The document discusses global warming and proposes large-scale desalination and irrigation as a solution. It notes that the Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere protect life from radiation, but human activity like burning fossil fuels is polluting the atmosphere. The author argues that purifying salty ocean water through desalination on a massive scale could green dry areas and increase photosynthesis, cleaning the air through increased plant life. International cooperation from governments, religions, and companies would be needed to prioritize this solution over reducing emissions alone. In just a few sentences, the high-level idea is presented without unnecessary details.
The document provides a review for an APES Unit 2 test, covering topics like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles, photosynthesis, population growth, ecological succession, and species interactions like mutualism, competition, and predation. Bellringer questions are presented on key concepts, and notes are provided explaining processes like keystone species, limiting factors, and natural and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems.
AP Environmental Science: Unit 1 Test ReviewJordan Randles
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, environmental science, and earth systems. It defines ecological footprint and its implications for resource use. It also summarizes the effects of deforestation on water cycles and soil resources. Additional summaries cover sustainability, pollution, causes of environmental problems, climate and weather, plate tectonics, erosion, the rock and soil cycles.
The document summarizes an experiment called Biosphere-2, which aimed to create a self-sustaining ecosystem isolated from the outside world. Scientists established the ecosystem within a large glass structure in the Arizona desert. However, when they opened the structure, they found that the oxygen levels had dropped dangerously low and many plant and animal species had died off. The experiment showed that perfectly balancing an ecosystem to support human life, as the Earth has done, is extremely difficult to engineer artificially. Despite their efforts, the researchers were unable to replicate the balances that have existed naturally on Earth for millions of years.
The document discusses ecosystems and the components that make up Earth's biosphere. It describes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere protects the planet and regulates temperatures. The lithosphere is Earth's solid outer layer made of rock and minerals. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, ice, and groundwater. Living things exist within these areas in the biosphere, which is a thin layer supporting life. Ecosystems are defined as communities of interacting living and nonliving things in a certain area.
This document discusses the formation of Earth and the impact of humans on the environment. It describes how dust and rocks pulled together billions of years ago to form planets, and how Earth developed an atmosphere and life over billions of more years. However, it notes that human activities like pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction are now degrading the environment and endangering species. The document urges humans to pledge to protect the Earth and learn ways to restore lands that have been degraded.
This document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both internal and external sources, a protective atmosphere, the right amount of energy from being located in the sun's habitable zone, a strong magnetic field, abundant nutrients circulated by geological processes and water cycles, and tectonic plates that help regulate the planet's temperature by insulating it from the Earth's hot core. These unique characteristics have made Earth habitable for billions of years and allowed life to thrive.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology and ecosystems. It begins by explaining that Earth is the only planet that supports life due to factors like its atmosphere, water, and perfect size. It then defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. The document goes on to explain important ecological concepts like biotic and abiotic ecosystem components, producers and consumers, and feedback mechanisms. It also discusses how various abiotic factors like light, temperature, and soil properties influence biological systems.
5 life on earth and life beyond (astronomy)Jimmica Demiar
This document discusses life on Earth and the possibility of life beyond Earth. It covers the major phases in the history of the universe from the formation of galaxies and stars to the emergence of life and human civilization. It also discusses theories of chemical and biological evolution on Earth and the potential for alternative biochemistries to develop on other worlds. The document notes that life exists with certainty only on Earth but that the building blocks of life are widespread in the universe. It explores possibilities for detecting signs of extraterrestrial intelligence through radio communication.
The document provides a review for an APES Unit 2 test, covering topics like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles, photosynthesis, population growth, ecological succession, and species interactions like mutualism, competition, and predation. Bellringer questions are presented on key concepts, and notes are provided explaining processes like keystone species, limiting factors, and natural and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems.
AP Environmental Science: Unit 1 Test ReviewJordan Randles
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, environmental science, and earth systems. It defines ecological footprint and its implications for resource use. It also summarizes the effects of deforestation on water cycles and soil resources. Additional summaries cover sustainability, pollution, causes of environmental problems, climate and weather, plate tectonics, erosion, the rock and soil cycles.
The document summarizes an experiment called Biosphere-2, which aimed to create a self-sustaining ecosystem isolated from the outside world. Scientists established the ecosystem within a large glass structure in the Arizona desert. However, when they opened the structure, they found that the oxygen levels had dropped dangerously low and many plant and animal species had died off. The experiment showed that perfectly balancing an ecosystem to support human life, as the Earth has done, is extremely difficult to engineer artificially. Despite their efforts, the researchers were unable to replicate the balances that have existed naturally on Earth for millions of years.
The document discusses ecosystems and the components that make up Earth's biosphere. It describes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere protects the planet and regulates temperatures. The lithosphere is Earth's solid outer layer made of rock and minerals. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, ice, and groundwater. Living things exist within these areas in the biosphere, which is a thin layer supporting life. Ecosystems are defined as communities of interacting living and nonliving things in a certain area.
This document discusses the formation of Earth and the impact of humans on the environment. It describes how dust and rocks pulled together billions of years ago to form planets, and how Earth developed an atmosphere and life over billions of more years. However, it notes that human activities like pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction are now degrading the environment and endangering species. The document urges humans to pledge to protect the Earth and learn ways to restore lands that have been degraded.
