend on the interaction of these four subsystems.
Environement by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14fahadansari131
The document discusses the definition of environment and its various components. It defines environment as all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting an organism. The key environmental segments include the lithosphere (rocks and soil), hydrosphere (water resources), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (region where life exists). Pollution is introduced as the addition of contaminants into the environment that deteriorate nature and harm living things. Ecology is defined as the study of interactions between living and non-living components in an environment. An ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.
Earth science encompasses the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. It includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. The document discusses theories of Earth's formation from a rotating nebula, its layered structure including the crust, mantle and core, and its major spheres - the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. It also describes plate tectonics, methods of representing Earth's surface including latitude, longitude, maps and topographic maps, the concept of Earth as a complex, interacting system, environmental problems facing the planet, and the scientific method of gathering facts, formulating hypotheses and testing theories.
Introduction to Environment Ecology and Ecosystemchirag yadav
Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
The document discusses the key components that make Earth habitable for life. It describes Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere and how they interact with living organisms. The non-living components provide necessary elements for life like liquid water, stable temperatures, and gases used in respiration and photosynthesis. Together the interactions between living and non-living parts make up the complex network of Earth's biosphere that sustains life.
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
The document discusses the biosphere, which is defined as the global sum of all ecosystems and the zone of life on Earth. It originated from the work of Charles Darwin and Matthew Maury in the 1920s. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875 to refer to the place on Earth where life dwells. The biosphere concept is relevant to many scientific disciplines and examines the physical properties, levels of organization, and factors that affect the biosphere such as the distance between Earth and the sun and chemical and biological erosion.
This document discusses the formation of Earth and the impact of humans on the environment. It describes how dust and rocks pulled together billions of years ago to form planets, and how Earth developed an atmosphere and life over billions of more years. However, it notes that human activities like pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction are now degrading the environment and endangering species. The document urges humans to pledge to protect the Earth and learn ways to restore lands that have been degraded.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Biology 151 immunology course. It includes the course description, objectives, calendar of activities, requirements and policies. The course covers the structure and function of the immune system, antigens and antibodies, innate and adaptive immunity, immunodeficiencies, and vaccines. It is comprised of lectures, laboratory sessions, exams and a group presentation on vaccine challenges. The grading is based on exam scores, quizzes, reports and performance.
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including its discovery through transplantation experiments in mice, serologic studies in humans, and the structure and function of MHC molecules. MHC molecules present antigen fragments to T cells and play a key role in the immune system by distinguishing self from non-self. There are two major classes of MHC molecules: Class I presents intracellular peptides to cytotoxic T cells, while Class II presents extracellular peptides to helper T cells.
This document provides an overview of topics that will be covered in Examination 2 for NS 2 COVERAGE. The topics include circulation and respiration, digestion, reproduction and aging, genetics and inheritance, and evolution and advances in biological sciences.
Under circulation and respiration, key concepts about open and closed circulatory systems, varying heart chambers, the functions of the heart, path of blood flow, pacemaker cells, the heartbeat, fetal circulation, blood vessels, control of blood pressure and flow, strokes vs heart attacks, blood composition, blood production and recycling, and blood doping are outlined.
Genetics and inheritance topics include blood typing and the Rh factor. Evolution and advances in biology section covers modified class schedule information and a
In this lecture you will be introduced to Earth system science a new holisitic approach to studying the Earth as a whole system of many interacting parts.
The document discusses the four main Earth systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and features of each system. Earth system science studies how these four spheres interact continuously, with each system affecting the others through examples of interactions like volcanoes erupting and hurricanes forming.
The document discusses Earth science and the Earth system. It defines Earth science as the study of the Earth's interior, rocks, soil, atmosphere and oceans. It explains that Earth science today focuses on the connections between these different parts. Heat from the Earth's interior and radiation from the sun provide energy for Earth's processes. The Earth system consists of four major interconnected parts: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere.
