This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
4.555 Integral circuit
5.Operating modes of IC
6. Bistable Mode
In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
Schmitt trigger
PPM
PWM
Linear Ramp generator
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing
Used as a quad timer
10. Conclusion
Hence 555 IC timer can produce very accurate and stable time delays, from microseconds to hours. It can be used with supply voltage varying from 5 to 18 V. Timer can be used in monostable mode of operation or astable mode of operation. Its various applications include waveform generator, missing pulse detector, frequency divider, pulse width modulator, burglar alarm, FSK generator, ramp generator, pulse position modulator etc.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
Introduction
Band Pass Amplifiers
Series & Parallel Resonant Circuits & their Bandwidth
Analysis of Single Tuned Amplifiers
Analysis of Double Tuned Amplifiers
Primary & Secondary Tuned Amplifiers with BJT & FET
Merits and de-merits of Tuned Amplifiers
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Power point presentation on logical families.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
4.555 Integral circuit
5.Operating modes of IC
6. Bistable Mode
In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
Schmitt trigger
PPM
PWM
Linear Ramp generator
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing
Used as a quad timer
10. Conclusion
Hence 555 IC timer can produce very accurate and stable time delays, from microseconds to hours. It can be used with supply voltage varying from 5 to 18 V. Timer can be used in monostable mode of operation or astable mode of operation. Its various applications include waveform generator, missing pulse detector, frequency divider, pulse width modulator, burglar alarm, FSK generator, ramp generator, pulse position modulator etc.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
Introduction
Band Pass Amplifiers
Series & Parallel Resonant Circuits & their Bandwidth
Analysis of Single Tuned Amplifiers
Analysis of Double Tuned Amplifiers
Primary & Secondary Tuned Amplifiers with BJT & FET
Merits and de-merits of Tuned Amplifiers
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Power point presentation on logical families.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
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2. Contents
Thevenin Theorem
Examples of Thevenin Theorem
Norton Theorem
Examples of Norton
Comparison and difference of these theorems
3. Thevenin theorem
Thevenin theorem was introduced by a French Telegraph Engineer
‘M Leon Thevenin’ in 1833.
According to this theorem,
‘‘Any linear circuit consisting of several voltages and resistances can be
replaced by just on single voltage in series with a single resistance across
the load.’’
Need of Thevenin
It is used to solve any complex circuits consisting of several dependent
and independent sources. We can solve any complex circuit by this
theorem
4. Implementation of Thevenin
Conversion of complex circuit into Thevenin circuit.
R R
Vth
V I R
Rth
RL+
-
4 ohm
Rl
2 ohm
6 ohm6 ohm
+
_
5. Process
Following steps that are helpful for solving a complex circuit by Thevenin
theorem.
Step 1
Remove the load resistor(RL) from the circuit.
Replace load resistor with VTh.
Make possible loops in the circuit.
Then, fine current in the loops.
We can find current by applying KCL theorem.
This method helps us to find the Thevenin voltage.
6. Step 2
Now we have to find Thevenin resistance.
So, short all the voltages sources and calculate the equivalent resistance.
This equivalent resistance is known as Thevenin resistance(Rth).
Rth = Req
Step 3
After calculation of Thevenin resistance and Thevenin voltage we apply the
ohms law,
V = IR
This gives us the current across the load resistor.
10. Using Nodal Analysis
At node 1 Sub eq A from B
12-V1/6 + 2 = V1-V2/6
12-V1+12=V1-V2 2V1-V2= 24
2V1-V2= 24 2V1-5V2=O
At node 2 V1-V2/6=V2/4 4V2 = 24
4V1-4V2=6V2
2V1-5V2=O V2 = 6 volts (V)
A
B
11. Now using voltage divider rule
For I load
I = Vth/Rth+RL
= 6/3+2
I= 1.2amp(A)
Rth
RL
+
-
6v
12. Norton theorem.
Norton's theorem was independently derived in 1926 by engineer Edward
Lawry Norton (1898–1983).