This document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both internal and external sources, a protective atmosphere, the right amount of energy from being located in the sun's habitable zone, a strong magnetic field, abundant nutrients circulated by geological processes and water cycles, and tectonic plates that help regulate the planet's temperature by insulating it from the Earth's hot core. These unique characteristics have made Earth habitable for billions of years and allowed life to thrive.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology and ecosystems. It begins by explaining that Earth is the only planet that supports life due to factors like its atmosphere, water, and perfect size. It then defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. The document goes on to explain important ecological concepts like biotic and abiotic ecosystem components, producers and consumers, and feedback mechanisms. It also discusses how various abiotic factors like light, temperature, and soil properties influence biological systems.
5 life on earth and life beyond (astronomy)Jimmica Demiar
This document discusses life on Earth and the possibility of life beyond Earth. It covers the major phases in the history of the universe from the formation of galaxies and stars to the emergence of life and human civilization. It also discusses theories of chemical and biological evolution on Earth and the potential for alternative biochemistries to develop on other worlds. The document notes that life exists with certainty only on Earth but that the building blocks of life are widespread in the universe. It explores possibilities for detecting signs of extraterrestrial intelligence through radio communication.
The document summarizes the layers of the atmosphere, including the exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. It also lists the primary gases in the atmosphere, with nitrogen comprising 78% and oxygen 21%. The text then discusses climate change, noting that in the past the Earth was cooler but it is now getting hotter due largely to human activities causing global warming. Some consequences of global warming mentioned are melting glaciers, flooding cities, changing climates, and drying lakes. The document concludes by stating the need to make changes such as recycling, reusing, and considering alternative energy methods.
The document discusses Earth science and the Earth system. It defines Earth science as the study of the Earth's interior, rocks, soil, atmosphere and oceans. It explains that Earth science today focuses on the connections between these different parts. Heat from the Earth's interior and radiation from the sun provide energy for Earth's processes. The Earth system consists of four major interconnected parts: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere.
Lesson 1: The Universe and the Expanding Solar System Nicole Tan
This document discusses the structure and composition of the universe. It states that the universe comprises 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy. Dark matter helps hold galaxies together through gravity, while dark energy explains the accelerating expansion of the universe. Stars are born from clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. The three most abundant elements in the universe are hydrogen, helium, and lithium. Galaxies form clusters, which in turn form superclusters separated by empty spaces. The universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old and at least 91 billion light-years in diameter.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with physical factors to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
The document provides an overview of environmental management and the components that make up the environment. It discusses the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, carbon cycle, and oxygen cycle. The cycles describe the circulation and recycling of key elements like nitrogen, water, carbon, and oxygen between living organisms and their surroundings.
The document discusses the biosphere, which is defined as the global sum of all ecosystems and the zone of life on Earth. It originated from the work of Charles Darwin and Matthew Maury in the 1920s. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875 to refer to the place on Earth where life dwells. The biosphere concept is relevant to many scientific disciplines and examines the physical properties, levels of organization, and factors that affect the biosphere such as the distance between Earth and the sun and chemical and biological erosion.
1) The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years through the accretion and differentiation of gases and planetesimals clumping together via gravitational forces.
2) Early Earth had extreme temperatures and volatile composition, but stabilized over time allowing the first lifeforms to emerge and eventually diversify.
3) Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has caused widespread environmental degradation through pollution, deforestation, overpopulation, and overconsumption of resources, threatening the planet's long term sustainability.
Climate change has caused mass extinctions in the past. The document discusses 5 major extinction events throughout history that were linked to changes in climate, including temperature rise and carbon/methane levels. These extinctions eliminated 60-96% of species. Today, human activity like CO2 emissions may be driving a 6th mass extinction as amphibian, fish, and forest populations decline rapidly due to warming temperatures, pollution, and habitat loss. If trends continue, we could face a new extinction on par with past mass extinction events.
This summary provides the key information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document summarizes the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, noting that it recognizes climate change as a problem, sets the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous interference with the climate system, and directs that this be achieved within a timeframe that allows ecosystems and food production to adapt while allowing sustainable economic development.
The intense heat of Earth's interior creates internal forces that change the planet's surface. These internal forces cause the plates of Earth's crust to move slowly, creating earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes release the strain accumulated along faults, while volcanism involves the movement of magma toward the surface. Studying earthquakes and volcanic eruptions provides insights into Earth's interior.
This document provides an overview of Planet Earth, including its key components that support life. It discusses the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). It explains that Earth maintains a stable temperature suitable for life due to water absorbing and releasing heat. It also notes that air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. The document then covers the specific layers of Earth's atmosphere and winds. It defines the biosphere as all parts of Earth that support life.
The document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It defines key terms like biosphere, biotic and abiotic components, habitats, food chains, biomes, and biogeochemical cycles. It describes the structure and functions of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Major biomes include forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and water are explained. The document also covers ecological balance, levels of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, causes for loss of biodiversity, and conservation efforts.
