Islmaic law of contract

1. Islamic Law of Contract
Muhammad Naveed Alam
Shari’ah Scholar
Meezan Bank Limited

2. ‫واالےہ‬ ‫حم‬‫ر‬ ‫نہایت‬‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫مہربان‬ ‫کامل‬‫جو‬ ‫ں‬‫ابتداکرتاہو‬ ‫سے‬ ‫نام‬‫کے‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہللا‬
In The Name of Allah The Merciful,
The Compassionate
2

3. THE MEANING OF

4. Legal Meaning:
 A Knot
 To Bind
Technical Meaning:
An Aqd or contract is a bilateral agreement that is executed between two or more parties, where
the offer is made and acceptance is convoyed.
For example: Contract of Sale, Marriage, Agency etc.
THE MEANING OF CONTRACT (‫)عقد‬

5.  Islamic Law is expressed not as a general theory of
contract but as a set of rules for various specific
contracts, e.g. Law of sale, Lease, pledge
 The closest thing to a general law of contract is the law
of sale.
 It is used by jurists as a prototype and analogy for all
other contracts.
CLARIFICATION

6. Essential
Elements
Rules
&
Laws

7. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CONTRACT
Wording
Subject
Matter
Consideration
Contracting
Parties
For every contract
For every
contract
For every
contract
In compensatory contracts
only

8. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CONTRACT
Contracting
Parties
‫متعاقدین‬
Wording of Contract
‫عقد‬ ِ‫الفاظ‬
Consideration
‫بہ‬ ‫معقود‬
Subject Matter
‫علیہ‬ ‫معقود‬
•Non-restricted
•Sane
•Mature •Present or Past
•Non-Contingent
•Unconditional
•Must be in one
session
•Existence
•Specified
•Quantified
•Valuable
•Useable under
Islamic Law
•Capable of:
Ownership, Title,
Delivery & Possession
•Specified
•Quantified
•Ascertained
*In Compensatory
Contracts only
Offer & Acceptance
‫قول‬ ‫و‬ ‫ایجاب‬

9. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CONTRACT
Offer & Acceptance
‫قبول‬ ‫و‬ ‫ایجاب‬
Oral/Verbal
‫قولی‬
Written
‫تحریری‬
•Present or Past
•Non-Contingent
•Unconditional
 Credit Sale (‫)استجرار‬
Implied
‫اشارہ‬
Settlement of the bill at the end
of the month/year.
 Hand-to-Hand (‫)تعاطی‬
Without saying a word for offer
and acceptance. Example:
Supermarkets and Departmental
Stores
Example:
Online sale & Purchase
Example:
Normal sale & Purchase
•Present or Past
•Non-Contingent
•Unconditional

10. ‫اقسام‬ ‫سے‬‫اعتبار‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مقاصد‬ ‫کی‬ ‫عقد‬
Types of Contract according to its objectives
10
‫تملیکات‬:‫حق‬ ‫یا‬‫چیز‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬ ‫کو‬‫ہ‬‫ر‬‫ادا‬‫یا‬‫فرد‬‫دوسرے‬ ‫یعہ‬‫ر‬‫ذ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫جن‬ ‫عقود‬ ‫وہ‬(Usufruct)‫ہو۔‬ ‫مقصود‬ ‫بنانا‬ ‫مالک‬ ‫کا‬
‫ہیں‬‫قسمیں‬ ‫دو‬ ‫کی‬‫ان‬:
.1‫معاوضہ‬ ‫عقود‬(‫نک‬،‫ہ‬‫ر‬‫،اجا‬ ‫خت‬‫و‬‫وفر‬‫خرید‬‫جیسے‬ ،‫جائے‬ ‫بنایا‬ ‫مالک‬ ‫کو‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬ ‫پر‬ ‫بنیاد‬ ‫کی‬‫معاوضہ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جن‬‫معامالت‬ ‫وہ‬‫اح‬)
.2‫تبرع‬ ‫عقود‬(‫وغیرہ‬‫ہبہ‬ ،‫وقف‬،‫صدقہ‬ ‫جیسے‬ ،‫جائے‬ ‫بنایا‬ ‫مالک‬‫معاوضہ‬ ‫بال‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جن‬)
 Contractsinwhichownershipofa thingor usufructwilltransfer toanotherpersonor toa company.Ithas
twokinds:
1. Commutative Contracts {Sale purchase, Leasing, Marriage}
2. NonCommutative Contracts {Charity, Endowment , Gift etc}