The document describes Earth's spheres which include:
- The geosphere (solid rocky part including crust and mantle)
- Hydrosphere (liquid water parts like oceans and rivers)
- Cryosphere (frozen water parts like ice and glaciers)
- Atmosphere (mixture of gases surrounding Earth)
- Biosphere (area where living things exist)
It explains that matter and energy constantly cycle between these spheres, and their interactions are essential for life on Earth. The spheres work together as a complex, interconnected system.
The document discusses global warming and proposes large-scale desalination and irrigation as a solution. It notes that the Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere protect life from radiation, but human activity like burning fossil fuels is polluting the atmosphere. The author argues that purifying salty ocean water through desalination on a massive scale could green dry areas and increase photosynthesis, cleaning the air through increased plant life. International cooperation from governments, religions, and companies would be needed to prioritize this solution over reducing emissions alone. In just a few sentences, the high-level idea is presented without unnecessary details.
The document describes the four major interacting components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and layers of the atmosphere. It then summarizes the geosphere as the solid Earth, the biosphere as the zone supporting life, and the hydrosphere as all of Earth's water. It concludes that Earth system science studies how changes in one component can affect the others, providing examples of how the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact.
Components of Environment | Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and BiosphereAdeel Abbas
In this ppt lecture, the author has explained environmental chemistry, earth environment, and its components such as Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and Bio or ecosphere.
Read complete articles here
https://themasterchemistry.com/earth-environment-and-its-spheres/
1) The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years through the accretion and differentiation of gases and planetesimals clumping together via gravitational forces.
2) Early Earth had extreme temperatures and volatile composition, but stabilized over time allowing the first lifeforms to emerge and eventually diversify.
3) Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has caused widespread environmental degradation through pollution, deforestation, overpopulation, and overconsumption of resources, threatening the planet's long term sustainability.
The Earth system refers to the interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes of the planet, including its land, oceans, atmosphere, poles, and natural cycles. The Earth can be viewed as a closed system, where the total amount of matter is fixed but transforms between different forms. The Earth is composed of four main subsystems - the geosphere (rocks and soil), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living things and their remains). Human lives depend on the interaction of these four subsystems.
Environement by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14fahadansari131
The document discusses the definition of environment and its various components. It defines environment as all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting an organism. The key environmental segments include the lithosphere (rocks and soil), hydrosphere (water resources), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (region where life exists). Pollution is introduced as the addition of contaminants into the environment that deteriorate nature and harm living things. Ecology is defined as the study of interactions between living and non-living components in an environment. An ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.
Earth science encompasses the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. It includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. The document discusses theories of Earth's formation from a rotating nebula, its layered structure including the crust, mantle and core, and its major spheres - the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. It also describes plate tectonics, methods of representing Earth's surface including latitude, longitude, maps and topographic maps, the concept of Earth as a complex, interacting system, environmental problems facing the planet, and the scientific method of gathering facts, formulating hypotheses and testing theories.
Introduction to Environment Ecology and Ecosystemchirag yadav
Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
The document discusses the key components that make Earth habitable for life. It describes Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere and how they interact with living organisms. The non-living components provide necessary elements for life like liquid water, stable temperatures, and gases used in respiration and photosynthesis. Together the interactions between living and non-living parts make up the complex network of Earth's biosphere that sustains life.
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
The document discusses the biosphere, which is defined as the global sum of all ecosystems and the zone of life on Earth. It originated from the work of Charles Darwin and Matthew Maury in the 1920s. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875 to refer to the place on Earth where life dwells. The biosphere concept is relevant to many scientific disciplines and examines the physical properties, levels of organization, and factors that affect the biosphere such as the distance between Earth and the sun and chemical and biological erosion.
This document discusses the formation of Earth and the impact of humans on the environment. It describes how dust and rocks pulled together billions of years ago to form planets, and how Earth developed an atmosphere and life over billions of more years. However, it notes that human activities like pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction are now degrading the environment and endangering species. The document urges humans to pledge to protect the Earth and learn ways to restore lands that have been degraded.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Biology 151 immunology course. It includes the course description, objectives, calendar of activities, requirements and policies. The course covers the structure and function of the immune system, antigens and antibodies, innate and adaptive immunity, immunodeficiencies, and vaccines. It is comprised of lectures, laboratory sessions, exams and a group presentation on vaccine challenges. The grading is based on exam scores, quizzes, reports and performance.