The Moon formed 100 million years after Earth from debris ejected during a collision between Earth and a Mars-sized planet. The Moon's gravity causes ocean tides that dissipate the Earth's rotational energy, causing days to lengthen over time as the Moon recedes. If the Moon disappeared, it would destabilize the Earth's axis and disrupt ocean currents and tides, causing catastrophic climate change and threatening most life on Earth.
This document provides an overview of the biosphere and cryosphere. It begins with introductions to the biosphere, defining it as the totality of living organisms and their environment on Earth. It describes the evolution of the biosphere from the Archaean period to modern stages. It also outlines important biomes and ecosystems. The document then discusses the cryosphere, defining it as the frozen parts of the Earth system, including glaciers, snow, ice sheets, and sea ice. It explains the role of the cryosphere in the climate system and provides examples of snow and ice distribution. In concluding, the document emphasizes the significance of the cryosphere in global climate responses to changes.
Energy flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, where plants capture solar energy and produce organic compounds. Nearly all organisms rely directly or indirectly on this process. While energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels, ecosystems have evolved to maximize energy flow. Chemical elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycle through biotic and abiotic components in ecosystems via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nitrogen fixation, which are essential for life. Human activities like agriculture and industry can impact natural nutrient cycling.
This document provides an overview of biosphere concepts including:
1. The biosphere consists of all areas on Earth where living organisms are found and it includes biotic and abiotic factors that interact within ecosystems.
2. Ecosystems can be organized into different levels including biomes, ecosystems, habitats, species populations, communities, and trophic levels.
3. Energy and matter cycle through the biosphere via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient cycles.
4. Populations and communities are dynamic and respond to changes in their environment through processes like succession, competition, predation, and carrying capacity.
The document summarizes the major compartments that make up the global ecosystem, including oceans, freshwaters, atmosphere, and land. It describes the flows of energy and materials between these compartments through biogeochemical cycles like the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Human activities are impacting these natural cycles and global climate through fossil fuel usage and increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Changes in systems may occur naturally or may be induced by humans. This presentation introduces Earth as a system. One of the most fruitful areas of environmental research remains the investigation of relationships between physical and biological processes on a global scale.
The document is a sales manual for HandKey access control systems. It summarizes the key benefits of HandKey, which uses hand geometry biometrics to identify individuals based on measurements of the size and shape of their hands. HandKey systems provide secure access control without the hassle of cards or keys being lost, shared, or stolen. They also save on labor costs compared to traditional card-based systems. The document explains how hand geometry biometrics work and the enrollment and verification processes. It highlights HandKey's low error rates and reliability.
The document summarizes the layers of the atmosphere, including the exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. It also lists the primary gases in the atmosphere, with nitrogen comprising 78% and oxygen 21%. The text then discusses climate change, noting that in the past the Earth was cooler but it is now getting hotter due largely to human activities causing global warming. Some consequences of global warming mentioned are melting glaciers, flooding cities, changing climates, and drying lakes. The document concludes by stating the need to make changes such as recycling, reusing, and considering alternative energy methods.
The document discusses Earth science and the Earth system. It defines Earth science as the study of the Earth's interior, rocks, soil, atmosphere and oceans. It explains that Earth science today focuses on the connections between these different parts. Heat from the Earth's interior and radiation from the sun provide energy for Earth's processes. The Earth system consists of four major interconnected parts: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere.
Lesson 1: The Universe and the Expanding Solar System Nicole Tan
This document discusses the structure and composition of the universe. It states that the universe comprises 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy. Dark matter helps hold galaxies together through gravity, while dark energy explains the accelerating expansion of the universe. Stars are born from clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. The three most abundant elements in the universe are hydrogen, helium, and lithium. Galaxies form clusters, which in turn form superclusters separated by empty spaces. The universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old and at least 91 billion light-years in diameter.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with physical factors to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
The document provides an overview of environmental management and the components that make up the environment. It discusses the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, carbon cycle, and oxygen cycle. The cycles describe the circulation and recycling of key elements like nitrogen, water, carbon, and oxygen between living organisms and their surroundings.
The document discusses the biosphere, which is defined as the global sum of all ecosystems and the zone of life on Earth. It originated from the work of Charles Darwin and Matthew Maury in the 1920s. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875 to refer to the place on Earth where life dwells. The biosphere concept is relevant to many scientific disciplines and examines the physical properties, levels of organization, and factors that affect the biosphere such as the distance between Earth and the sun and chemical and biological erosion.
1) The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years through the accretion and differentiation of gases and planetesimals clumping together via gravitational forces.
2) Early Earth had extreme temperatures and volatile composition, but stabilized over time allowing the first lifeforms to emerge and eventually diversify.
3) Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has caused widespread environmental degradation through pollution, deforestation, overpopulation, and overconsumption of resources, threatening the planet's long term sustainability.
Climate change has caused mass extinctions in the past. The document discusses 5 major extinction events throughout history that were linked to changes in climate, including temperature rise and carbon/methane levels. These extinctions eliminated 60-96% of species. Today, human activity like CO2 emissions may be driving a 6th mass extinction as amphibian, fish, and forest populations decline rapidly due to warming temperatures, pollution, and habitat loss. If trends continue, we could face a new extinction on par with past mass extinction events.
