The difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of an investment or project.
Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time. It may be positive, zero or negative.
NPV is used in capital budgeting and investment planning to analyze the profitability of a projected investment or project.
Also known as sophisticated technique for capital budgeting exercise.
It accounts for time value of money by using discounted cash flows in the calculation.
Describes in detail the steps involved in the calculation of Internal Rate of Return. Useful to students of Under graduate, post graduate and professional course students pursuing course in finance
Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time. It may be positive, zero or negative.
NPV is used in capital budgeting and investment planning to analyze the profitability of a projected investment or project.
Also known as sophisticated technique for capital budgeting exercise.
It accounts for time value of money by using discounted cash flows in the calculation.
Describes in detail the steps involved in the calculation of Internal Rate of Return. Useful to students of Under graduate, post graduate and professional course students pursuing course in finance
This pdf is only to learn payback, timevalue of money and IIr
and there example are also given by me to easy to lean there example if any doute then contact me...
This pdf is only to learn payback, timevalue of money and IIr
and there example are also given by me to easy to lean there example if any doute then contact me...
Slide 1
8-1
Capital Budgeting
• Analysis of potential projects
• Long-term decisions
• Large expenditures
• Difficult/impossible to reverse
• Determines firm’s strategic direction
When a company is deciding whether to invest in a new project, large sums of money can be at stake. For
example, the Artic LNG project would build a pipeline from Alaska’s North Slope to allow natural gas to
be sent from the area. The cost of the pipeline and plant to clean the gas of impurities was expected to be
$45 to $65 billion. Decisions such as these long-term investments, with price tags in the billions, are
obviously major undertakings, and the risks and rewards must be carefully weighed. We called this the
capital budgeting decision. This module introduces you to the practice of capital budgeting. We will
consider a variety of techniques financial analysts and corporate executives routinely use for the capital
budgeting decisions.
1. Net Present Value (NPV)
2. Payback Period
3. Average Accounting Rate (AAR)
4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) or Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
5. Profitability Index (PI)
Slide 2
8-2
• All cash flows considered?
• TVM considered?
• Risk-adjusted?
• Ability to rank projects?
• Indicates added value to the firm?
Good Decision Criteria
All things here are related to maximize the stock price. We need to ask ourselves the following
questions when evaluating capital budgeting decision rules:
Does the decision rule adjust for the time value of money?
Does the decision rule adjust for risk?
Does the decision rule provide information on whether we are creating value for the firm?
Slide 3
8-3
Net Present Value
• The difference between the market value of a
project and its cost
• How much value is created from undertaking
an investment?
Step 1: Estimate the expected future cash flows.
Step 2: Estimate the required return for projects of
this risk level.
Step 3: Find the present value of the cash flows and
subtract the initial investment to arrive at the Net
Present Value.
Net present value—the difference between the market value of an investment and its cost.
The NPV measures the increase in firm value, which is also the increase in the value of what the
shareholders own. Thus, making decisions with the NPV rule facilitates the achievement of our
goal – making decisions that will maximize shareholder wealth.
Slide 4
8-4
Net Present Value
Sum of the PVs of all cash flows
Initial cost often is CF0 and is an outflow.
NPV =∑
n
t = 0
CFt
(1 + R)t
NPV =∑
n
t = 1
CFt
(1 + R)t
- CF0
NOTE: t=0
Up to now, we’ve avoided cash flows at time t = 0, the summation begins with cash flow zero—
not one.
The PV of future cash flows is not NPV; rather, NPV is the amount remaining after offsetting the
PV of future cash flows with the initial cost. Thus, the NPV amount determines the incremental
value created by unde.
Investment Decision — Capital Budgeting Techniques — Pay Back Method — Accounting Rate Of Return — NPV — IRR — Discounted Pay Back Method — Capital Rationing — Risk Adjusted Techniques Of Capital Budgeting. — Capital Budgeting Practices.
The investment decisions of a firm are generally known as the capital budgeting, or capital expenditure decisions.
The firm’s investment decisions would generally include expansion, acquisition, modernisation and replacement of the long-term assets. Sale of a division or business (divestment) is also as an investment decision.