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including its discovery through transplantation experiments in mice, serologic studies in humans, and the structure and function of MHC molecules. MHC molecules present antigen fragments to T cells and play a key role in the immune system by distinguishing self from non-self. There are two major classes of MHC molecules: Class I presents intracellular peptides to cytotoxic T cells, while Class II presents extracellular peptides to helper T cells.
This document provides an overview of topics that will be covered in Examination 2 for NS 2 COVERAGE. The topics include circulation and respiration, digestion, reproduction and aging, genetics and inheritance, and evolution and advances in biological sciences.
Under circulation and respiration, key concepts about open and closed circulatory systems, varying heart chambers, the functions of the heart, path of blood flow, pacemaker cells, the heartbeat, fetal circulation, blood vessels, control of blood pressure and flow, strokes vs heart attacks, blood composition, blood production and recycling, and blood doping are outlined.
Genetics and inheritance topics include blood typing and the Rh factor. Evolution and advances in biology section covers modified class schedule information and a
Biology 151 is a 3-unit course on immunology taught in the second semester of 2010-2011. Student grades are based 70% on two lecture exams and quizzes and journal reports. Students can be exempted from the final exam if they have a pre-final average of 75% or higher and passing grades in both the lecture and laboratory components. Students who miss an exam for a valid reason will take the final exam, which will substitute for the missed exam score. The course covers topics such as the immune system cells and organs, antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulin genes, antigen processing and presentation, T-cells and B-cells, cytokines, the complement system, cell-mediated effector response, and immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes that combat intracellular microbes. There are two phases: activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, followed by migration of effector T cells to sites of infection. Effector T cells differentiate into subsets like TH1 and TH2 cells that secrete cytokines activating other immune cells. CD8+ T cells become cytotoxic T lymphocytes that directly kill infected cells. Memory T cells remain after infection clearance to provide rapid protection upon reexposure.
The document discusses different types of vaccines, including active and passive immunization. It covers topics like whole-organism vaccines, purified macromolecules, recombinant-vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and multivalent subunit vaccines. The document also addresses global vaccination challenges and provides information on recommended childhood immunization in the US.
This document provides an overview and introduction to immunobiology. It discusses that the immune system is composed of both the innate (non-specific) system and the adaptive (specific) system. The innate system provides a first line of defense through barrier tissues and cells that rapidly respond to invaders. The adaptive system provides a second line of defense through production of antibodies and cell-mediated responses that may take days to respond to a new infection. Both systems have cellular and humoral components that work together to protect the body, with signals between the two systems.
The document discusses the uniqueness of Earth and its subsystems. It explains that Earth is the only planet in the solar system that can support life due to factors like being located in the sun's habitable zone and having liquid water. The document then describes Earth's four subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere - and how they interact with each other. For example, it notes how the atmosphere and hydrosphere exchange heat and moisture through the water cycle.
The document discusses the key subsystems that make up the Earth system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and how they interact. It provides details on the composition and important processes of each subsystem. The atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and is responsible for heat redistribution and the hydrologic cycle. The hydrosphere covers 70% of the Earth as ocean water and freshwater. The lithosphere includes the crust and mantle, and plate tectonics shape the Earth's surface. The biosphere is the set of all life forms and the carbon cycle. Each subsystem interacts with the others, making life possible on Earth.
This document provides an overview of environmental science and engineering. It defines key terms like environment and discusses the four main components of the environment: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It describes each component in detail, including the various layers of the lithosphere and atmosphere. It also explains the relationship between the different environmental components and how the social environment can impact the physical environment through factors like belief systems, festivals, taboos, laws, and attitudes. Finally, it defines what an ecosystem is and lists the main types of ecosystems.
The document discusses the four subsystems that make up the Earth:
1. Atmosphere - The gaseous layer composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen that supports life.
2. Biosphere - The zone where all life exists on land, in water, and in the sea.
3. Geosphere - The solid portion of the Earth consisting of the core, mantle, and crust.
4. Hydrosphere - The water portion of the Earth found in oceans, glaciers, and the atmosphere, comprising 71% of the Earth's surface.