This summary provides the key information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document summarizes the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, noting that it recognizes climate change as a problem, sets the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous interference with the climate system, and directs that this be achieved within a timeframe that allows ecosystems and food production to adapt while allowing sustainable economic development.
The intense heat of Earth's interior creates internal forces that change the planet's surface. These internal forces cause the plates of Earth's crust to move slowly, creating earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes release the strain accumulated along faults, while volcanism involves the movement of magma toward the surface. Studying earthquakes and volcanic eruptions provides insights into Earth's interior.
This document provides an overview of Planet Earth, including its key components that support life. It discusses the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). It explains that Earth maintains a stable temperature suitable for life due to water absorbing and releasing heat. It also notes that air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. The document then covers the specific layers of Earth's atmosphere and winds. It defines the biosphere as all parts of Earth that support life.
The document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It defines key terms like biosphere, biotic and abiotic components, habitats, food chains, biomes, and biogeochemical cycles. It describes the structure and functions of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Major biomes include forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and water are explained. The document also covers ecological balance, levels of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, causes for loss of biodiversity, and conservation efforts.
The Moon formed 100 million years after Earth from debris ejected during a collision between Earth and a Mars-sized planet. The Moon's gravity causes ocean tides that dissipate the Earth's rotational energy, causing days to lengthen over time as the Moon recedes. If the Moon disappeared, it would destabilize the Earth's axis and disrupt ocean currents and tides, causing catastrophic climate change and threatening most life on Earth.
This document provides an overview of the biosphere and cryosphere. It begins with introductions to the biosphere, defining it as the totality of living organisms and their environment on Earth. It describes the evolution of the biosphere from the Archaean period to modern stages. It also outlines important biomes and ecosystems. The document then discusses the cryosphere, defining it as the frozen parts of the Earth system, including glaciers, snow, ice sheets, and sea ice. It explains the role of the cryosphere in the climate system and provides examples of snow and ice distribution. In concluding, the document emphasizes the significance of the cryosphere in global climate responses to changes.
Energy flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, where plants capture solar energy and produce organic compounds. Nearly all organisms rely directly or indirectly on this process. While energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels, ecosystems have evolved to maximize energy flow. Chemical elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycle through biotic and abiotic components in ecosystems via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nitrogen fixation, which are essential for life. Human activities like agriculture and industry can impact natural nutrient cycling.
This document provides an overview of biosphere concepts including:
1. The biosphere consists of all areas on Earth where living organisms are found and it includes biotic and abiotic factors that interact within ecosystems.
2. Ecosystems can be organized into different levels including biomes, ecosystems, habitats, species populations, communities, and trophic levels.
3. Energy and matter cycle through the biosphere via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient cycles.
4. Populations and communities are dynamic and respond to changes in their environment through processes like succession, competition, predation, and carrying capacity.
The document summarizes the major compartments that make up the global ecosystem, including oceans, freshwaters, atmosphere, and land. It describes the flows of energy and materials between these compartments through biogeochemical cycles like the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Human activities are impacting these natural cycles and global climate through fossil fuel usage and increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Changes in systems may occur naturally or may be induced by humans. This presentation introduces Earth as a system. One of the most fruitful areas of environmental research remains the investigation of relationships between physical and biological processes on a global scale.
The document is a sales manual for HandKey access control systems. It summarizes the key benefits of HandKey, which uses hand geometry biometrics to identify individuals based on measurements of the size and shape of their hands. HandKey systems provide secure access control without the hassle of cards or keys being lost, shared, or stolen. They also save on labor costs compared to traditional card-based systems. The document explains how hand geometry biometrics work and the enrollment and verification processes. It highlights HandKey's low error rates and reliability.
The Coordinator is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the acquisition process for a construction project, including negotiating with landowners and ensuring all necessary documents and permits are obtained. Key responsibilities include coordinating with client teams, preparing purchase order documents, developing plans to meet project timelines, requesting materials, following up on subcontractor work, and ensuring safety standards are met. The Coordinator must also delegate tasks from the project manager and establish performance standards. Strong follow up, communication, and adaptability skills are required for this detail-oriented role.
A empresa anunciou um novo produto para competir no mercado de smartphones. O novo aparelho terá câmera de alta resolução e bateria de longa duração a um preço acessível. A expectativa é que o lançamento ajude a empresa a aumentar sua participação no mercado.
O documento descreve o objetivo do Índice de Bem-Estar Urbano de São Paulo (IRBEM), que é formar um conjunto de indicadores para que a sociedade civil, governos, empresas e instituições conheçam as condições e modos de vida dos cidadãos, a fim de que as ações públicas e privadas tenham como foco principal o bem-estar das pessoas. Em 2008, foi realizada uma consulta pública que levantou os principais aspectos considerados importantes para a qualidade de vida dos paulistanos. Desde então, pesquisas an
Este documento proporciona una lista de útiles escolares requeridos para los estudiantes de 4to grado, incluyendo diccionarios, cuadernos, libros de lectura y materiales de escritura. También especifica el uniforme escolar requerido, el cual consiste en pantalón azul, camisa blanca, suéter azul y zapatos negros. Además, indica que todos los libros y cuadernos deben estar forrados e identificados con los nombres de los estudiantes.