Decisions like the change in the methods of sales distribution, or an advertisement campaign or a research and development programme have long-term implications for the firm’s expenditures and benefits, and therefore, they should also be evaluated as investment decisions.
A cognitive process: lets a person make sense of stimuli from the environment• Affects all senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, hearing• Includes inputs to person and choice of inputs to which the person attends• Stimulus sources: people, events, physical objects, ideas• Helps adaptation to a changing environment
Mudarabah is a special kind of partnership where one partner providers the capital (rabb-ul-maal) to the other (mudarib) for investment in a commercial enterprise.
The global securities market has been constantly evolving over the years to serve the needs of traders. Traders require markets that are liquid, with minimal transaction and delay costs, in addition to transparency and assured completion of the transaction. Based on these core requirements, a handful of securities market structures have become the dominant trade execution structures in the world. In this article, we'll take a look at some of the most popular market structures currently in use.
Securities that are purchased in order to be held for investment. This is in contrast to securities that are purchased by a broker-dealer or other intermediary for resale. Banks often purchase marketable securities to hold in their portfolios.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
The key differences between the MDR and IVDR in the EUAllensmith572606
In the European Union (EU), two significant regulations have been introduced to enhance the safety and effectiveness of medical devices – the In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR) and the Medical Device Regulation (MDR).
https://mavenprofserv.com/comparison-and-highlighting-of-the-key-differences-between-the-mdr-and-ivdr-in-the-eu/
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
2. Net Present Value
The difference between the market value of a
project and its cost
How much value is created from undertaking an
investment?
The first step is to estimate the expected future cash
flows.
The second step is to estimate the required return for
projects of this risk level.
The third step is to find the present value of the cash
flows and subtract the initial investment.
3. Project Example Information
You are reviewing a new project and have
estimated the following cash flows:
Year 0: CF = -165,000
Year 1: CF = 63,120; NI = 13,620
Year 2: CF = 70,800; NI = 3,300
Year 3: CF = 91,080; NI = 29,100
Average Book Value = 72,000
Your required return for assets of this risk level
is 12%.
4. NPV – Decision Rule
If the NPV is positive, accept the project
A positive NPV means that the project is
expected to add value to the firm and will
therefore increase the wealth of the owners.
Since our goal is to increase owner wealth, NPV
is a direct measure of how well this project will
meet our goal.
5. Computing NPV for the Project
Using the formulas:
NPV = -165,000 + 63,120/(1.12) + 70,800/(1.12)2 +
91,080/(1.12)3 = 12,627.41
Do we accept or reject the project?
6. Discount Cash Flows not Profit
Calculate net present value you need to
discount cash flows, not accounting profits
For example, suppose that you are analyzing an investment
proposal. It costs $2,000 and is expected to bring in a cash flow of
$1,500 in the first year and $500 in the second. You think that the
opportunity cost of capital is 10%
8. Payback Period
How long does it take to get the initial cost back
in a nominal sense?
Computation
Estimate the cash flows
Subtract the future cash flows from the initial cost until
the initial investment has been recovered
Decision Rule – Accept if the payback period
is less than some preset limit
9. Computing Payback for the Project
Assume we will accept the project if it pays back
within two years.
Year 1: 165,000 – 63,120 = 101,880 still to recover
Year 2: 101,880 – 70,800 = 31,080 still to recover
Year 3: 31,080 – 91,080 = -60,000 project pays back
in year 3
Do we accept or reject the project?
10. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Payback
Advantages
Easy
to understand
Adjusts
for
uncertainty of later
cash flows
Disadvantages
Ignores the time value
of money
Requires an arbitrary
cutoff point
Ignores cash flows
beyond the cutoff date
Biased against longterm projects, such as
research and
development, and new
projects
11. Discounted Payback Period
Compute the present value of each cash flow
and then determine how long it takes to pay
back on a discounted basis
Compare to a specified required period
Decision Rule - Accept the project if it pays
back on a discounted basis within the
specified time
12. Computing Discounted Payback for
the Project
Assume we will accept the project if it pays back on a
discounted basis in 2 years.