Matter and energy flow continuously between these four interconnected subsystems.
Chapter no 1 introduction. environmental chemistryAwais Bakshy
The document provides an introduction to environmental chemistry. It discusses the objectives of studying environmental chemistry and defines key terms like environment, environmental chemistry, and the components of the environment. It then covers various types of pollution like water, air, soil, noise, radioactive, and thermal pollution. It also discusses the impacts of modern lifestyle on environmental quality, including increased resource use, pollution, deforestation, and water degradation.
This document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both internal and external sources, a protective atmosphere, the right amount of energy from being located in the sun's habitable zone, a strong magnetic field, abundant nutrients circulated by geological processes and water cycles, and tectonic plates that help regulate the planet's temperature by insulating it from the Earth's hot core. These unique characteristics have made Earth habitable for billions of years and allowed life to thrive.
Introduction to Earth What are its layers and dimensions..moosaasad1975
In this PPT you will come to know about Earth it's a dimensions and different layers of Earth and the material which is present in those layers what is what is earth.
The document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both internal and external processes, an atmosphere that traps heat and protects from radiation, a supply of energy from the Sun in the Goldilocks zone, strong magnetic field that shields the planet, nutrients that are circulated by geological processes and water cycles, and tectonic plates that regulate heat from the core and protect the surface. These unique characteristics have allowed life to thrive on Earth.
Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only known place in the universe to support life. It has liquid water, exists within the sun's habitable zone, and its atmosphere contains oxygen and protects it from radiation. Key factors that make Earth habitable include its distance from the sun, system of plate tectonics, size and protective moon. The four interacting spheres that comprise Earth's system are the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere.
Here are two examples of interactions between Earth's subsystems:
1. Volcanic eruptions (geosphere) release large amounts of gases and ash into the atmosphere. The ash and particles can serve as nuclei for formation of raindrops, influencing precipitation patterns and potentially increasing rainfall (hydrosphere). The changes in rainfall can impact plant growth and ecosystems (biosphere).
2. Photosynthesis by plants (biosphere) releases oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plants also take in water and minerals from the soil (geosphere) through their roots. Transpiration by plants releases water vapor into the air (hydrosphere), influencing the water cycle and climate.
Global climate change poses challenges for human health through various pathways. Rising temperatures lead to more extreme heat waves which can cause illnesses and death. Climate change also alters infectious disease patterns by changing the range of disease-carrying insects and the transmission of water and food-borne pathogens. Long term climate change impacts health indirectly through threats to food security, clean air and water from environmental degradation. Addressing climate change requires global cooperation to transition away from fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions per the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Environmental science is the study of how humans interact with their environment, both natural and man-made. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes scientific and social aspects of human impacts on the world. The environment includes all living things like animals and plants, non-living things like oceans and soil, and the built environment of human structures. Environmental science examines the biotic and abiotic components of the environment and seeks to understand human effects and find sustainable solutions to issues like pollution, resource depletion, and biodiversity loss.
This document provides an outline for a course on environmental chemistry and pollution. It covers 5 units: introduction and identification of environmental chemistry; atmospheric composition and gaseous pollutants; water pollution; soil pollutants; and medical pollutants. The introduction defines key terms like environment, atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, anthroposphere, flora and fauna. It also discusses factors like population growth, urbanization and industrialization that impact the environment. The document further describes the natural cycles of water, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen and how human activities place burdens on the environment.
The document discusses the four subsystems that make up the Earth: atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of each subsystem. The key points are:
- The atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen and oxygen and supports life.
- The biosphere includes all life on Earth in oceans, on land, and in water.
- The geosphere is the solid Earth, consisting of the core, mantle, and crust.
- The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth, mainly in oceans.
- Matter and energy flow between the subsystems, and they are all interconnected.
The Earth is like a big team where different parts work together to make everything work well. There are four main parts: the air around us (atmosphere), the water all around (hydrosphere), the solid ground beneath our feet (lithosphere), and all living things (biosphere). Each part has its special job.