This document provides information about Rotary club meetings in Southern Africa, including the days, locations, and times that clubs in various districts meet. It lists club meeting details grouped by day of the week and district. Contact information is also provided for Rotary International leadership and various regional Rotary offices in Africa.
The document discusses research conducted on the target audience, album artwork, magazine covers/posters, locations, and costumes for grime music videos. It analyzes examples of past grime album covers, magazines, and posters to understand trends. Research found the audience is typically urban youth. Locations in videos usually involve streets and parks. Costumes often include black and white clothing with brands like Nike and Adidas to represent grime culture while allowing individual styles.
Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only known place in the universe to support life. It has liquid water, exists within the sun's habitable zone, and its atmosphere contains oxygen and protects it from radiation. Key factors that make Earth habitable include its distance from the sun, system of plate tectonics, size and protective moon. The four interacting spheres that comprise Earth's system are the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere.
The document describes the six main interconnected spheres that make up Earth's systems: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and anthrosphere. It explains each sphere in 1-2 paragraphs, highlighting what they include and their role. For example, it notes the atmosphere contains nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide and allows water transfer through the hydrologic cycle. Throughout, it emphasizes how the spheres are dependent on each other and how human activity can impact their interconnections.
Here are two examples of interactions between Earth's subsystems:
1. Volcanic eruptions (geosphere) release large amounts of gases and ash into the atmosphere. The ash and particles can serve as nuclei for formation of raindrops, influencing precipitation patterns and potentially increasing rainfall (hydrosphere). The changes in rainfall can impact plant growth and ecosystems (biosphere).
2. Photosynthesis by plants (biosphere) releases oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plants also take in water and minerals from the soil (geosphere) through their roots. Transpiration by plants releases water vapor into the air (hydrosphere), influencing the water cycle and climate.
The Earth SystemEarth is the third planet from the sun in our so.docxtodd701
The Earth System
Earth is the third planet from the sun in our solar system. Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical (oval) path. Earth’s orbit is sometimes called the “Goldilocks zone.” Mercury and Venus travel too close to the sun to sustain life—they’re “too hot.” Planets beyond Earth travel too far from the sun—they’re “too cold.” But Earth is “just right.” (Note that there’s evidence that Mars—the Red Planet—once may have sustained microscopic life on its surface. However, conditions on the Red Planet no longer seem favorable.)
The term “Earth system” refers to the different processes and cycles that exist on the planet. All of these work together to sustain life. The four domains of the Earth system include the geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. Let’s quickly review each of these.
Layers of Earth
(NASA public domain image)
The geosphere refers to the solid portion of the planet. It includes the rocks and minerals that make up the continents as well as the ocean floor. It also includes structures within Earth, including the liquid mantle and the dense, solid, metallic core. Nonliving surface ground layers, such as desert sands and volcanic rock, are part of the geosphere.
The hydrosphere includes all the water on or near Earth’s surface. The oceans are the major component of the hydrosphere. They make up 97 percent of the Earth’s water. Glaciers and polar ice caps make up about 2 percent of the hydrosphere. Only about 1 percent of the hydrosphere is made up of the liquid freshwater found in ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, and underground water reservoirs (aquifers).
Aquifers are the main freshwater source in America’s “breadbasket” states of the Midwest and Great Plains. (“Breadbasket” states get their name from the volume of wheat, a primary ingredient in bread, grown there.) The hydrosphere extends several miles above the surface of the planet into the atmosphere, mainly in the form of water vapor.
Water vapor is water in its gaseous state. Precipitation is water released from the clouds. It may take the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It’s part of the water cycle.
For more information on the hydrosphere, follow this link: What is the HYDROSPHERE?
The atmosphere is the planet’s blanket. It allows living beings on the planet to breathe. It also protects us from the unfriendly features of the universe, such as meteors, cosmic radiation, and the effects of solar flares.
The atmosphere is made up of a variety of layers, as follows:
Earth’s Atmosphere
(NASA public domain image)
· The troposphere is the densest part of the atmosphere. It starts at Earth’s surface and extends upward from about 5 miles (in the higher or lower latitudes) to 9 miles (over the equatorial regions). Most of our weather takes place here.
· The stratosphere extends from the troposphere upward about 31 miles. The ozone layer, which protects the planet from solar ultraviolet radiation, is located in this region.
· The mesosph.
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The document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that allow life to exist. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both its core and the Sun, a protective atmosphere, the right distance from the Sun to receive sufficient energy for photosynthesis, a strong magnetic field that shields the planet, plate tectonics that regulate temperatures, and nutrients that are circulated by geologic processes and the water cycle. These unique characteristics provide a habitable environment for life on Earth's surface and interior.
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system, known for its stunning rings. It has at least 18 moons, more than any other planet. Voyages to Saturn have revealed details about its composition and features, including that its rings are made of ice particles and extend far beyond its moons.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental chemistry and the environment. It defines the environment as all external factors that affect organisms, including other living things and non-living variables like water, soil and climate. It then describes the main components that make up the environment - the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and anthrosphere. The document goes on to explain each of these environmental spheres in 1-2 paragraphs.