11. ‫اقسام‬ ‫سے‬‫اعتبار‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مقاصد‬ ‫کی‬‫عقد‬
Types of Contract according to its objectives
11
‫اسقاطات‬:‫ساقط‬ ‫حق‬ ‫کوئی‬‫میں‬ ‫جن‬ ‫عقود‬ ‫وہ‬(Eliminate a right)‫مقصودہو۔‬ ‫کرنا‬
.1‫محض‬ ‫اسقاط‬:‫کے‬ ‫عوض‬ ‫مالی‬ ‫بغیر‬ ‫طالق‬ ‫جیسے‬ ،‫جائے‬ ‫کردیا‬‫ساقط‬ ‫حق‬ ‫لئے‬ ‫عوض‬ ‫بغیر‬
.2‫معاوضہ‬ ‫اسقاط‬:‫طالق‬‫میں‬ ‫عوض‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مال‬ ‫جائے۔جیسے‬ ‫کیا‬‫ساقط‬ ‫حق‬ ‫لیکر‬‫عوض‬
The contracts in which a right will eliminates or relinquishes.
 AbsoluteElimination (Divorce without consideration)
 Commutative Elimination (Divorce withfinancial demand)
‫اطالقات‬:‫وغیرہ۔‬‫وکالہ،والیہ‬‫جیسے‬ ‫دینا‬‫ت‬‫ز‬‫اجا‬‫کی‬‫تصرفات‬‫میں‬ ‫معامالت‬‫اپےن‬‫کو‬‫دوسرے‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬
 To allow someone’s for financial or non financial activities to act as an attorney onhis behalf, TheAttorney ship.
Like Agency agreement, The Guardian ship.

12. ‫اقسام‬ ‫سے‬‫اعتبار‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مقاصد‬ ‫کی‬ ‫عقد‬
Types of Contract according to its objectives12
•‫تقییدات‬:‫۔‬‫کرنا‬ ‫ل‬‫و‬‫معز‬ ‫کو‬ ‫یاولی‬ ‫وکیل‬‫،جیسے‬ ‫کنا‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫سے‬‫تصرفات‬‫میں‬ ‫کومعامالت‬‫دوسرے‬
 Restrictiononanattorneyor a guardian from his .
•‫توثیقات‬:‫وغیرہ۔‬‫کفالہ‬،‫ہن‬‫ر‬ ‫ہو،جیسے‬ ‫مقصود‬ ‫حفاظت‬‫کی‬ ‫وغیرہ‬ ‫قرض‬ ‫سے‬‫جن‬ ‫معاہدات‬ ‫یا‬ ‫ایسےمعامالت‬
 Contractsaimedtoauthenticate the financial liabilitieslikeMortgageor Guaranties.
•‫اکات‬‫ر‬‫اشت‬:‫ہو،جیسے‬ ‫مقصود‬ ‫اک‬‫ر‬‫اشت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫یاآمدنی‬‫نفع‬ ‫کے‬ ‫کر‬ ‫عمل‬‫اک‬‫ر‬‫اشت‬ ‫ساتھ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ں‬‫و‬‫دوسر‬ ‫سے‬‫جن‬ ‫معامالت‬ ‫وہ‬
‫وغیرہ‬‫بہ‬‫ر‬‫مشارکہ،مضا‬
 Thejointventure contractsaimed thesharing of earningor profitjointly, Musharkah,Mudharba etc.
•‫حفظ‬:‫وغیرہ۔‬‫،امانت‬ ‫ودیعت‬ ‫ہو،جیسے‬ ‫مقصود‬ ‫حفاظت‬‫کی‬ ‫مال‬ ‫سے‬ ‫جن‬ ‫عقود‬ ‫وہ‬
 To secureowned property or things to others on trustworthy basis.

