The document discusses the four main Earth systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and features of each system. Earth system science studies how these four spheres interact continuously, with each system affecting the others through examples of interactions like volcanoes erupting and hurricanes forming.

1. Earth Systems
Key Points:
• the atmosphere,
• the biosphere,
• the hydrosphere, and
• the geosphere

3. The Atmosphere
The Earth is surrounded by a blanket
of air, called the atmosphere.
• The atmosphere consists of four
layers (the troposphere, the
stratosphere, the mesosphere, and
the thermosphere).
• The atmosphere reaches over 350
miles up from the surface of the
Earth.
• The atmosphere is primarily
composed of nitrogen (about 78%)
and oxygen (about 21%).

4. The Biosphere
The biosphere is the “life zone” of the Earth, and
includes all living organisms (including humans), and all
organic matter that has not yet decomposed.
•Energy and nutrients, like carbon, are transferred
from one level of the food chain to the next.

5. Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere contains all the water
found on our planet.
• Surface Water: Includes the ocean as well
as water from lakes, rivers and creeks.
• Ground Water: Includes water trapped in
the soil and groundwater.
• Atmosphere: water vapor.
• Frozen water: Includes ice caps and
glaciers. Specifically called the cryosphere.
• Only about 3% of the water on Earth is
“fresh” water, and about 70% of the fresh
water is frozen in the form of glacial ice.
(0.9% in liquid form)

6. Geosphere
The geosphere is the solid
part of the earth, from the
core to the surface.
• Includes volcanoes, rocks,
minerals, coal, oil etc.
•Mineral resources are mined
from the geosphere.

7. Earth System
Earth System sci.
is the study of how the
four spheres of the Earth
system interact
continually, each
affecting the others.

8. System Interactions
Volcanoes (geosphere) erupt,
sending ash and gases into the
air (atmosphere) and sending
lava and ash down onto
surrounding forests (biosphere)
and human habitations
(biosphere).
Geosphere
Atmosphere Biosphere

9. System Interactions
Hurricanes (atmosphere) sweep
across the ocean (hydrosphere)
and onto the land (geosphere),
damaging the dwellings of people
(biosphere) who live along the
coast.
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere

10. System Interactions
Earthquakes (geosphere) can damage
buildings which may kill people (biosphere),
as well as cause fires which release gases
into the air (atmosphere). Earthquakes in
the ocean may cause a tsunami
(hydrosphere) which can eventually hit land
and kill both animals and people
(biosphere).
Geosphere
Biosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere

11. Questions
1. Name the four main earth systems.
2. Which branch of science studies the
interactions between these earth systems?
3. A forest fire would effect which earth
systems?
Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere and
Geosphere
a scientist that studies global warming.
All four: Fires (Biosphere) will destroy plant and animal life
while releasing smoke and other contaminants into the
atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere.