John Nash was an English architect who helped define Regency style. He established his own practice in 1777 and became influential through his friendship with the Prince Regent. Some of Nash's notable works included developing Regent's Park and Regent Street in London, remodeling the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, and beginning reconstruction of Buckingham Palace. Nash made immense contributions to London's architecture and helped establish neoclassical style as admired by the Prince Regent.
The Crystal Palace was a large cast iron and glass structure built in London's Hyde Park to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was designed by Joseph Paxton and constructed quickly using prefabricated modules based on the size of available glass sheets. Over 5,000 workers erected the building, hoisting iron columns and components into place manually without powered cranes. The innovative design featured a modular frame supporting walls of glass, creating a vast open exhibition space illuminated by natural light.
Neoclassical style produced both as a reaction against the Rococo style of anti-tectonic naturalistic ornament, and an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque.
Philip Johnson was born in 1906, Cleveland, Ohio. He was the man of his ideas and promoted architecture a lot.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
William LeBaron Jenney was an American engineer and architect considered the pioneer of modern skyscrapers. In 1884, he designed the 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, which was the world's first skyscraper. It had a steel frame structure with iron support beams and terracotta tile exterior. This innovative design allowed for large windows which provided better lighting and ventilation compared to previous masonry buildings. The Home Insurance Building helped establish the skyscraper as the dominant building type in large cities in the late 19th century.
The document summarizes the Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve library in Paris, France, designed by architect Henri Labrouste between 1843-1851. The library uses an innovative iron frame construction system and was designed in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. It houses over 2 million documents inherited from the Abbey of St. Geneviève and features a grand reading room lit by a skylight, as well as decorated hallways and facades.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss-French architect and urban planner. Some of his most notable works include the Villa Savoye built between 1928-1931, which demonstrated his five principles of modern architecture through its pilotis, free facade, free plan, ribbon windows, and roof terrace. The Villa Savoye served as a country retreat but suffered from leaks and cracks over time. It was added to the French register of historical monuments in 1965 and underwent restoration from 1985-1997. Le Corbusier was influential in promoting modern architecture and urban planning and made contributions to buildings in Europe, India, and North and South America before his death in 1965
The document provides information on several influential modern architects and their works:
- The International Style emerged in the 1920s-1930s with characteristics of rectilinear forms, light planes stripped of ornamentation, and use of glass, steel and concrete.
- Frank Lloyd Wright designed over 1000 structures in his philosophy of organic architecture that blended with nature, like Fallingwater. Mies van der Rohe pioneered modern architecture using steel and glass like his Farnsworth House.
- Le Corbusier developed the five points of architecture used in works like the Villa Savoye. Gropius founded the Bauhaus School and designed the Fagus Factory using modern materials.
The Crystal Palace was a large cast iron and glass structure built in London's Hyde Park to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was designed by Joseph Paxton and constructed quickly using prefabricated modules based on the size of available glass sheets. Over 5,000 workers erected the building, hoisting iron columns and components into place manually without powered cranes. The innovative design featured a modular frame supporting walls of glass, creating a vast open exhibition space illuminated by natural light.
Neoclassical style produced both as a reaction against the Rococo style of anti-tectonic naturalistic ornament, and an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque.
Philip Johnson was born in 1906, Cleveland, Ohio. He was the man of his ideas and promoted architecture a lot.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
William LeBaron Jenney was an American engineer and architect considered the pioneer of modern skyscrapers. In 1884, he designed the 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, which was the world's first skyscraper. It had a steel frame structure with iron support beams and terracotta tile exterior. This innovative design allowed for large windows which provided better lighting and ventilation compared to previous masonry buildings. The Home Insurance Building helped establish the skyscraper as the dominant building type in large cities in the late 19th century.
The document summarizes the Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve library in Paris, France, designed by architect Henri Labrouste between 1843-1851. The library uses an innovative iron frame construction system and was designed in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. It houses over 2 million documents inherited from the Abbey of St. Geneviève and features a grand reading room lit by a skylight, as well as decorated hallways and facades.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss-French architect and urban planner. Some of his most notable works include the Villa Savoye built between 1928-1931, which demonstrated his five principles of modern architecture through its pilotis, free facade, free plan, ribbon windows, and roof terrace. The Villa Savoye served as a country retreat but suffered from leaks and cracks over time. It was added to the French register of historical monuments in 1965 and underwent restoration from 1985-1997. Le Corbusier was influential in promoting modern architecture and urban planning and made contributions to buildings in Europe, India, and North and South America before his death in 1965
The document provides information on several influential modern architects and their works:
- The International Style emerged in the 1920s-1930s with characteristics of rectilinear forms, light planes stripped of ornamentation, and use of glass, steel and concrete.