13. If the Contract causes to sin? ‫ہو؟‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کا‬ ‫گناہ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬ ‫عقد‬‫اگر‬
13
‫ےہ‬ ‫ہا‬‫ر‬ ‫بن‬‫سبب‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کام‬‫غلط‬ ‫یا‬‫گناہ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫لیکن‬‫ہیں‬ ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫پو‬‫ائط‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫کی‬‫عقد‬ ‫اگر‬(May causes to a sin ormisapplication )‫تو‬
‫نہیں؟‬ ‫یا‬‫ےہ‬‫ست‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫کا‬‫قسم‬‫اس‬
‫ےہ‬ ‫تفصیل‬‫کچھ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ے‬‫ر‬‫با‬‫اس‬:
‫احت‬‫ر‬‫ص‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کام‬ ‫غلط‬ ‫اس‬‫میں‬ ‫عقد‬(Expressly mentioned)‫ہتھیار‬ ‫کوئی‬ ‫،مثال‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫گئی‬ ‫کی‬(Weapons)‫کردے‬ ‫احت‬‫ر‬‫ص‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫خریدتے‬
‫قتل‬ ‫کوناحق‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬ ‫سے‬ ‫اس‬‫کہ‬(Unjust killing)‫۔‬‫ےہ‬ ‫ناجائز‬‫عقد‬ ‫ایسا‬ ‫تو‬ ‫گا‬ ‫ں‬‫و‬‫کر‬
‫مقاصد‬ ‫غلط‬ ‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫ناجائز‬‫صرف‬ ‫وہ‬‫ےہ‬ ‫ہا‬‫ر‬‫جا‬‫کیا‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫کا‬‫چیز‬‫جس‬Unlawful objectives)(‫کا‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫جاسکتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫کیلئے‬
‫ہو‬ ‫نہ‬‫استعمال‬ ‫جائز‬ ‫کوئی‬(Havenolawful usage)‫موسیقی‬ ‫آالت‬‫جیسے‬ ‫۔‬‫نہیں‬‫ست‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫شرعا‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫ایسا‬ ‫تو‬(Musical instruments)
‫منشیات‬ ‫یا‬(Intoxicants)‫وغیرہ۔‬

14. If the Contract causes to sin? ‫ہو؟‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کا‬ ‫گناہ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬ ‫عقد‬‫اگر‬
14
‫ا‬ ‫کوخود‬ ‫کاانسان‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫کے‬ ‫طرح‬‫ں‬‫دونو‬ ‫جبکہ‬ ‫ےہ‬ ‫جاسکتا‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫طرح‬ ‫ں‬‫دونو‬ ‫ست‬ ‫در‬ ‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫غلط‬ ‫کا‬ ‫جس‬ ‫ےہ‬ ‫چیز‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ایس‬ ‫اگر‬‫ےہ‬ ‫ختیار‬
‫ےہ۔‬ ‫ست‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫جائز‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫ایسا‬‫تو‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫علم‬ ‫کا‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫غلط‬ ‫کے‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫تو‬
 Contract will be valid, if the subject matter can be used either positive & negative, with owner’s self control but negative use
apparently unknown.
‫استعمال‬ ‫غلط‬ ‫کے‬ ‫چیز‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اگر‬(misapplication)‫تبدیلی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ترمیم‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬‫بغیر‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫علم‬ ‫کا‬(without any alteration)‫میں‬ ‫کام‬ ‫ناجائز‬ ‫اس‬ ‫کے‬
‫تحریمی‬ ‫ہ‬‫و‬‫مکر‬ ‫توعقد‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫جاسکتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫استعمال‬(Odious, Near to Haram)
‫الے‬ ‫و‬ ‫بنانے‬ ‫اب‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫ےہ،جیسے‬(Wine maker)‫شیرہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫ر‬‫انگو‬ ‫کو‬(Grape Pulp or essence)‫بیچنا۔‬
‫تنزیہی‬ ‫ہ‬‫و‬‫مکر‬ ‫تو‬ ‫جائے‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫کاغلط‬ ‫اس‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫کے‬ ‫تبدیلی‬‫میں‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اگر‬(Dislike)‫ر‬‫انگو‬ ‫کو‬ ‫الے‬ ‫و‬ ‫بنانے‬ ‫اب‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫ےہ۔‬(Grapes)‫کرنا۔‬ ‫خت‬‫و‬‫فر‬