The document discusses the four main spheres that make up the Earth's system - the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. It describes each sphere in detail, including what they contain and their interactions. The spheres - land, water, living things, and air - work together as a complex, interconnected system powered by both internal and external energy sources.
Here are a few thoughts on the destruction of Earth:
- Humans have a tendency to prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability. Things like pollution and overconsumption provide immediate economic benefits but undermine the health of the planet for future generations.
- There is a disconnect between individual actions and their collective impact. No single person thinks they can destroy the Earth, but the aggregated effects of billions of people's behaviors are taking a serious toll. Greater awareness of this disconnect is needed.
- Profit motives often encourage exploitation of natural resources without considering environmental costs. Regulations are needed to internalize such externalities and incentivize more sustainable practices.
- Population growth and rising consumption also contribute greatly. However,
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This document provides information about various natural resources. It discusses key natural resources like water, air, plants, fossil fuels, rocks, minerals, forestry, soil, oceans, lakes, groundwater, and rivers. For each resource, it provides a brief definition and relevant details. It emphasizes that natural resources are extremely important for human survival and that we must work to save and conserve them.
Earth is the only planet known to harbor life. It has a molten nickel-iron core that generated a strong magnetic field, and an atmosphere that shields the surface from harmful solar radiation. These factors make Earth uniquely able to support life.
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This document discusses mass extinction events that have occurred throughout history. It provides details on 5 major extinction events, including their timing in millions of years ago and potential causes such as asteroid impacts, volcanic activity, climate change from glaciation or warming. The document also discusses various factors that can lead to species extinction, including climate change, changes in sea levels/currents, asteroids/cosmic radiation, acid rain, disease, invasive species, habitat loss, pollution, and human population growth.
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1. Temperature affects biological and chemical processes that are necessary to support life. Temperature must be within a certain range for liquid water and biological molecules to exist.
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3. The atmosphere provides insulation from temperature extremes, protects from harmful radiation, provides gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide needed for life, and contributes to the greenhouse effect that helps regulate Earth's temperature.
4. Living organisms harness energy from the sun through photosynthesis or rely on chemical energy through chemosynthesis. This energy is used to power biological processes and
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A volcano is an opening where molten rock emerges from underground. When a volcano erupts, magma is expelled and sometimes lava flows out or ash is blasted into the air. Volcanoes shape the Earth's surface and occur in places where the Earth's crust is cracked, allowing magma to bubble up. Major eruptions can influence climate for years by emitting gases and ash that scatter solar radiation and absorb heat, creating a cooling effect. Super volcanoes are extremely large volcanoes that could eject enough material to significantly impact the global climate during an eruption.
ORIGIN & STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH..module 1.pptxJesSaMine8
Earth is unique in the known universe for its ability to harbor life. It has a molten nickel-iron core that generates a protective magnetic field and an atmosphere that shields the planet from harmful solar radiation. There are four key factors that make Earth habitable - suitable temperature, an atmosphere, sources of energy, and availability of nutrients. Earth occupies the narrow temperature range required for liquid water to exist and has an atmosphere that provides insulation. It receives energy from the sun and has water and geological cycles that distribute nutrients across the planet, supporting life.
The document discusses several factors that are damaging the Earth's ecosystem and environment, including ecosystem changes, extinction of animals, global warming, pollution, and climactic changes. It provides explanations and examples of each factor, how they harm the planet, and some ways human activities can be adjusted to reduce negative impacts and help protect the Earth's resources for the future.
1. Mr. Owino Opar Omac,Lieta Secondary School,P.O Box 380-40301,Kendu Bay –Homa Bay
County-Kenya
0734526117/0791304659
Email oparowino@gmail.com omach100@yahoo.com
Appeal to well wishers to assist the campaign of cooling the Earth
RE; GLOBAL COOLING: PURIFICATION OF SALTY WATER
Having studied the report from many quarters concerning the global warming and its effects man
life on earth I have the following observations and suggestions to this problem.
The earth’s magnetic field originates deep inside the planet and stretches far into space where it
forms an invisible shield called magnetosphere.
This shield protects us from the full force of cosmic radiation and from dangers emanating from
the sun. The latter include the solar wind of a steady stream of energetic particles, solar flares
which release in minutes as much energy as billions of hydrogen bombs and coronal mass
ejections (CME) which blast billions of tons of matter from the sun’s coronal into space.
Both solar flares and CME’s trigger intense auroras, colorful displays of light in the upper
atmosphere near the earth’s magnetic poles.
3. Our solar system is part of the milk way that many scientists call the galactic habitable zone.
This zone is about 28,000 light years from the centre of the galaxy and contains just the right
concentration of the chemical elements needed to support life. Further out these chemicals are
too scarce and further in the neighborhood is too dangerous because of the greater abundance of
potentially lethal radiation and other factors.
The earth’s orbit is about 150 million kilometers from the sun referred to by scientists as
circumstellar habitable zone where life neither freezes nor fries.
The earth’s atmosphere provides additional protection. An outer layer of the atmosphere the
stratosphere contains form of oxygen called Ozone which absorbs 99% of incoming ultra violet
(UV) radiation. The ozone layer is 25km from the Earth.
4.
