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1) The document discusses Thevenin's theorem, which states that any linear circuit can be reduced to an equivalent circuit with one voltage source and one resistor. 2) To find the Thevenin equivalent circuit, the open circuit voltage is measured and the total resistance is found by setting all independent sources to zero. 3) The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power will be delivered to a load when its resistance equals the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the driving circuit.
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1) The document discusses various circuit analysis techniques for AC circuits including mesh analysis, nodal analysis, superposition, Thevenin's theorem, and Norton's theorem.
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This document discusses the superposition theorem for electrical circuits. The superposition theorem states that the response in any branch of a linear circuit with multiple independent sources is equal to the sum of the responses from each source acting alone. It works by replacing all other sources with their internal impedances (short circuits for voltage sources, open circuits for current sources) and calculating the contribution of each source individually. The superposition theorem is important for circuit analysis and is used to convert circuits into equivalent Norton or Thevenin circuits. It applies to linear networks containing independent sources, linear dependent sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
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This document discusses several network theorems for circuit analysis:
- Superposition theorem allows analysis of circuits with multiple sources by solving for each source individually and summing the results.
- Thevenin's and Norton's theorems allow complex circuits to be reduced to equivalent circuits with a single voltage/current source and resistance to simplify analysis.
- Maximum power transfer occurs when the load resistance equals the Thevenin equivalent resistance of the source circuit.
- Delta-Wye and Wye-Delta transformations allow easy conversion between equivalent star and delta circuit configurations.
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The document discusses various circuit theorems including:
1. Linearity property and superposition principle which allow complex circuits to be simplified by treating sources individually.
2. Source transformations allow replacing voltage sources in series with resistances by current sources in parallel with resistances.
3. Thevenin's theorem states any linear two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistance.
4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these theorems to solve for unknown voltages and currents.
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This document discusses several network theorems used in circuit analysis including:
- Kirchhoff's laws which deal with conservation of charge and energy. Kirchhoff's current law states the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Kirchhoff's voltage law states the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero.
- Mesh and nodal analysis which use Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law to set up systems of equations to solve for unknown currents and voltages.
- The superposition theorem which allows breaking a circuit with multiple sources into simpler circuits with one source each in order to determine the total response as the sum of the individual source responses. It applies to linear circuits but not power calculations
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During the time of Hazrat Usman (R.A), there was unrest among Muslims regarding differences in recitation of the Quran. Hazrat Usman convened a meeting to discuss the issue and decided to compile an official version of the Quran. A committee consisting of Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit and other Sahaba was formed. Hazrat Hafsa provided her manuscript for the committee to copy. Seven official copies were prepared and sent to various cities. The compilation ensured one uniform script and version of the Quran across Islam.
Tawheed 5
This document discusses Islamic monotheism (Tawheed) and the dangers of shirk (polytheism). It explains that prophets like Muhammad preached strict monotheism and prohibited any actions that could lead to shirk, such as building structures over graves or excessively praising prophets. While humans were originally created to worship one God, over time many societies deviated into shirk by attributing divine powers to other beings or objects. The document argues this based on evidence from historical religious beliefs and the fitrah (natural human disposition). It categorizes different types of shirk and states that shirk is the only unforgivable sin in Islam, as it prevents one from entering paradise and negates
Isl. lecture#7 risalat
The document discusses various aspects of faith in God's prophets in Islam. It states that all prophets brought the same fundamental religion of Islam and denying any prophet makes one a disbeliever. It highlights the equality between Prophet Muhammad and previous prophets while noting some differences in their missions. The document also examines prophethood, the need for divine revelation through prophets, qualities of prophets, the significance of miracles, and features that distinguish Prophet Muhammad such as the completeness and universality of his teachings.
36.voltage divider bias
This document discusses voltage divider biasing of BJT transistors. It explains the steps to analyze a voltage divider bias circuit: 1) replace capacitors with open circuits, 2) simplify the circuit using Thevenin's theorem, and 3) identify the base-emitter and collector-emitter loops. Equations for the bias point currents and voltages are derived from loop analyses. A simulation circuit is provided to experimentally determine the bias point parameters. The full experiment can be accessed online for hands-on practice of voltage divider bias analysis.
Tawhid
The concept of TAWHID based on the Taiyebi Ismaili belief. The presentation based on my reading of Book - History of Ismaili Philosophy - Phil Corbin. The Nashihat of Sayedi Sadik Ali Saheb. The vaaz bayan Mubarak of Al - Hayyul Muqaddas Sayedna Mohammad Burhanuddin Saheb (AQ) and other open available internet reading material.
Step natural
- The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior of the circuit when external sources are removed. This allows the stored energy in inductors and capacitors to dissipate.
- The general solution for the natural response of RL and RC circuits is an exponential decay from an initial value to a final value, with the decay rate determined by the circuit time constant.
- For an RL circuit, the inductor current decays exponentially with time constant L/R. For an RC circuit, the capacitor voltage decays exponentially with time constant RC.
Isl. lecture#5 tawheed
The document discusses the concept of Tawheed in Islam. It defines Tawheed as the oneness and uniqueness of God, and mentions there are three aspects: Tawheed in being means God has no partners; Tawheed in attributes means God's attributes are confined to His being; and Tawheed in worship means only God is worthy of worship. The document emphasizes Tawheed as the most fundamental Islamic teaching, and that denying it led previous nations to ruin. It also notes the importance of declaring the primary Islamic creed of "La ilaha illallah" to enter the fold of Islam.
