This document introduces several important network theorems: Superposition, Thevenin's, Norton's, Maximum Power Transfer, Millman's, Substitution, and Reciprocity. It provides details on each theorem, including definitions, procedures for applying them, and examples of their uses in analyzing and simplifying electrical networks.
Initial and final condition for circuit
Explain the transient response of a RC circuit
As the capacitor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
Explain the transient response of a RL circuit
As the inductor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
RC Circuit
RL Circuit
Initial and final condition for circuit
Explain the transient response of a RC circuit
As the capacitor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
Explain the transient response of a RL circuit
As the inductor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
RC Circuit
RL Circuit
Explaining about one of the popular theorems in electrical engineering, Thevenin's theorem. it gives direct idea about the theorem and its different cases of applicability. Some of easy tricks and facts are also included for convenience.
An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons.
Explaining about one of the popular theorems in electrical engineering, Thevenin's theorem. it gives direct idea about the theorem and its different cases of applicability. Some of easy tricks and facts are also included for convenience.
An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. Chapter 9 – Network Theorems
Created By:-
Ravi Patel
2. 9.1 – Introduction
This chapter introduces important fundamental
theorems of network analysis. They are the
Superposition theorem
Thévenin’s theorem
Norton’s theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem
Substitution Theorem
Millman’s theorem
Reciprocity theorem
3. 9.2 – Superposition Theorem
Used to find the solution to networks with two or more
sources that are not in series or parallel.
The current through, or voltage across, an element in a
network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or
voltages produced independently by each source.
Since the effect of each source will be determined
independently, the number of networks to be analyzed will
equal the number of sources.
4. Superposition Theorem
The total power delivered to a resistive element must
be determined using the total current through or the
total voltage across the element and cannot be
determined by a simple sum of the power levels
established by each source.
5. 9.3 – Thévenin’s Theorem
Any two-terminal dc network can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a
series resistor.
6. Thévenin’s Theorem
Thévenin’s theorem can be used to:
Analyze networks with sources that are not in series or
parallel.
Reduce the number of components required to establish
the same characteristics at the output terminals.
Investigate the effect of changing a particular component
on the behavior of a network without having to analyze the
entire network after each change.
7. Thévenin’s Theorem
Procedure to determine the proper values of RTh and ETh
Preliminary
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Thévenin
equation circuit is to be found. In the figure below, this requires
that the load resistor RL be temporarily removed from the network.
8. Thévenin’s Theorem
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. (The
importance of this step will become obvious as we progress
through some complex networks.)
RTh:
3. Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources
are replaced by short circuits, and current sources by open
circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the
two marked terminals. (If the internal resistance of the voltage
and/or current sources is included in the original network, it
must remain when the sources are set to zero.)
9. Thévenin’s Theorem
ETh:
4. Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to their original
position and finding the open-circuit voltage between the
marked terminals. (This step is invariably the one that will lead
to the most confusion and errors. In all cases, keep in mind
that it is the open-circuit potential between the two terminals
marked in step 2.)
10. Thévenin’s Theorem
Conclusion:
5. Draw the Thévenin
equivalent circuit with the
portion of the circuit
previously removed
replaced between the
terminals of the equivalent
circuit. This step is
indicated by the placement
of the resistor RL between
the terminals of the
Thévenin equivalent circuit.
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11. Thévenin’s Theorem
Experimental Procedures
Two popular experimental procedures for
determining the parameters of the Thévenin
equivalent network:
Direct Measurement of ETh and RTh
For any physical network, the value of ETh can be determined
experimentally by measuring the open-circuit voltage across the
load terminals.
The value of RTh can then be determined by completing the
network with a variable resistance RL.
12. Thévenin’s Theorem
Measuring VOC and ISC
The Thévenin voltage is again determined by measuring
the open-circuit voltage across the terminals of interest; that
is, ETh = VOC. To determine RTh, a short-circuit condition is
established across the terminals of interest and the current
through the short circuit (Isc) is measured with an ammeter.
Using Ohm’s law:
RTh = Voc / Isc
13. 9.4 – Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s theorem states the following:
Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
and a parallel resistor.
The steps leading to the proper values of IN and RN.
Preliminary steps:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the
Norton equivalent circuit is found.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal
network.
14. Norton’s Theorem
Finding RN:
3. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero (voltage
sources are replaced with short circuits, and current
sources with open circuits) and then finding the resultant
resistance between the two marked terminals. (If the
internal resistance of the voltage and/or current sources is
included in the original network, it must remain when the
sources are set to zero.) Since RN = RTh the procedure and
value obtained using the approach described for
Thévenin’s theorem will determine the proper value of RN.
15. Norton’s Theorem
Finding IN :
4. Calculate IN by first returning all the sources to their
original position and then finding the short-circuit current
between the marked terminals. It is the same current
that would be measured by an ammeter placed between
the marked terminals.
Conclusion:
5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the
circuit previously removed replaced between the
terminals of the equivalent circuit.
16. 9.5 – Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem
The maximum power transfer theorem states
the following:
A load will receive maximum power from a network
when its total resistive value is exactly equal to the
Thévenin resistance of the network applied to the
load. That is,
RL = RTh
17. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
For loads connected directly to a dc voltage
supply, maximum power will be delivered to the
load when the load resistance is equal to the
internal resistance of the source; that is, when:
RL = Rint
18. 9.6 – Millman’s Theorem
Any number of parallel voltage sources can be
reduced to one.
This permits finding the current through or voltage across
RL without having to apply a method such as mesh
analysis, nodal analysis, superposition and so on.
1. Convert all voltage sources to current sources.
2. Combine parallel current sources.
3. Convert the resulting current source to a voltage source and
the desired single-source network is obtained.
19. 9.7 – Substitution Theorem
The substitution theorem states:
If the voltage across and the current through any branch
of a dc bilateral network is known, this branch can be
replaced by any combination of elements that will maintain
the same voltage across and current through the chosen
branch.
Simply, for a branch equivalence, the terminal voltage
and current must be the same.
20. 9.8 – Reciprocity Theorem
The reciprocity theorem is applicable only to single-source
networks and states the following:
The current I in any branch of a network, due to a single
voltage source E anywhere in the network, will equal the
current through the branch in which the source was
originally located if the source is placed in the branch in
which the current I was originally measured.
The location of the voltage source and the resulting current
may be interchanged without a change in current