5. Thus the ozone layer helps to protect many forms of lives including human and plankton from dangerous
radiation. Interestingly the amount of stratospheric ozone is not fixed but directly proportional to the
intensity of UV radiation making the ozone layer a dynamic and efficient field. Therefore it is within here
that we find that the oceans and atmosphere are practically one, constantly exchanging heat, water, gases
and momentum in the form of wind and waves. They a also work together carrying solar heat away from
the tropics towards the poles, thus moderating global temperatures..
6. global
The atmosphere also protects us from daily barrage of millions of meteoroids which burn up in
the atmosphere becoming bright flashes of light called meteors. Earth's shields do not block
radiation that is essential to life such as heat and visible light. The atmosphere even helps to
distribute the heat around the globe and at night the atmosphere acts as a blanket slowing the
escape of heat. The same could be said of another terrestrial phenomenon earth's abundance of
water in its liquid form. Three quarters of the earth's surface is covered with water. Though most
of this water is salty particularly in lakes without outlets, seas and oceans and are not fit for
7. human consumption. With the modern technology the salt water should be purified through
fractional distillation in large scale for irrigation instead of depending on the unpredictable
rainfall. If such kind of project is given the priority given to the production of oil for industrial
use the world will be satisfied with agricultural food production more than it is today.
The question of the green house effect would be a thing of the past as most of the earth’s dry
surface will be covered with green vegetation to provide the earth's atmosphere with humid air to
create relief rainfall. God created everything for recreation and if carefully put to good use man
can not suffer in the world. The salty sea water has alot of chemical elements that if scientifically
processed the same can produce other industrial productions UNEP should make the purification
of water for large scale irrigation one of its most urgent priorities to save the world from
manmade desertification which if not checked may sooner rather than later deplete our planet
earth and turn it lifeless. The world's powerful economies should direct their efforts towards this
goal.
UNEP should encourage good settlement systems in its habitat department the world over as
it so happens in urban centers. Half haphazard settlement patterns in most rural areas in third
world countries is not economically viable in the present and the future world good. Those who
take care of wild animals should come forward to save the situation by encouraging the
governments and other multinationals to invest more money to this important venture. It is said
that the world destroys about three million acres of forest cover per year; therefore in a matter of
some years to come we shall wipe out the entire world of its vegetation cover. And hence we
shall do away with all water catchment areas.
Although no historical evidence has been produced to prove the reason for the barrenness of
most of the planets but we may hypothesized that this has been due to lack of any vegetation on
most of them ,This is so because many of these bodies in different galaxies in the space have
very dangerous gases in their atmosphere whose sources are the very bodies in question.
Therefore the earth having lost its vegetation which produces much of the atmospheric pressure
loaded with moisture conducive to life then the same will produce very dangerous gases. The
dangerous gases from the volcanic eruptions and industrial emissions into the atmosphere are
still being checked by the present vegetation. A close look at the moon where men had landed
reveal that its topography is rugged and have valleys hills and mountains but with no vegetation.
These features prove that at unknown time these bodies have undergone some geological
changes which might have changed their climatic condition.
8. There is no man made means man can use to clean the atmosphere than natural air from
vegetation and unpolluted sea water. Many lakes are being buried down or are becoming shallow
due to siltation as a result of heavy soil erosion due to no vegetation cover. The next to follow
are seas and oceans. The rate at which plastic materials are deposited into the ocean, sea and
lakes and millions and millions of liters of poisonous liquids poured into the same and toxic
waste materials deposited on land which through evaporation find their way into the air is very
dangerous for human and animal life.
9. When the US space craft phoenix landed on Mars in its polar regions after traveling for ten
months covering a distance of 423 million miles, it was found that there appears to have been life
at some very distant past which does not exist now.
So, our mother earth has ever been kind to her dependents Flora and Fauna and yet man has not
reciprocated accordingly. The holocaust we are facing does not know the political divisions of
10. countries, color of races, the cities of the world, the classification of world economies like first,
second and third countries or religions, creed and cultures .As much as the tropical regions are
being threatened by the encroachment of the Sahara desserts and other droughts around the world
and so in the polar regions the ice cover is melting at alarming rate. Nature can be viewed as a
beautiful mechanism composed of matter and energy interacting according to simple rules to
form galaxies, stars, planets and mountain tops, oceans depths and forest glades. Most the
universe is lifeless and the vast reaches between the galaxies appear to be empty of all but all the
thinnest gas and the stars which contain most of the mass are much too hot for life to survive and
develop. Only on the surface of a few planets where temperatures are moderate could atoms link
together to form living matter. Therefore if life is special then intelligence is precious. There may
exist planets where life has developed but has not become complex, planet on which the wind
stirs wide plains of gross and rustles dark forest. It is an intelligent human or alien that gives
meaning to the landscape.
In that connection therefore science is the process by which intelligence tries to understand the
universe. As the primary intelligence species on this planet, we are the custodians of a priceless
gift – a planet filled with livings things. This is especially true if life is rare in the universe. In
fact if earth is the only inhabited planet, then our responsibility is overwhelming. We are the only
creatures who can take action to preserve the existence of life on earth and ironically our own
actions are the most serious hazards.