Bridge 1
The document discusses different types of AC bridges used to measure inductance and capacitance. It describes 6 AC bridges: 1) Similar-Angle Bridge, which measures the impedance of a capacitive circuit. 2) Maxwell-Wein Bridge, which measures unknown inductances with a capacitance standard. 3) Opposite Angle Bridge, where the balance conditions depend on the measurement frequency. 4) Wein Bridge, which can measure either series or parallel components of an impedance. 5) Scherning Bridge, useful for measuring high phase angle insulating properties. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for determining unknown impedance values using the bridge equations.
Elect principles 2 voltage divider
Voltage divider circuits use resistors connected in series to a power supply to generate a range of output voltages. The voltage at the output (VT) is calculated using Ohm's law and depends on the values of the two resistors (R1 and R2) and the supply voltage (E). Under no load conditions, VT equals E*(R2/(R1+R2)). When a load is connected, VT remains approximately the same as long as the load current is much less than the divider current.
Elect principles 2 current divider
The current divider principle states that in a parallel circuit, the total current divides up among the branches proportionally to the resistances of each branch. Specifically:
I1 = IT * R2 / (R1 + R2)
I2 = IT * R1 / (R1 + R2)
Where IT is the total current, I1 and I2 are the currents in each branch, and R1 and R2 are the resistances of each branch. This allows simplifying some Ohm's law calculations for parallel circuits with two branches. The principle is only applicable when there are two parallel branches.
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Isl. lecture#9 compilation in the time of hazrat usman (r.a.)
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#Share the Knowledge.
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Thev norton eq
- 1. Thevenin + Norton Eq. circuits
- 2. Low distortion audio power amplifier TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND AMPLIFIER ONE SHOULD ANALYZE THIS CIRCUIT From PreAmp (voltage ) To speakers RTH TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND AMPLIFIER IT IS MUCH EASIER TO CONSIDER THIS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT! VTH + - REPLACE AMPLIFIER BY SIMPLER “EQUIVALENT”
- 3. Independent Sources (Thevenin) RTh Voc Circuit with independent sources + – Thevenin equivalent circuit
- 4. Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and series resistance connected to a load.
- 6. To create the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit we need: 1. Value of the Thevenin Voltage Source 2. Value of the Thevenin Resistance
- 7. Determination of the Thevenin Voltage EThevenin = Open circuit voltage with load removed
- 8. Determination of the Thevenin Voltage EThevenin = Open circuit voltage with load removed EThevenin = 11.2
- 9. Determination of the Thevenin Resistance RThevenin = Net resistance in network with sources set to zero RThevenin = 0.8 ohms
- 10. Thevenin Theorem Summary EThevenin = 11.2 volts RThevenin = 0.8 ohms
- 12. The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem simply states, the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance when that load resistance is equal to the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the network supplying the power.
- 13. 5k 6V VO 1k (6V ) 1[V ] 1k 5k
- 14. THEVENIN & NORTON THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example Find VX by first finding VTH and RTH to the left of A-B. 4 12 A + _ 30 V + 6 VX 2 _ B First remove everything to the right of A-B.
- 15. THEVENIN & NORTON THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 4 12 _ 30 V + A 6 B VAB (30)(6) 6 12 10V Notice that there is no current flowing in the 4 resistor (A-B) is open. Thus there can be no voltage across the resistor.
- 16. THEVENIN & NORTON THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example We now deactivate the sources to the left of A-B and find the resistance seen looking in these terminals. 4 12 A RTH 6 B We see, RTH = 12||6 + 4 = 8
- 17. THEVENIN & NORTON THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example After having found the Thevenin circuit, we connect this to the load in order to find VX. RTH A 8 VTH + _ 10 V + 2 VX _ B VX (10)( 2) 2 8 2V
- 18. EXAMPLE: SOLVE BY SOURCE TRANSFORMATION In between the terminals we connect a voltage source in series with the resistor The equivalent current source will have the value 12V/3k The 3k and the 6k resistors now are in parallel and can be combined In between the terminals we connect a current source and a resistance in parallel The equivalent source has value 4mA*2k The 2k and the 2k resistor become connected in series and can be combined After the transformation the sources can be combined The equivalent current source has value 8V/4k and the combined current source has value 4mA Options at this point 1. Do another source transformation and get a single loop circuit 2. Use current divider to compute I_0 and then compute V_0 using Ohm’s law
- 19. LEARNING EXAMPLE COMPUTE Vo USING THEVENIN In the region shown, one could use source transformation twice and reduce that part to a single source with a resistor. ... Or we can apply Thevenin Equivalence to that part (viewed as “Part A”) RTH The original circuit becomes... VTH 6 3 6 4k 12[V ] 8[V ] For the open loop voltage the part outside the region is eliminated And one can apply Thevenin one more time! For open loop voltage use KVL 1 VTH 1 TH R 1 VTH 4k ...and we have a simple voltage divider!! V0 8 8 8 16[V ] 8V 4k * 2mA 8V 16V
- 20. PROBLEM Compute V_0 using source transformation EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS I0 Or one more source transformation R eq Veq + - 3 current sources in parallel and three resistors in parallel R3 RTH VTH Veq Req I eq R4 V0 Veq Req I eq V0 R4 R4 Veq R3 Req