- Frank Lloyd Wright designed over 1000 structures in his philosophy of organic architecture that blended with nature, like Fallingwater. Mies van der Rohe pioneered modern architecture using steel and glass like his Farnsworth House.
- Le Corbusier developed the five points of architecture used in works like the Villa Savoye. Gropius founded the Bauhaus School and designed the Fagus Factory using modern materials.
Peter Behrens was a pioneering 20th century German designer and architect who had a significant influence on modern architecture and design. He is considered a founder of modern industrial architecture and design. Some of his most notable works included Haus Behrens, his own home which helped move him from Art Nouveau to a modernist style, and the iconic AEG Turbine Factory, one of the first examples of modern industrial architecture that combined functionality and elegance through its use of materials and proportions. Behrens had a profound impact through his assistants, including Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe, who helped spread his ideas globally.
The Hotel Tassel in Brussels, built in 1893-1894 and designed by Victor Horta, is considered the first true Art Nouveau building. It featured highly innovative design with its use of modern materials like iron and glass. The narrow symmetrical facade included both classical elements like columns but some columns were made of iron, not stone. Inside, Horta created an open floor plan that filled the rooms with natural light. He designed all interior decor elements to achieve an integrated whole, creating a thoroughly modern visual environment for its occupant. The building is still in use today at 6 Rue Paul-Emile Janson in Brussels, though some modern additions have compromised the original elegance of the facade.
Louis Henry Sullivan was an influential American architect born in 1856. He is considered the "Father of Skyscrapers" and helped pioneer steel-frame construction, allowing for taller buildings. Some of Sullivan's most notable designs include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function" and emphasized simple, clean designs that highlighted the steel frame. His buildings often featured ornate terra cotta details and nature-inspired ornamentation. Sullivan had a significant influence on the Chicago School of Architecture and mentored Frank Lloyd Wright.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect who designed over 1,000 structures in his unique organic style that harmonized buildings with their natural surroundings. He pioneered the Prairie School and developed concepts like the Usonian home and Broadacre City, a decentralized planned community. Throughout his career, Wright refined his philosophy of organic architecture and trained apprentices at his Taliesin schools to continue spreading his principles of integral and harmonious design.
The document discusses Expressionist architecture and provides details about the Einstein Tower designed by Erich Mendelsohn. Some key points:
- Expressionist architecture developed in early 20th century Europe in parallel with Expressionist visual and performing arts, especially in Germany. It emphasized emotional effects through distorted forms, symbolic meanings over realism, and conceiving architecture as art.
- The Einstein Tower in Potsdam (1921) was Mendelsohn's renowned first major work. Its complex shapes reflected artistic freedom and "functional dynamics." The tower isolated experiments from external light/temperature changes by thickening its base and using mirror systems to redirect light.
- The tower merged opposing concepts through relating mass and motion to
Here we are looking at the work of Mies Van Der Rohe in three periods and we also touch on Charles and Ray Eames and what other designers are doing in the same period.
High tech architecture emerged in the 1970s and incorporates elements of high technology into building designs. It emphasizes transparency and reveals the underlying structure and functions. Pioneers of high tech architecture include Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, and Renzo Piano. They designed iconic buildings using advanced materials and expressed the industrial aesthetic with exposed services and structural elements.
A brief description on Le Corbusier's life, design philosophies & some projects including a detailed case study. I recommend viewers to download the presentation and then view it bcoz many slides (slide 12) are apparently useless without animation!!
- Rakesh Samaddar
Dept. of Architecture
IIT Kharagpur
India
The document discusses the International Style of Architecture, which developed in the 1920s-1930s and emphasized modern materials like steel, glass, and concrete. It expresses structure directly and eliminates ornamentation. Key characteristics included rectilinear forms, exposed structures, rejection of color and ornament, and open interior spaces. Design principles involved symmetry, asymmetry, repetition, and rhythm. Prominent architects who helped define the style included Walter Gropius, J.J.P. Oud, and Le Corbusier. By the 1970s, the style had become so dominant that it stifled innovation.