Compute the PV for each cash flow and determine the
payback period using discounted cash flows
Year 1: 165,000 – 63,120/1.121 = 108,643
Year 2: 108,643 – 70,800/1.122 = 52,202
Year 3: 52,202 – 91,080/1.123 = -12,627 project pays back
in year 3
Do we accept or reject the project?
13. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Discounted Payback
Advantages
Includes time value
of money
Easy to understand
Does not accept
negative estimated
NPV investments
when all future cash
flows are positive
Disadvantages
May reject positive NPV
investments
Requires an arbitrary
cutoff point
Ignores cash flows
beyond the cutoff point
Biased against longterm projects, such as
R&D and new products
14. Internal Rate of Return
This is the most important alternative to NPV
It is often used in practice and is intuitively
appealing
It is based entirely on the estimated cash flows
and is independent of interest rates found
elsewhere
15. IRR – Definition and Decision Rule
Definition: IRR is the return that makes the
NPV = 0
Decision Rule: Accept the project if the
IRR is greater than the required return
16. Computing IRR for the Project
Rate of Return= profit/investment
=C-investment/investment
You planned to invest $350,000 to get back a
cashflow of C=$400,000 in 1 year. Calculate
rate of return?
Do we accept or reject the project?
17. Advantages of IRR
Knowing a return is intuitively appealing
It is a simple way to communicate the value of a
project to someone who doesn’t know all the
estimation details
If the IRR is high enough, you may not need to
estimate a required return, which is often a
difficult task
18. Summary of Decisions for the
Project
Summary
Net Present Value
Accept
Payback Period
Reject
Discounted Payback Period
Reject
Internal Rate of Return
Accept
19. NPV Rule v/s Rate of Return Rule
NPV rule: Invest in any project that has a
positive NPV when cashflows are discounted
at the opportunity cost of capital (expected rate
of return).
Rate of Return rule: Invest in any project
offering a rate of return that is higher than the
opportunity cost of capital.
20. NPV vs. IRR
NPV and IRR will generally give us the same
decision
NPV=Initial
investment + Cashflow(year1)/1+r
-$350,000+$400,000/1+1.143=0
Exceptions
Mutually
Initial
exclusive projects
investments are substantially different (issue of
scale)
Timing of cash flows is substantially different
21. IRR and Mutually Exclusive
Projects
Mutually exclusive projects
If you choose one, you can’t choose the other
Example: You can choose to attend graduate
school at either Harvard or Stanford, but not
both
Intuitively, you would use the following
decision rules:
NPV – choose the project with the higher NPV
IRR – choose the project with the higher IRR
22. Example With Mutually
Exclusive Projects
Period
0
Project Project
A
B
-500
-400
1
325
325
2
325
200
IRR
19.43% 22.17%
NPV
64.05
60.74
The required return
for both projects is
10%.
Which project
should you accept
and why?
23. NPV Profiles
IRR for A = 19.43%
$160.00
IRR for B = 22.17%
$140.00
$120.00
Crossover Point = 11.8%
NPV
$100.00
$80.00
A
B
$60.00
$40.00
$20.00
$0.00
($20.00) 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
($40.00)
Discount Rate
0.2
0.25
0.3
24. Conflicts Between NPV and IRR
NPV directly measures the increase in value to
the firm
Whenever there is a conflict between NPV and
another decision rule, you should always use
NPV
IRR is unreliable in the following situations
Nonconventional cash flows
Mutually exclusive projects
25. Profitability Index
Measures the benefit per unit cost, based on
the time value of money
A profitability index of 1.1 implies that for every
$1 of investment, we create an additional
$0.10 in value
This measure can be very useful in situations
in which we have limited capital
26. Profitability Index
Profitability Index (PI)= Net Present Value/ Initial
Invt
Project
Invt
NPV
PI
J
$4
$3
$1
1/3=0.33
K
$6
$5
$1
1/5=0.20
L
$ 10
$7
$3
3/7=0.43
M
$8
$6
$2
2/6=0.33
N
PV
$5
$4
$1
¼=0.25
Which project to be opted first?
Project L, J, M