15. ‫عقد‬ ‫حکم‬Consequence of Contract15
‫تکمیل‬ ‫کی‬ ‫عقد‬(Completion)‫مرتب‬‫میں‬ ‫نتیجہ‬ ‫کے‬(Occur)‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اث‬ ‫شرعی‬ ‫الے‬ ‫و‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ہو‬(Effects)‫عقد‬ ‫حکم‬ ‫کو‬(Consequence of Contract)‫ےہ۔‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫کہا‬
‫ےہ‬ ‫ہوتا‬ ‫کا‬ ‫طرح‬ ‫چار‬ ‫حکم‬:
‫صحیح‬(Valid)‫باطل‬(Futile)‫فاسد‬(Void)‫ہ‬‫و‬‫مکر‬(Dislike)
‫صحیح‬:‫عقد‬ ‫وہ‬‫تو‬ ‫ں‬‫ہو‬ ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫پو‬ ‫ائط‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫کی‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫کے‬ ‫اس‬‫عقدمیں‬ ‫جس‬”‫صحیح‬“‫ےہ۔‬ ‫کہالتا‬
o،‫ہو‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫اہلیت‬‫میں‬ ‫عاقدین‬ ‫یعنی‬
o،‫ں‬‫ہو‬ ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫پو‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫ائط‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫کی‬ ‫علیہ‬‫معقود‬
o‫عقد‬ ‫یہ‬‫تو‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫ل‬‫وقبو‬ ‫ایجاب‬”‫صحیح‬“‫ےہ۔‬
‫حکم‬ ‫کا‬ ‫صحیح‬:‫نافذ‬ ‫شرعا‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫یہ‬(enforced)‫منتقل‬‫ملکیت‬ ‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫ےہ‬ ‫ہوتا‬(transfer)‫ےہ۔‬ ‫ہوجاتی‬
 Valid (Sahih)contract will be enforced, effective for transfer of ownership.

16. ‫عقد‬ ‫حکم‬Consequence of Contract16
‫باطل‬:‫عناصر‬ ‫بنیادی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫جس‬(elements)‫عقد‬ ‫یہ‬‫تو‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫ابی‬‫ر‬‫خ‬‫میں‬”‫باطل‬“‫ہوگا۔‬
o‫مبہم‬ ‫ل‬‫وقبو‬ ‫ایجاب‬ ‫یا‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫ل‬‫یاقبو‬ ‫ایجاب‬‫مثال‬(ambiguous)‫ہو‬
o‫متقوم‬ ‫مال‬ ‫علیہ‬ ‫معقود‬ ‫یا‬(value able thing)‫خنزیر‬ ، ‫اب‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫مثال‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫نہ‬
‫حکم‬ ‫کا‬ ‫باطل‬:‫عوضین‬ ‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫ہوتا‬‫نہیں‬‫منعقد‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫یہ‬(considerations)‫ےہ۔‬ ‫م‬‫ز‬‫ال‬ ‫ی‬ ‫واپس‬ ‫کی‬
 Futile (Batil)will not to be held, considerations will return back to parties.
‫فاسد‬:‫عقد‬ ‫تو‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬‫ر‬‫جا‬ ‫پائی‬ ‫فاسد‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫کوئی‬‫ہولیکن‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫ابی‬‫ر‬‫توخ‬‫میں‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫بنیادی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫جس‬“‫فاسد‬“‫ہوگا۔‬
o‫غیرمتعین‬‫یا‬ ‫ل‬‫مجہو‬ ‫عوض‬‫یا‬ ‫علیہ‬‫معقود‬(unknownor unspecified)‫ہو‬
o‫فاسد‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫کوئی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫عقد‬( condition againstthe nature of contract)‫ہو‬ ‫گئی‬ ‫لگائی‬
‫حکم‬ ‫کا‬ ‫فاسد‬:‫ختم‬ ‫کو‬ ‫اس‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ہوجاتاےہ‬ ‫منعقد‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫یہ‬(terminate)‫ےہ۔‬ ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬ ‫کرنا‬
 Void (Faasid)will be held but its termination and revoke is compulsory.