The air around us is important because we need it to breathe and live. The water, like oceans and rivers, is a big part too. The solid ground is what we walk on, and all the living things, from plants to animals, make up the biosphere.
These parts work together to make sure everything is balanced and that life can happen. Learning how these parts work together helps us understand how our planet works and changes. It's like a big puzzle, and each piece is important!
1. Atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system that surrounds the planet. It is a mixture of gases that are held in place by the Earth's gravity. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth by providing the necessary gases for respiration, regulating temperature, and protecting the planet from harmful solar radiation.
2.Biosphere (Living Things)
The biosphere refers to the part of Earth where life exists. It includes the surface of the land, the ocean, the lower atmosphere, and the upper lithosphere. The biosphere is a complex and interconnected system that sustains and supports life.
.Hydrosphere (Water)
The hydrosphere refers to the total amount of water on Earth's surface, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and even the water vapor in the atmosphere. It is a critical component of the Earth system and plays a crucial role in supporting life and influencing climate.
4.Lithosphere (Land)
The lithosphere is the outermost shell of the Earth and is composed of the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is one of the Earth's four major spheres, along with the hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living organisms). The term "lithosphere" comes from the Greek words "lithos," meaning rock, and "sphaira," meaning sphere.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with physical factors to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
The Earth’s Four Subsystems: atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.Amarynthia
The document discusses the four subsystems of Earth: the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It describes the key characteristics of each subsystem and explains how matter and energy flow between the subsystems through biogeochemical cycles, allowing important nutrients to circulate and life to be supported on Earth. Disruptions to the flow of matter and energy between subsystems could damage Earth's interconnected systems.
The document summarizes the four subsystems of Earth - the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It describes the key characteristics of each subsystem, including their composition and interactions. Matter and energy flow between the subsystems, with the atmosphere serving as a protective blanket, the geosphere made up of Earth's solid surface, the hydrosphere encompassing all of Earth's water, and the biosphere defined as the zone in which living organisms exist.
The document discusses the four main spheres that make up the Earth's system - the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. It describes each sphere in detail, including what they contain and their interactions. The spheres - land, water, living things, and air - work together as a complex, interconnected system powered by both internal and external energy sources.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity in the Philippines. It begins by defining key terms like endemism. It then discusses the high plant diversity in the Philippines, noting there are an estimated 12,000 plant species, with many ferns, orchids, and mosses being endemic. The document highlights some examples of endemic species within these groups. It also addresses the country's status as one of 17 megadiverse countries and notes the large numbers of endemic animal species like birds, mammals, and reptiles found in the Philippines. Threats to the country's biodiversity like habitat loss are also examined.
Traditional versus Modern Biotechnology (Exam 2 coverage)Marilen Parungao
Traditional (classical) biotechnology includes fermentation, breeding, and the production of antibiotics and vaccines. Fermentation involves using microbes like yeast and bacteria to produce foods and beverages through anaerobic respiration, including beer, wine, cheese, bread and yogurt. Breeding techniques like inbreeding and crossbreeding were used to selectively develop plant and animal varieties with desirable traits. Early methods discovered antibiotics produced by microorganisms and used vaccines containing weakened or killed pathogens to trigger immune responses without causing illness.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, levels, importance, threats, and status in the Philippines. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. The lecture notes cover the three main levels of biodiversity and provides examples. It emphasizes that biodiversity is important to preserve for economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons. Major threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive species. The document concludes that the Philippines is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with over half of its plant and animal species being endemic.
Traditional (classical) biotechnology refers to techniques that have been used for thousands of years, such as fermentation processes. Key applications of fermentation included producing foods like beer, wine, cheese, bread and yogurt. These processes harness microbes like yeast and bacteria to convert sugars into products like ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide and other compounds, allowing foods to be preserved and enhancing flavors. Traditional biotechnology built upon ancient techniques and helped enable major advances in food production and medicine.
