4. >>Agenda:
>>procedure of node voltage and explanation .
>>procedure of Norton theorem and explanation .
>>Ac Fundamental Basic.
5. Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for
analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit
variables.
reference node
v1
v2 v3
R2
R1
R3
R4
I
6. Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Determine the number of nodes within the network.
2. Pick a reference node, and label each remaining node with a
subscript value of voltage: V1, V2, and so on.
3. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law at each node except the
reference.
4. Solve the resulting equation for the nodal voltages.
7. Example
Applying KCL at V1:
Applying KCL at V2
v1
v2
10
5
20 4 A
2 A
2
5
21
10
1
VVV
Eq 1
6
205
212
VVV
Eq 2
9. Edward Lawry Norton was an
accomplished Bell Labs engineer and
scientist famous for developing the
concept of the Norton equivalent circuit.
10. NORTON’S THEOREM
Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source and a parallel
resistor.
FIG. 2.1 Norton equivalent circuit.
22. General form of ac current or voltage
y = A sin (t )
Here ,A = amplitude
= angular frequency
t = time
y = instantaneous value
23. V = 15sin (t +50)
I = 10sin (t -70)
50
15
70
10
V
I
V leads I by 120
24. Advantage :
>>AC current can be transformed and DC current cannot
be transformed.
>>It can be controlled by a wide range of components e.g.
resistors ,capacitors and inductors.
>>This allows high-voltage electrical power to be
distributed with smaller wires and lower amperage.
25. Acknowledgement :
S.M.Safayet Ullah
Lecturer
Department of Natural Sciences
Daffodil International University
References:
1.Introductory Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Boylesterd
2.Fundemantal of Electric circuit by Alexander & sadiku.
3. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lawry_Norton.