Claude Nicolas Ledoux was an influential French architect and urban planner during the late 18th century. Some of his most notable works included the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, which was an ambitious early example of an architect-designed factory complex arranged in a large semicircular plan; the Theatre of Besancon, which had an innovative interior design that segregated audiences by class; and numerous toll houses across Paris marked by heavy neoclassical architectural styles. Ledoux aimed to use architecture to visually represent different occupations and social roles through symbolic building designs and forms.
impact of industrial revolution on architectureGayathri Kumari
The Industrial Revolution began around 1760 in England and brought radical changes in technology, economics, and society. New construction materials like cast iron, steel, and glass became widely available, enabling new architectural styles. Neoclassical architecture was popular, emphasizing symmetry and borrowing from Greek and Roman designs. As industry grew, new factory towns and dense urban areas developed without proper sanitation. New forms of transportation and infrastructure shaped cities, and tall skyscrapers emerged as the steel frame was invented. The Industrial Revolution transformed architecture and urban planning on a global scale through new building materials and forms that accommodated industrialization.
Chapter 21 modernism in archtecture at mid-centuryPetrutaLipan
This document provides an overview of modern architecture in the mid-20th century. It discusses key modernist architects and their works, including Frank Lloyd Wright and his Fallingwater house, Le Corbusier and his Purist theory of architecture, and Mies van der Rohe's influence on the International Style of skyscrapers with glass and steel. The document also covers the spread of the International Style globally and experimental housing designs from figures like Charles and Ray Eames.
Modern architecture emerged in the early 20th century in response to industrialization and new technologies. Architects rejected historical styles and ornamentation in favor of simple, clean designs using new materials like steel, glass, and concrete. Some key developments included the Arts and Crafts movement emphasizing craftsmanship, Art Nouveau's organic forms, and early modernist buildings using steel frames and large windows. Pioneers like Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe further developed the International Style characterized by geometric forms, lack of ornament, and expressing the structure.
history of contemporary architecture - 18. Frank-Lloyd-Wright.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for designing iconic buildings using organic and modern styles. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, the Johnson Wax Building, and the Guggenheim Museum. Wright broke from traditional architectural styles and emphasized allowing the interior and exterior to flow together, using asymmetrical designs, and focusing on the relationship between buildings and their natural surroundings. He had a significant influence on modern architecture in the United States during the early 20th century.
Mario Botta is a Swiss architect born in 1943 in Mendrisio, Switzerland. He believes architecture should reflect its time. Botta graduated from architecture school in Venice in 1969 and has since designed several notable buildings using geometric shapes and forms. His Tata Consultancy Services building in Hyderabad, India from 1998 exemplifies his style with its massive cylindrical shape divided by deep vertical slits and clad in red stone.
Postmodern architecture is a reaction and evolution to the modern architecture that came before it. Not only did designers begin to make use of new innovations, but at the same time they appropriated design elements from the past. Buildings became an eclectic mix of old and new as the old "Form follows function" mantra was forgotten. One of the iconic postmodern examples is the Sony Building in New York City.
As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by aesthetics: form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound.
Classic examples of modern architecture are the Lever House and the Seagram Building in commercial space, and the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright or the Bauhaus movement in private or communal spaces.
Transitional examples of postmodern architecture are the Portland Building in Portland, Oregon and the Sony Building in New York City, which borrows elements and references from the past and reintroduces color and symbolism to architecture.
Neoclassical architecture developed between 1850-1900 as a reaction against Rococo ornamentation. It emphasized clean lines and drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman architecture as well as the works of Andrea Palladio. Key characteristics included symmetrical designs, columns, and an emphasis on planar qualities over sculptural details. Neoclassical styles like Palladianism and the Adam Style spread across Europe and influenced early American architecture known as Federal style.
Architecture After the Industrial Revolutionnichols4
From the Chrystal Palace in London and the Eiffel Tower in Paris to the sky scrapers of New York and Frank Lloyd Wright's Falling Water, we'll explore some foundational movements in architecture in the last 150 years.
Modern architecture developed in reaction to 19th century styles by emphasizing form following function. New building types arose with industrialization like skyscrapers and warehouses using steel and concrete. Pioneers in the late 19th/early 20th century included Joseph Paxton, Louis Sullivan, and Otto Wagner. The Bauhaus school under Walter Gropius and figures like Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe popularized the International Style using steel frames, flat roofs, and open floor plans. Notable modern buildings include the Guggenheim Museum, Seagram Building, and Sydney Opera House.
Giovanni Battista Piranesi was an 18th century Italian artist and architect who is renowned for his etchings of Rome and reconstructions of classical structures. He studied architecture under his uncle in Venice and Rome. Piranesi is best known for his series of etchings called "Vedute di Roma" which depicted the buildings and ruins of Rome and had a significant influence on Neoclassical architecture. His works also influenced many other artists through their depictions of classical antiquity as well as their imaginative reconstructions and hyperbolic designs. Piranesi had a profound impact on Neoclassical architecture and continued to inspire Surrealist and film artists in the 20th century through his imaginative works
Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 in Virginia and died on July 4, 1826. He drafted the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States. As President, he was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson came from a wealthy plantation family and inherited many slaves. He lived most of his life at Monticello, his estate near Charlottesville, Virginia.