Transcription must occur before translation because a ribosome needs an mRNA blueprint to construct a protein. The operator is activated when lactose binds to the lac repressor and inactivated when the lac repressor binds to the operator. The last line shows a sequence of mRNA codons.
Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)Marilen Parungao
- Transcription must occur before translation. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA, which is then used as a template for translation.
- The LAC operon is activated under conditions where glucose is low/lactose is high. It is inactivated when glucose is high/lactose is low.
- The DNA sequence provided would be transcribed into an RNA sequence where all Ts would be replaced with Us: 3'-UAC GGC AUU GCA CAU UUU AGG GGC AAU AUU-5'
This document discusses nucleic acids and proteins, including their structures and functions. It provides information on DNA and RNA, such as their components, properties, and roles in coding for proteins. Key experiments that helped identify DNA as the genetic material are summarized, including Griffith's transformation experiment, Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment, and Hershey-Chase experiment. Questions are also included about nucleic acid and protein structures and these classic experiments.
The document discusses nutrient cycling and biogeochemical cycles. It explains that nutrients are transported through organisms, atmosphere, water, and land in a series of cycles. The main cycles discussed are the water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. It describes the reservoirs, chemical forms, and processes involved in each cycle. It also addresses how human activities like pollution, use of fertilizers, and deforestation can disrupt nutrient cycling and cause issues like eutrophication, ozone depletion, and acid rain. Potential solutions to remediate disrupted cycles, like bioremediation using bacteria, fungi, plants and algae, are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the principles of heredity and genetics that he discovered. It discusses Mendel's work crossing pea plants with different traits, such as flower color, and recording the results in subsequent generations. His experiments showed that traits are inherited in discrete units (now known as genes) and follow predictable patterns, such as the 3:1 ratio he observed for dominant and recessive traits in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross. The document also covers Mendel's principle of independent assortment observed in dihybrid crosses.
The document contains a calendar of activities for Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong covering topics such as calendar of activities, energy concepts and energy flow, ecology, ecosystem concepts, and energy flow, with each topic containing multiple entries attributed to Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong.
The document contains the calendar of activities and lecture notes from a biology class taught by Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong. The lecture covers the fundamentals of chemistry of life, including atoms, chemical bonds, important biological molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also discusses the domains of life including viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The functional anatomy of different cell types like plant, animal, bacterial and yeast cells are presented. The lecture concludes with topics on metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, cellular respiration and fermentation.
The document discusses different perceptions of and approaches to nature and the environment. It outlines major perceptions like everything being connected or nature having a delicate balance. It then discusses environmental ethics and different world views like biocentrism, ecocentrism, and anthropocentrism. Biocentrism and ecocentrism view humans as part of the environment, while anthropocentrism views nature as existing for human use. The document argues that anthropocentric views can lead to problems like overpopulation. It suggests adopting more ecocentric values to better care for the environment. Finally, it defines environmental justice as the fair treatment of all people regarding environmental laws and policies.
This document provides an introduction and overview of biotechnology, including definitions of key terms and an historical timeline of important developments in the field. It begins with definitions of biotechnology and genetic engineering. It then outlines the timeline of biotechnology from early domestication and farming in Mesopotamia through modern developments like recombinant vaccines, cloning, and the human genome project. The document concludes with a note about an upcoming meeting to level off on the material.
This document outlines the activities and requirements for a course on biotechnology. It includes lectures, presentations, exams, lab activities and field trips. There will be three exams covering introduction to techniques, applications of biotechnology, and international laws and guidelines. Students will work in groups to present on developing a GMO and create an exhibit for BioWeek. The course will also include virtual laboratory activities covering DNA extraction, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and microarrays. The last meeting will discuss isolating genes from plants and animals as well as human cloning and stem cell research.
The document outlines the content of a lecture on modern biotechnology. It discusses DNA as the genetic material and how genes are passed from parents to offspring in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. It also describes how modern biotechnology uses techniques like gene cloning and genetic engineering to develop genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by inserting foreign genes. Specific examples covered include the development of Golden Rice to address vitamin A deficiency and the use of GMOs in health, industry, food, and the environment.