17. ‫عقد‬ ‫حکم‬Consequence of Contract17
‫ےہ۔‬ ‫ہوجاتی‬ ‫منتقل‬‫ملکیت‬ ‫سے‬ ‫فاسد‬‫عقد‬(Ownership will transferred by Fasid contract)
‫ےہ۔‬ ‫جائز‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫کا‬ ‫ثمن‬ ‫لیکن‬،‫نہیں‬ ‫جائز‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫کا‬ ‫علیہ‬ ‫معقود‬‫میں‬ ‫فاسد‬‫عقد‬
 (Subject matter only could not be utilize but Thamancan be used)
‫ےہ۔‬ ‫کرسکتی‬ ‫فسخ‬ ‫کو‬ ‫فاسد‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫عدالت‬(Fasid contract may revoke by the Court)
‫ق‬‫فر‬ ‫میں‬ ‫فاسد‬ ‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫باطل‬(Deference between Batil& Fasid)
‫ہوتا۔‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫کا‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫منتقل‬ ‫ملکیت‬ ‫لہذا‬ ‫ہوا‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫منعقد‬‫میں‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫کی‬ ‫شریعت‬ ‫باطل‬
‫جاناض‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫فسخ‬ ‫سے‬ ‫وجہ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ابی‬‫ر‬‫خ‬ ‫شرعی‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫جائے‬‫پایا‬ ‫قبضہ‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫ےہ‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫منتقل‬ ‫ملکیت‬ ‫لہذا‬ ‫ےہ‬ ‫ہوجاتا‬ ‫منعقد‬ ‫فاسد‬،‫ےہ‬ ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ر‬
 Batil(Futile)contract did not held by Shariah, so it has no room to transfer ownership.
 Fasid, in case of possession on both considerations, being held but revoke able due to non Shariah compliance.

18. ‫عقد‬ ‫حکم‬Consequence of Contract
18
‫ہ‬‫و‬‫مکر‬:‫سبب‬ ‫بیرونی‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫ابی‬‫ر‬‫خ‬ ‫ئ‬‫کو‬ ‫پر‬ ‫ر‬‫طو‬ ‫بنیادی‬‫میں‬ ‫عقد‬‫جس‬by external means))‫گئی‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫ابی‬‫ر‬‫خ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫اس‬
‫یہ‬ ‫تو‬”‫ہ‬‫و‬‫مکر‬“‫ہوگا۔‬
‫ی‬‫ز‬‫اندو‬‫ذخیرہ‬ ،‫خت‬‫و‬‫خریدوفر‬ ‫کی‬‫مصنوعات‬ ‫حامل‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ں‬‫ائیو‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫معاشرتی‬ ،‫خت‬‫و‬‫خریدوفر‬ ‫بعد‬‫کے‬ ‫آذان‬ ‫کی‬ ‫جمعہ‬‫مثال‬
 Sale at the time of Jumah prayers, sale of the products have socially negative influence, Hoarding etc.
‫حکم‬ ‫کا‬ ‫ہ‬‫و‬‫مکر‬:‫گناہ‬‫شرعا‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ےہ‬ ‫ہوتا‬ ‫معتبر‬ ‫ہوکر‬ ‫منعقد‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫یہ‬(sin)‫اجتناب‬‫سے‬ ‫اس‬ ‫لئے‬‫اس‬ ‫نہیں‬‫خالی‬ ‫سے‬
(avoid)‫ےہ۔‬ ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬
 Dislike (Makroh) is permissible butmuch avoidable duetoresulting f or socially orethically sin such as injustice
etc.