That responsibility is not only to save our race for all eternity but to behave as dependable
custodians of our planet, preserving it, admiring it and trying to understand it. That calls for
drastic changes in our behavior towards other living things and a revolution in our attitude
towards our planets resources. The gift of intelligence is the finest thing thus planet has ever
produced and that one is only given to man.
The astronomers, planetologists’ cosmologist and paleontologists are warning us that the sun
having been in existence for the last 5 billion years is remaining with another 5 billion years and
the sun will leave its main sequence and swell into a red giant-incinerating the earth. If at all this
will happen that is a matter of hypothesis and theory. Only a few million years ago our ancestors
were learning to walk erect and communicate but a billion years before that our ancestors were
microscopic organisms living in the primeval oceans.
11. The ozone layer lies 25 kilometers above the earth’s surface.
The original of the atmospheric oxygen is linked to the origin of life and that is about 3.3
billion years when nature invented photosynthesis which absorbs carbon from the air or
water and utilizes it for plant growth, releasing oxygen. Since oxygen is a very reactive
element, it combines easily with compounds and hence oxygen grew in abundance slowly.
The development of large shallow seas along the continental margins a half a billion years
ago allowed ocean plants to manufacture oxygen faster than chemical reactions could
consume it. The atmospheric oxygen increases at about 1per cent every 36 millions years.
The earth’s climate is sensitive to many factors. The albedo of the Earth is the fraction of the
sunlight that hits it and gets reflected. An albedo of 1 would be a perfectly white world and an
albedo of O would be a perfectly black. The earth’s overall albedo is 0.39, meaning back into
space 39% of the sunlight that hits it. This reflection depends on the presence of water vapour in
the atmosphere, the temperature of the upper atmosphere and the patterns of the atmospheric
circulation. Any charge in these factors can change earth’s albedo and change climate. We are
altering our atmosphere in at least two serious ways: by adding carbon dioxide (Co2) and
destroying the ozone. Too much concentration of carbon dioxide (Co2) in the atmosphere traps
heat in the process of greenhouse effect.
12.
13. For over 4 billion years ago, natural processes on earth had removed Co2 from the atmosphere
and buried it in the form of coal, oil and nature gas. But the industrial revolution changed all that
by digging up the former to get energy and releasing back the same to the atmosphere. We are
cutting down the great forests that could absorb Co2 and hence the growth of the same. The
global climate has warmed by 0.30 to 9.60 in the last century. The ozone layer absorbs the
ultraviolet photons and prevents them from reaching the ground. Like all terrestrial planets, earth
has passed through a four stage history:
1. Differentiation
2. Cratering
3. Flooding by lava, water or both
4. Slow surface evolution
If all humanity can take the initiative seriously of tackling the global warming menace in unison
no matter the cost the entire earth’s surface can change green and through photosynthesis the
amount of oxygen would increase and clean the already polluted atmosphere for the good of
mankind. Under the leadership of the spiritual world lead by Pope Francis of catholic and his
fellow brothers different denominations in the Christendom plus prominent leaders of other
world renowned. Religions, the world of technologies from United Kingdom, Japan, Italy,
Canada, Russia, China, Germany etc lead by United States of America the Super Power, these
should be joined by emerging economic powers like India, Brazil, South Korea, South Africa,
Egypt, Kenya and Nigeria and others, hence watering the dry land by using the present liquid
water cannot be a tall order. Even if the amount of emissions from industries using fossil fuels is
reduced, the damage it has done in the atmosphere and water in the seas for the last four
centuries since the beginning of industrial revolution is not easy to clean soon without the
assistance of green vegetation and its process of using carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen to
accelerate cleaning. The call to reduce fossil industrial emissions is a good idea to control the
greenhouse effect but it is like removing the firewood from the fire furnace and leaving the
smoke screen.
14. The industrial production in all sectors of the economy everywhere in the world is powered by
fossil fuel. Therefore making radical change will automatically affect the world economic order
which will be worse to the third world economies. In that connection the process will have to go
slowly while the earth is seriously facing imminent environmental holocaust.
So the call of creating awareness in all countries to take it upon themselves individually to
produce as much water as possible will arrest the situation sooner rather than later. The business
community, the cooperate world of multinational companies should be encouraged along that
line. The water from oceans, rivers, underground lakes and seas is abundantly available. Let us
stop the blame game of the rich verses the poor while both parties are staring the devastating
situation under their face. Therefore all the parties propagating environmental activities should
join hands in rallying the world toward water production venture to make the world green.
The media should lead in this noble campaign from one country to the other, from one continent
to the other because the holocaust facing the world does not spare any country or continent. It
engulfs every surface of our mother Earth.
The following countries for example do emit into the atmosphere metric tones of Carbon per
year. USA–5,334,000 KT, China–10,540,000 KT, India–2,341,000 KT, Kenya (2011) –0.30 KT.
The plant seed and the plant life are found three kilometers from the Earth’s surface into the
ground. Therefore it is a matter of watering the Earth and the plants will automatically sprout out
to grow and make the Earth green
This venture will change the surface of the world to its former natural good. This work of water
production and irrigation will make UNEP realize its objectives and goals. When you eat good
food, when you drink good water or pure water, you are not safe because you breathe
polluted Air.
Thanks in advance.
Owino Opar Omach.