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines from Edward Jenner's pioneering smallpox vaccine in the 18th century to modern vaccines. It covers key topics such as passive and active immunity, commonly used vaccine types including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit/component, toxoid, and DNA vaccines. Safety considerations, efficacy, target groups, and monitoring of vaccine effects are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of controlling microbial growth through various physical and chemical methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, and antisepsis. Physical methods discussed include heat, radiation, filtration, and desiccation. Chemical methods include sterilants, disinfectants, sanitizers, antiseptics, and preservatives. The document also discusses factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and how their modes of action include damaging membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids. Assessment methods for disinfectants and chemotherapeutic agents like the phenol coefficient test, agar diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration are also summarized.
Microbial growth refers to an increase in the number of microbial cells rather than an increase in cell size. Microbes require certain physical, chemical and nutritional conditions to grow, including a source of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other trace elements. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels and osmotic pressure also influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be obtained through streak plating and maintained through subculturing or freezing methods like glycerol stocks.
This document contains calendars of activities for Biology 196 for two sections, TBYZ and FBYZ, listing dates from August to October, with speakers, facilitators, and reactors assigned for each date. Students are scheduled to fulfill each role on different dates. The same activity of submitting a review paper to the teacher and reactor is listed for August 14 for both sections.
The document discusses whether microbe extinction should be cared about. It notes that while over 99% of species that have ever lived are extinct, microbes are ubiquitous and diverse. However, their roles in biogeochemical cycles and symbiotic relationships mean local extinctions could have large impacts. Evidence suggests microbes can face extinction through habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Their potential losses through these human-caused threats to ecosystems should be a concern.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
5. • Community of living things on the Earth
• Sum of all ecosystems on Earth
• Living organisms of the biosphere depend on
one another and on the other divisions of the
Earth’s physical environment:
– ATMOSPHERE (gaseous envelope)
– HYDROSPHERE (water supply)
– LITHOSPHERE (crust: soils and rocks
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 5
7. • Coined by Ernst Haeckel (1869)
• “oikos” – house
• “logos” ‐ study of
• EARTH is like a great estate in which the living organisms
and the physical environment interact in an immense and
complicated web of rela;onships
• ECOLOGY, then, is the study of the interac;ons among
organisms and between organisms and their physical
environment
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 7
8. • Rela;onship with Ecology
– Study of the interrelationship between
living organisms and their animate and
inanimate environment
• Ecology is the basic tool of environmental science
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 8
10. • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
– Brings the system back to the ideal state
– Devia;on‐counterac;ng inputs
• Homeosta;c Plateau ‐ min/max area within which the nega;ve feedback
mechanism can s;ll func;on
• POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
– Increasing tendency to be away from setpoint
– Devia;on‐accelera;ng inputs
– Homeosta;c plateau exceeded
• Ex. Geometric increase in the popula;on
» Development of cancer and kidney stones
» Parturi;on or childbirth
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 10
14. • Light affects the following ac;vi;es
– rate of photosynthesis (blue and red 420‐660 nm)
– flowering, dormancy, and leaf fall
– migra;on and hiberna;on
– nes;ng behavior
• Temperature
– direct effect on metabolism by controlling body chemistry and
reac;ons (inc T inc rate of reac;ons)
– affects other environmental factors such as moisture
availability
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 14
15. • Precipita;on/Moisture
– Water as a universal solvent, medium for biochemical
processes
– Very limi;ng in terrestrial environment; determines the type
of vegeta;on in a given environment
• Atmosphere/Wind
– Major reservoir of nutrients important to life
– Wind ac;on accelerates transpira;on process
– Strong winds may induce physical damage on plant structure
and distribu;on of seeds and small animals
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 15
16. • Soil Content
– More nutrients in soil for plant growth means greater produc;vity
– “Law of the Minimum” by Justus von Liebig (1837), the growth
and survival of plants depend on the nutrient that is least
available
• Soil Moisture
– Increase water availability generally means greater produc;vity;
water is a raw material
• Soil Acidity
– determines the solubility and availability of essen;al inorganic salts
in the solu;on
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 16
27. • Grazing Food Chain
– starts from a green plant base then goes to grazing herbivores, and on to carnivores;
– most common in deep aqua;c systems but can also be found in terrestrial
• grass cow man
• phytoplankton zooplankton plank;vores piscivores cat dog “lasenggo”
cannibals
• Detrital Food Chain
– from dead organic maper to microorganisms and then to detri;vores and their predators
– most common in terrestrial and shallow waters
• dead leaves mites carnivorous mites
• dung bacteria microbial consumers
• Parasi;c Food Chain
– In which either the producer or consumer is parasi;zed
– Food passes to a smaller organism than a larger one.