19. ‫معقودعلیہ‬Subject Matter19
‫عقد‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬(contract)‫علیہ‬‫معقود‬‫کیلئے‬(Subject matter)‫ناگزیر‬(necessary)‫کیا‬‫ےہ،اب‬‫کیاجاتا‬‫منعقد‬‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬‫کیلئے‬‫علیہ‬‫معقود‬‫پر‬‫ر‬‫طو‬‫بنیادی‬‫عقد‬ ،‫ےہ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ےہ‬‫سکتی‬ ‫بن‬‫علیہ‬‫معقود‬‫چیز‬‫ےہ‬‫ی‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬‫جاننا‬‫باتیں‬‫دو‬‫قبل‬ ‫سے‬ ‫اس‬:
.1‫مال‬(Money /appurtenance)
.2‫ملکیت‬(Ownership)
‫یف‬‫ر‬‫تع‬‫کی‬‫مال‬:”‫ہو‬‫ممکن‬‫جانا‬‫اٹھایا‬‫فائدہ‬‫لحاظ‬ ‫قابل‬‫کوئی‬ ‫سے‬‫اس‬‫ر‬‫جاسکےاو‬‫کیا‬‫کومحفوظ‬ ‫جس‬‫چیز‬‫ہ‬‫و‬‫ہر‬‫کی‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬ ‫انسانی‬“
Thereisnocontractexistswithoutsubjectmatter, whatcanbe deemedasa subjectmatterin acontract?Weshouldknowto understandthis,two
things:
a. Money (appurtenance)
b. Ownership
 Anyhumanbeing accessoryorobject whichcan bepreserved, used withorforsomething significantly.

20. ‫معقودعلیہ‬Subject Matter20
‫محفوظ‬(Preserve)‫ہیں‬‫تیں‬‫ر‬‫صو‬ ‫دو‬ ‫کی‬ ‫نے‬ ‫کر‬:
.1‫بعینہ‬‫است‬‫ر‬ ‫اہ‬‫ر‬‫ب‬(As it is)‫،معدنیات‬ ‫پانی‬ ‫،جیسے‬ ‫کرنا‬ ‫محفوظ‬(Minerals)‫وغیرہ‬
.2‫بالواسطہ‬(‫میں‬‫ضمن‬ ‫کے‬ ‫چیز‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬)‫منافع‬ ‫کرنا،جیسے‬ ‫محفوظ‬(Benefits)‫خدمات‬(Services)‫وغیرہ‬
‫،علم‬‫نہیں‬ ‫مال‬ ‫وہ‬‫ہو‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫ممکن‬ ‫کرنا‬ ‫محفوظ‬ ‫کو‬‫چیز‬ ‫جس‬(Knowledge)‫افت‬‫ر‬‫ش‬(Nobility)‫ذہانت‬(Intelligence)‫وغیرہ‬
‫میں‬ ‫تعریف‬ ‫کی‬‫مال‬ ‫بھی‬‫وہ‬ ‫لہذا‬‫ےہ‬ ‫جاسکتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫محفوظ‬ ‫بدولت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ٹیکنالوجی‬ ‫جدید‬‫مانہ‬‫ز‬ ‫فی‬‫وغیرہ‬ ‫شنی‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫کی‬ ‫چاند‬‫ج‬‫ر‬‫سو‬ ،‫ہوا‬،‫گی‬ ‫ں‬‫ہو‬‫شامل‬
‫ہیں۔‬‫نہیں‬‫مال‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫نزدیک‬‫کے‬ ‫ام‬‫ر‬‫ک‬ ‫فقہاء‬ ‫قدیم‬‫اگرچہ‬
 Thereforelike Air, Sunlight , moonlight may concederand treat as “Mall” becausethese arecan bepreserved byadvanced
technology.