Peter Behrens was a pioneering 20th century German designer and architect who had a significant influence on modern architecture and design. He is considered a founder of modern industrial architecture and design. Some of his most notable works included Haus Behrens, his own home which helped move him from Art Nouveau to a modernist style, and the iconic AEG Turbine Factory, one of the first examples of modern industrial architecture that combined functionality and elegance through its use of materials and proportions. Behrens had a profound impact through his assistants, including Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe, who helped spread his ideas globally.
The Hotel Tassel in Brussels, built in 1893-1894 and designed by Victor Horta, is considered the first true Art Nouveau building. It featured highly innovative design with its use of modern materials like iron and glass. The narrow symmetrical facade included both classical elements like columns but some columns were made of iron, not stone. Inside, Horta created an open floor plan that filled the rooms with natural light. He designed all interior decor elements to achieve an integrated whole, creating a thoroughly modern visual environment for its occupant. The building is still in use today at 6 Rue Paul-Emile Janson in Brussels, though some modern additions have compromised the original elegance of the facade.
Louis Henry Sullivan was an influential American architect born in 1856. He is considered the "Father of Skyscrapers" and helped pioneer steel-frame construction, allowing for taller buildings. Some of Sullivan's most notable designs include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function" and emphasized simple, clean designs that highlighted the steel frame. His buildings often featured ornate terra cotta details and nature-inspired ornamentation. Sullivan had a significant influence on the Chicago School of Architecture and mentored Frank Lloyd Wright.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect who designed over 1,000 structures in his unique organic style that harmonized buildings with their natural surroundings. He pioneered the Prairie School and developed concepts like the Usonian home and Broadacre City, a decentralized planned community. Throughout his career, Wright refined his philosophy of organic architecture and trained apprentices at his Taliesin schools to continue spreading his principles of integral and harmonious design.
The document discusses Expressionist architecture and provides details about the Einstein Tower designed by Erich Mendelsohn. Some key points:
- Expressionist architecture developed in early 20th century Europe in parallel with Expressionist visual and performing arts, especially in Germany. It emphasized emotional effects through distorted forms, symbolic meanings over realism, and conceiving architecture as art.
- The Einstein Tower in Potsdam (1921) was Mendelsohn's renowned first major work. Its complex shapes reflected artistic freedom and "functional dynamics." The tower isolated experiments from external light/temperature changes by thickening its base and using mirror systems to redirect light.
- The tower merged opposing concepts through relating mass and motion to
Here we are looking at the work of Mies Van Der Rohe in three periods and we also touch on Charles and Ray Eames and what other designers are doing in the same period.
High tech architecture emerged in the 1970s and incorporates elements of high technology into building designs. It emphasizes transparency and reveals the underlying structure and functions. Pioneers of high tech architecture include Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, and Renzo Piano. They designed iconic buildings using advanced materials and expressed the industrial aesthetic with exposed services and structural elements.
A brief description on Le Corbusier's life, design philosophies & some projects including a detailed case study. I recommend viewers to download the presentation and then view it bcoz many slides (slide 12) are apparently useless without animation!!
- Rakesh Samaddar
Dept. of Architecture
IIT Kharagpur
India
The document discusses the International Style of Architecture, which developed in the 1920s-1930s and emphasized modern materials like steel, glass, and concrete. It expresses structure directly and eliminates ornamentation. Key characteristics included rectilinear forms, exposed structures, rejection of color and ornament, and open interior spaces. Design principles involved symmetry, asymmetry, repetition, and rhythm. Prominent architects who helped define the style included Walter Gropius, J.J.P. Oud, and Le Corbusier. By the 1970s, the style had become so dominant that it stifled innovation.
Claude Nicolas Ledoux was an influential French architect and urban planner during the late 18th century. Some of his most notable works included the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, which was an ambitious early example of an architect-designed factory complex arranged in a large semicircular plan; the Theatre of Besancon, which had an innovative interior design that segregated audiences by class; and numerous toll houses across Paris marked by heavy neoclassical architectural styles. Ledoux aimed to use architecture to visually represent different occupations and social roles through symbolic building designs and forms.
impact of industrial revolution on architectureGayathri Kumari
The Industrial Revolution began around 1760 in England and brought radical changes in technology, economics, and society. New construction materials like cast iron, steel, and glass became widely available, enabling new architectural styles. Neoclassical architecture was popular, emphasizing symmetry and borrowing from Greek and Roman designs. As industry grew, new factory towns and dense urban areas developed without proper sanitation. New forms of transportation and infrastructure shaped cities, and tall skyscrapers emerged as the steel frame was invented. The Industrial Revolution transformed architecture and urban planning on a global scale through new building materials and forms that accommodated industrialization.