Norton theorem states” Any linear complex electrical
network with voltage and current sources and only resistances can be
replaced at terminals A–B by an equivalent current
source In in parallel connection with an equivalent resistance Rn.
15. 2. Finding Norton current.
Short circuit the load resistor.
Remember: The short circuit
will effectively remove all the
components in parallel with it.
Use KCL to find currents.
Find the current through short circuit wire.
The current through short circuit wire is actually the Norton current.
16. 3. Finding Norton resistance.
Take original circuit and remove
load resistance.
Replace voltage sources with
wires.
Replace current sources with
breaks.
Find equivalent resistance of
modified resistance.
This equivalent resistance across
the terminals where load resistance
was connected is the Norton resistance.
17. 4. Putting values in equivalent circuit.
Put value of Norton current.
Put value of Norton resistance.
Find value of current through
load resistance using current
divider rule.
18. Dependent source.
Again we need Norton current
and Norton resistance.
Norton current can be found
by same process.
For Norton resistance we apply
1 amp test current by removing
load resistance or b/t terminals.
19. Use nodal analysis to find
nodal voltages.
Norton resistance can be
found by formula Rn=Vo/Io.
21. Step 1
remove the R(Load)
short the Vs
Open the Is
Rn=(15//15)+(20//20)
= [(15x15)/(15+15)]+[(20x20)/(20+20)]
= 7.5 + 10
Rn = 17.5Ω
20ohm
20ohm15ohm
15ohm
22. Step 2
short the RL Applying Mesh Analysis
AT Mesh 1
-30+30I1-15I2=0
2I1-I2=2
AT Mesh 2
-15I1+35I2-20I3=0
-3I1+7I2-4I3
AT Mesh 3
40I3-20I2+50=0
4I3-2I2=-5
20ohm
20ohm15ohm
15ohm
50v
-
+
-
30v
+
I1 I2 I3
A
B
C
Note
I2=In
23. Solving the eq A,B and C
We get
I1=0.714A, I2=-0.571A, I3=-1.535A
AS I2=In ….
so I2=In= -0,571A
NORTON EQ.CIRCUIT
Rn
17.5 ohm
RL
2.5 ohm
Applying current divider rule
I = (In x Rn)/(Rn+RL)
= -0.571x17.5/17.5+2.5
I = -0.502A
24. Example NORTON with dependent
source
V1
6v
R2
3ohm
R3
4ohm
R1
5ohm
1.5 Is
V 1
A
B
IN
Rn
25. Step.1
Short the load resistance
V1
6v
R2
3ohm
R1
5ohm
1.5 Is
Using nodal
analysis
(V1-6/5 )+Is=1.5 Is
(V1/5)/-(6/5)=Is/2
(V1/5)/-
(V1/6)=(6/5)
V1/30=6/5
V1=6x6
V1=36volts (V)
V 1
26. NOW Is=In
Is =In =V1/3 =36/3
In=12amp(A)
STEP.2
Rn=?
Short the voltage Source
Open the current Source
Dependent Sources Remain Same
Apply the test voltage(1V) or
current(1A)
27. Applying Nodal Analysis
AT Node 1 AT Node 2
3ohm5ohm
4ohm1.5Is 1A
V1 Vo
V1/5 – Is = 1.5Is
V1/5=Is/2
V1/5=V1-Vo/3x2
V1/5-V1/6=-Vo/6
V1/30=-Vo/6
V1=-5Vo
V1-Vo/3 –1=Vo/4
V1/3 -1 = Vo/4+Vo/3
(-5Vo/3)+1=7Vo/12
7Vo/12+5Vo/3=1
27Vo/12=1 Vo=4/9
Rn=V/I=(4/9)/1
Rn=4/9=0.44 ohm
29. Compare Norton and Thevenin theorem.
Sr.No Parameter Thevenin
equivalent.
Norton’s
equivalent.
1. Components A voltage source
Voc and series
resistance Rth.
A Current source
Isc and shunt
resistance Rn.
2. Resistance Rth measured
between load
terminal by
shorting the Vs
and open Is.
Same.