21. ‫معقودعلیہ‬Subject Matter21
‫طرح‬ ‫ی‬ ‫اس‬‫اس‬ ‫وغیرہ‬ ‫مٹی‬‫عام‬ ،‫کھانا‬ ‫اہو‬‫ڑ‬‫س‬ ‫جیسے‬ ‫ہو‬‫استعمال‬‫عرفاناقابل‬ ‫یا‬‫کاگوشت‬ ‫مثالمردار‬‫ہو‬ ‫فائدہ‬ ‫بے‬‫ہویا‬‫استعمال‬‫ناقابل‬‫شرعا‬‫جوچیز‬‫قسم‬‫کی‬
‫گی۔‬‫ں‬‫ہو‬‫نہیں‬‫شمار‬‫مال‬‫چیزیں‬
 Thusthings areuseless orunabletoconsume byShariahorby common norm can’tbetreatas“Mall”like Carrion,Animal carcassormeat,
Rottenfood,etc.
‫ہیں‬‫قسمیں‬ ‫دو‬‫کی‬‫مال‬:
‫متقوم‬:(Valuable)‫انتفاع‬‫قابل‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ہو‬‫گیا‬‫لیا‬‫ر‬‫ک‬‫محفوظ‬‫کو‬ ‫جس‬‫مال‬‫وہ‬(Beneficial)‫ہو‬
‫متقوم‬ ‫غیر‬:(Non valuable)‫جائے‬‫پائی‬‫نہ‬ ‫ایک‬‫کوئی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫میں‬‫ں‬‫باتو‬‫ہ‬‫ر‬‫مذکو‬‫میں‬‫جس‬
‫عرفا‬:‫ات‬‫ر‬‫حش‬‫کیڑے‬‫الے‬ ‫و‬ ‫ینگےن‬‫ر‬‫،مثال‬‫ےہ‬‫متقوم‬‫غیر‬‫وہ‬ ‫ہو‬‫فائدہ‬ ‫بے‬‫جو‬‫چیز‬‫وہ‬‫ہر‬(Insects,Reptiles)
‫شرعا‬:‫منشیات‬،‫اب‬‫ر‬‫ش‬،‫ہو‬ ‫دیا‬‫ار‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ ‫ممنوع‬ ‫نے‬ ‫شریعت‬‫اٹھانا‬‫فائدہ‬ ‫سے‬‫جس‬‫چیز‬‫وہ‬ ‫ہر‬(Wine,Intoxicants)

22. ‫معقودعلیہ‬Subject Matter22
‫ےہ‬‫سکتا‬ ‫بن‬‫علیہ‬‫معقود‬‫متقوم‬‫مال‬(Valuablethingscan beasubjectmatter)
‫ےہ‬‫ہوتا‬‫واجب‬‫ضمان‬‫کا‬‫متقوم‬‫مال‬(Valuablethingsmust becompensate)
‫سکتا‬ ‫بن‬‫نہیں‬ ‫علیہ‬‫معقود‬‫متقوم‬ ‫غیر‬(Non Valuablecannotbeasubjectmatter)
‫ہوتا‬‫نہیں‬‫واجب‬‫بھی‬‫ضمان‬‫کا‬ ‫اس‬(Thereis nocompensationwill due)
‫یف‬‫ر‬‫تع‬‫کی‬ ‫ملکیت‬(Definition ofOwnership)
‫ک‬‫تصرف‬‫پر‬‫ر‬‫طو‬ ‫مالکانہ‬‫میں‬‫اس‬‫وہ‬‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫ہو‬‫ر‬‫اختیا‬‫مکمل‬‫پر‬‫چیز‬‫اس‬‫کو‬‫شخص‬ ‫اس‬‫کہ‬‫وابستگی‬‫ر‬‫او‬ ‫ایساتعلق‬ ‫سے‬‫چیز‬‫ی‬ ‫کاکس‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کس‬‫رسکے۔‬
 If onehavecomplete andabsolutepower andcontrolon athing, thushe actsasanowner, itwill becalled”Ownership”