Chapter 21 modernism in archtecture at mid-centuryPetrutaLipan
This document provides an overview of modern architecture in the mid-20th century. It discusses key modernist architects and their works, including Frank Lloyd Wright and his Fallingwater house, Le Corbusier and his Purist theory of architecture, and Mies van der Rohe's influence on the International Style of skyscrapers with glass and steel. The document also covers the spread of the International Style globally and experimental housing designs from figures like Charles and Ray Eames.
Modern architecture emerged in the early 20th century in response to industrialization and new technologies. Architects rejected historical styles and ornamentation in favor of simple, clean designs using new materials like steel, glass, and concrete. Some key developments included the Arts and Crafts movement emphasizing craftsmanship, Art Nouveau's organic forms, and early modernist buildings using steel frames and large windows. Pioneers like Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe further developed the International Style characterized by geometric forms, lack of ornament, and expressing the structure.
history of contemporary architecture - 18. Frank-Lloyd-Wright.pptDania Abdel-aziz
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for designing iconic buildings using organic and modern styles. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, the Johnson Wax Building, and the Guggenheim Museum. Wright broke from traditional architectural styles and emphasized allowing the interior and exterior to flow together, using asymmetrical designs, and focusing on the relationship between buildings and their natural surroundings. He had a significant influence on modern architecture in the United States during the early 20th century.
Mario Botta is a Swiss architect born in 1943 in Mendrisio, Switzerland. He believes architecture should reflect its time. Botta graduated from architecture school in Venice in 1969 and has since designed several notable buildings using geometric shapes and forms. His Tata Consultancy Services building in Hyderabad, India from 1998 exemplifies his style with its massive cylindrical shape divided by deep vertical slits and clad in red stone.
Postmodern architecture is a reaction and evolution to the modern architecture that came before it. Not only did designers begin to make use of new innovations, but at the same time they appropriated design elements from the past. Buildings became an eclectic mix of old and new as the old "Form follows function" mantra was forgotten. One of the iconic postmodern examples is the Sony Building in New York City.
As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by aesthetics: form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound.
Classic examples of modern architecture are the Lever House and the Seagram Building in commercial space, and the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright or the Bauhaus movement in private or communal spaces.
Transitional examples of postmodern architecture are the Portland Building in Portland, Oregon and the Sony Building in New York City, which borrows elements and references from the past and reintroduces color and symbolism to architecture.
Neoclassical architecture developed between 1850-1900 as a reaction against Rococo ornamentation. It emphasized clean lines and drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman architecture as well as the works of Andrea Palladio. Key characteristics included symmetrical designs, columns, and an emphasis on planar qualities over sculptural details. Neoclassical styles like Palladianism and the Adam Style spread across Europe and influenced early American architecture known as Federal style.
Architecture After the Industrial Revolutionnichols4
From the Chrystal Palace in London and the Eiffel Tower in Paris to the sky scrapers of New York and Frank Lloyd Wright's Falling Water, we'll explore some foundational movements in architecture in the last 150 years.
Modern architecture developed in reaction to 19th century styles by emphasizing form following function. New building types arose with industrialization like skyscrapers and warehouses using steel and concrete. Pioneers in the late 19th/early 20th century included Joseph Paxton, Louis Sullivan, and Otto Wagner. The Bauhaus school under Walter Gropius and figures like Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe popularized the International Style using steel frames, flat roofs, and open floor plans. Notable modern buildings include the Guggenheim Museum, Seagram Building, and Sydney Opera House.
Giovanni Battista Piranesi was an 18th century Italian artist and architect who is renowned for his etchings of Rome and reconstructions of classical structures. He studied architecture under his uncle in Venice and Rome. Piranesi is best known for his series of etchings called "Vedute di Roma" which depicted the buildings and ruins of Rome and had a significant influence on Neoclassical architecture. His works also influenced many other artists through their depictions of classical antiquity as well as their imaginative reconstructions and hyperbolic designs. Piranesi had a profound impact on Neoclassical architecture and continued to inspire Surrealist and film artists in the 20th century through his imaginative works
Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 in Virginia and died on July 4, 1826. He drafted the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States. As President, he was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson came from a wealthy plantation family and inherited many slaves. He lived most of his life at Monticello, his estate near Charlottesville, Virginia.