• e.g. termites Triconympha
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 27
37. • Freshwater
– 3% of the world’s water supply
• More consump;on than supply
• Pumping waters from aquifers ‐ not a normal part of the water
cycle
• Garbage and wastes pollute the water and clog drainage systems
induces flooding
• Asphal;ng – render the ground impervious to water blocks
infiltra;on
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 37
Pollu;on
– a change in transfer rate of water
and nutrients that can lead directly
or indirectly to a degradaXon of
human health or degradaXon of
plant and animal life
38. • Type: Gaseous (21%)
• Major Reservoir: Atmosphere
• Forms: Free and Molecular Oxygen
• Sources:
– Photosynthesis from producers
– PhotodissociaXon of Water Vapor
• Fate of Free O2:
1. Reach higher levels of trophosphere and reduced to ozone
(provides protecXon by filtering out the sun's UV rays)
2. May react with chemicals and organic compounds of the
earth’s crust
3. May be used up in cell respiraXon which release CO2 to be
used by autotrophs to produce more O2
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 38
40. • Type: Gaseous Cycle
• Major Reservoir : Atmosphere but also calcium carbonate in shells
and limestone, as well as fossil fuels
• Significance : Major element of organic compounds; building
blocks of all biomolecules
• Processes
– Photosynthesis removes CO2 while respiraXon and combusXon add CO2
to the atmosphere.
– CO2 from air and water combine to form bicarbonate (HCO3) – source of
carbon for aquaXc producers. Carbonic acid makes rainwater also slightly
acidic.
– Similarly, when aquaXc organisms respire, CO2 is released and combine
with water to form HCO3. HCO3 (water) = CO2 (air)
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 40
43. • Type: Gaseous Cycle
• Major reservoir – ATMOSPHERE
• Importance – Essen;al for many biological
processes, cons;tutes part of proteins (amino
acids), in bases of nucleic acids that make up
DNA and RNA
• 79% of atmosphere is made up of nitrogen (N2)
but this is INERT
• It must be fixed for organisms to u;lize it
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 43
44. • USE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
– Human use of nitrogen fer;lizers causes runoff, leading to eutrophica;on in
aqua;c systems (e.g. eutrophica;on)
• NITRATES LEACHING INTO GROUNDWATER
– Nitrogen level in drinking water rises
– A large rise of nitrogen in drinking water supplies leads to
Methemoglobinemia / Blue‐Baby Syndrome
• NITROGEN OXIDES RELEASED THROUGH COMBUSTION
– Burning of fossil fuel + automobiles : source of nitrogen dioxide
– Ozone + PAN Photochemical Smog
• LIVESTOCK RELEASE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF AMMONIA (FROM WASTES)
– The ammonia released from wastes of livestock can have detrimental effects
on fish and other organisms
– There is reduc;on in diversity
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 44
45. • Type: Purely Sedimental
• Major reservoir – Earth’s crust
• Gradual cycle ‐ It has no gaseous phase
– Phosphorous normally occurs in nature as part of phosphate ion.
– Most phosphates found as salts in ocean sediments or in rocks.
– Over ;me : geologic processes can bring sediments from ocean to
land, and weathering can bring it from land to ocean
• Importance
– Phosphorous cons;tuent of nucleic acids in DNA, and energy
currency of cell ATP.
– Phosphorous ‐also found in bones, in phospholipids which are found
in biological membranes.
Department of BIOLOGY, CAS‐UP Manila 45