The document provides information about various styles of neoclassical architecture, including temple style, Palladian style, and classical block style. It discusses key characteristics of each style and provides examples of prominent buildings designed in each style. Temple style buildings were based on ancient Greek and Roman temples and often featured columns wrapping around the exterior. Palladian style buildings emphasized symmetry and proportions based on architect Andrea Palladio's designs. Classical block style featured rectangular forms with repeated classical elements and flat roofs. Important architects like Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste and Jean-Louis Charles Garnier designed many buildings in the classical block style.
Neoclassicism was a conservative movement between 1660-1780 that believed humans were fallen from grace. It observed a disparity between the glorious past and the debased present, exalting tradition over innovation. Major ideas included that humanity's chief concern should be moral improvement through restraint, while science was unimportant and the universe amoral. Neoclassical poetry aimed for clarity over originality through allusion, satire, and traditional genres with universal appeal.
Neoclassical architecture emerged in the mid-18th century as a reaction against Rococo style and as an outgrowth of Baroque classicism. It sought to emulate the perceived purity of classical Roman, Greek, and Renaissance styles. Key aspects included evoking these earlier eras but within a Romantic sensibility, and a desire to return to architectural fundamentals with an emphasis on symmetry, simple geometric forms, and columns. Pioneers included Claude-Nicolas Ledoux whose designs for buildings emphasized expressing their functions through their forms.
The document discusses the emergence and characteristics of Neoclassical architecture. It began in the 18th century as a reaction against Rococo style, drawing inspiration from classical Greek, Roman, and Renaissance designs. Key features included simplicity, symmetry, and the use of columns. Prominent Neoclassical architects like Etienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux designed dramatic large-scale buildings evoking themes of grandeur, emotion, and the expression of a structure's purpose through its form. Examples highlighted include Boullée's unbuilt Cenotaph for Newton and Ledoux's built Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans.
The document provides an overview of architectural styles from the 17th to 20th centuries in Europe and America. It describes the major characteristics of styles such as Baroque, Palladian, Neoclassical, Beaux-Arts and highlights influential architects like Palladio, Robert Adam, John Soane, Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Frank Gehry. It traces how styles evolved from ornate Baroque to simplified Neoclassical and the emergence of modern architecture in the 20th century that broke from historical precedents.
Sharks are an ancient species of fish that have existed since before dinosaurs. They live in oceans worldwide and come in a variety of sizes, from the smallest only a few inches long to the largest whale shark which can reach 50 feet. Great white sharks are one of the largest predatory sharks and have specialized abilities like a powerful bite and ability to swim quickly. While they can attack humans, scientists believe great whites often mistake people for their normal prey of seals and do not typically view humans as food.
The document provides details about the history of architecture in England from the Elizabethan period through the Georgian period. It focuses on key architectural periods including Elizabethan (1558-1603 AD), Jacobean (1603-1625 AD), and Stuart (1625-1702 AD) periods. During these periods, Renaissance styles were introduced and blended with Gothic and medieval styles. Important architects like Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren influenced architecture by introducing classical Italianate styles. Wren is particularly known for rebuilding St. Paul's Cathedral and many London churches after the Great Fire of 1666 in a Baroque style.
MANCHESTER TOWN HALL | 19th Century BuildingsNosheen Shaukat
The document provides details about Manchester Town Hall, a 19th century building located in Manchester, England. It was designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1877 in a Gothic architectural style. The building originally served as the town hall but needed refurbishment due to its expanding use. Waterhouse's design incorporated innovations like heating but used limited decoration due to the polluted environment. Notable features include the clock tower, Great Hall, and sculptural details. Currently, it remains an important landmark in Manchester but is undergoing a restoration project to upgrade facilities while preserving its historic character.
Sir Charles Barry was an English architect known for designing buildings in the Gothic Revival style. He designed several notable buildings including the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) in London, the Manchester Art Gallery, and Halifax Town Hall. For the Palace of Westminster, Barry collaborated with Augustus Pugin and drew inspiration from the Perpendicular Gothic style popular in the 15th century. The project took 30 years to complete and established Barry as one of the leading architects of his time.
This document provides information about various sights and attractions in London, England. It lists over 20 iconic landmarks and buildings such as Big Ben, London Eye, House of Parliament, Tower Bridge, Buckingham Palace and describes their histories. It also outlines several major museums located in London including the British Museum, Natural History Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, and Science Museum.
Trafalgar Square is a public space in central London known for Nelson's Column and four lion statues. It has been the site of political demonstrations and New Year's Eve celebrations. The name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar. The current architecture was completed in 1845.
Rococo was an 18th century artistic style that developed as a reaction against the grandeur and symmetry of Baroque. It featured elaborate curves, intricate patterns, and delicate details. Rococo architecture emphasized asymmetry and lighter, pastel colors. Notable Rococo architects included the Asam Brothers in Germany and Mateus Vicente de Oliveira, who designed the Portuguese National Palace of Queluz, featuring Rococo interiors and classical exteriors.
William Kent is considered a founder of the English landscape garden style in the early 18th century. He began composing gardens to look like landscape paintings, with informal and irregular designs inspired by nature. Key characteristics include meandering paths, rolling lawns, groves of trees, ha-ha walls to separate grazing lands from gardens, and manmade features like lakes, bridges, and grottos built to look natural. Examples like Chatsworth House, Chiswick House, and Rousham House feature these elements and helped establish the English landscape garden as the principal new style across Europe.
This document provides a tour of various landmarks in London, England. It describes the locations of Whitehall, Downing Street, Westminster Abbey, Palace, Big Ben, Thames River, Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus, Leicester Square, British Museum, Tower of London, London Bridge, St. Paul's Cathedral, Millennium Footbridge, Tate Modern, London Eye, Buckingham Palace, Camden Lock Market, Covent Garden, Notting Hill, South Kensington, Hyde Park, Marble Arch and provides key details about each landmark. The tour concludes with a picnic in Hyde Park before returning to the airport.
Rococo was an 18th century artistic movement that reacted against the grandeur of Baroque. It developed in Paris and featured elaborate curved designs, intricate patterns, and light pastel colors. Rococo styles emphasized asymmetry and decoration over religion. Notable Rococo architects included Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli in Russia, and the Asam Brothers in Germany who designed the Asam Church in Munich, considered one of the finest Rococo interiors. The Palace of Queluz in Portugal featured Rococo interiors designed by Jean Robillon and classical exteriors by Mateus Vicente de Oliveira, representing the transition from Baroque to Rococo styles.
The document summarizes several famous London attractions in brief paragraphs:
- Big Ben, located in the Palace of Westminster, has the largest clock in the world and the name refers to its largest bell.
- The London Eye observation wheel offers panoramic views of landmarks like Buckingham Palace and St. Paul's Cathedral.
- The Houses of Parliament are located at Westminster Palace, the site of the original Palace of Westminster built for King Edward the Confessor in the 11th century.
- Trafalgar Square is considered the heart of London and features Nelson's Column honoring Admiral Nelson at its center.
This document provides information about various sights and museums in London, England. It discusses landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, St. Paul's Cathedral, and the Tower of London. It also mentions several parks, including High Park and squares such as Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus. Two prominent museums are highlighted: the National Gallery, known for its works of Western art, and the Natural Science Museum, which houses collections of science and technology.
The gardens at Ham House were designed in the style of Italian Renaissance gardens, following principles laid out by Leon Battista Alberti in the 15th century. This included a central axis running from the house, crossed by perpendicular paths dividing the garden into geometric sections, meant to be viewed symmetrically from the house. French Renaissance influences are also seen, such as the cherry garden's parterres and allees of trees. The house's architecture was also designed to complement the layout of the gardens. Overall, the gardens exemplify 17th century aristocratic garden design that blended Italian symmetry with naturalistic French influences.
The document provides information about several notable landmarks, buildings, and institutions in London, United Kingdom. It describes the locations and histories of places like Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, Tower of London, Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, London Eye, Kensington Palace, Wellington Barracks, HMS Belfast, Tate Britain, National Portrait Gallery, Victoria and Albert Museum, Natural History Museum, British Museum, Imperial War Museum, and Cutty Sark. It also includes some images and invites clicking for a video.
Buckingham Palace has served as the official London residence and administrative headquarters of the UK's royal family since 1837. The core of the current palace was originally constructed in 1705 as a large townhouse for the Duke of Buckingham. It has undergone many expansions and renovations over the centuries to become the grand palace seen today. The most significant structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The palace and its gardens welcome visitors each summer for tours of the state rooms and grounds.
History of the British Museum’s buildings over the past 260 yearsbritishmuseum
On 7 June 1753, an Act of Parliament established the British Museum after Sir Hans Sloane bequeathed his collection of 71,000 objects. Since then, the collection has grown to over 8 million objects and the Museum receives over 6 million visitors a year. This is a pictorial history visually showing the development of different buildings which have been on the Bloomsbury site.
Luxury Property: Heath Hall, Bishops Avenue, LondonKnight Frank LLP
The restoration of this beautiful Grade II listed property has been a labour of love. My vision was to restore it to its former glory; remain faithful to its Classical, Arts and rafts and Scottish Baronial architecture and retain the ornate, period details that make the property so unique; but at the same time create a home that offers the ultimate in luxury living.
http://search.knightfrank.co.uk/ham080041
I commissioned a team of 120 builders and master craftsmen to bring this property back to life, ensuring the work remained sympathetic to the existing architecture whilst updating and modernising the interior.
The work included extending the rear of the building to increase the living space from 19,000 sq ft to 27,000 sq ft and installing a state-of-the-art home automation system throughout.
The result is Heath Hall, a residence like no other in London. Steeped in history and located in a street renowned for its high profile, it offers an exceptional and unrivalled place to live.
London is the capital of the United Kingdom and one of the largest cities in Europe. It is a global center for business, finance, and culture. Some of London's most famous landmarks include Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, Tower of London, Hyde Park, Trafalgar Square, London Eye, and various royal palaces. The city also has many renowned museums such as the British Museum, National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Victoria and Albert Museum, and Madame Tussauds wax museum.
London is the capital of the United Kingdom and one of the largest cities in Europe. It is a global center for business, finance, and culture. Some of London's most famous landmarks include Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, Tower of London, Hyde Park, Trafalgar Square, London Eye, and various royal palaces. The city also has many renowned museums such as the British Museum, National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Victoria and Albert Museum, and Madame Tussauds wax museum.
Westminster Abbey is the most famous church in London, located in the city center. It has been the site of royal coronations and burials since the 13th century. Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock tower at the north end of the Houses of Parliament in London. It weighs 13 tons and was cast in 1858. Trafalgar Square is a public space in central London, built to commemorate Admiral Lord Nelson's victory over the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
The document provides a summary of the Master Development Plan for Jaipur, India through 2025. Key points include:
- Jaipur is the capital and largest city of Rajasthan located at an altitude of 431 meters with an area of 798 square kilometers.
- The plan envisions Jaipur becoming a technology powered, heritage-focused city that is pollution free and garbage free.
- The population is projected to grow to 64.95 lakhs by 2025, increasing the workforce to 22.75 lakhs.
- Housing demand is expected to rise significantly by 2025 requiring expansion of supply.
- Tourism is a major industry thanks to the city's cultural heritage and inclusion in the
This document outlines building bye-laws and regulations for Jaipur, including classifications of buildings, rules for different types of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings. It specifies parameters like maximum ground coverage, minimum setbacks, maximum height, and floor area ratios for various plot sizes. Requirements for facilities like parking, solar panels, water tanks, and accessibility for disabled are also mentioned. Procedures for completion certificates and penalties for non-compliance are summarized. Application fees and other construction-related rates are provided.
The document discusses problems faced by the city of Jaipur such as congestion, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure and proposes the Ghat ki Guni Revitalisation Tunnel & Redevelopment project to address these issues by diverting traffic away from the heritage Ghat ki Guni stretch through a new tunnel, with various government organizations and a unique approach to heritage conservation and tourism development. Key challenges for the project included delays in forest clearance, funding issues, slum clearance and relocation of religious structures.
This document provides a timeline of events related to the Tata Motors land acquisition case in Singur, West Bengal, India. Key details include:
- In 2006, the West Bengal government offered Tata Motors land in Singur to build a new car factory, promising jobs. Over 11,000 small landholders were affected, with many refusing compensation.
- From May to September 2006, protests by farmers against the forced land acquisition intensified, with some being assaulted by police. By late 2006, the government claimed most land was acquired voluntarily, but admitted in 2007 that only 30% of owners consented.
- Production began in 2008 but continued protests and harassment of Tata staff led the company to announce
The Indian constitution contains both federal and unitary features that define the relationship between the central and state governments. Some unitary features include a strong central government, single citizenship, and the ability of parliament to amend the constitution without state consent. Federal features include a written constitution that divides powers between the central and state lists, an independent judiciary, and representation of states in the upper house. Financial and administrative relations are also established to balance power between the two levels of government.
This document outlines planning legislation related to Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India. SEZs are designated duty-free enclaves intended to promote exports and attract investment through quality infrastructure and minimal regulations. The legislation establishes guidelines for the establishment and functioning of SEZs, including their designation as processing or non-processing areas and associated tax exemptions. It also provides development norms for non-processing areas based on the type of SEZ and addresses key challenges in implementing SEZ programs.
The document summarizes key aspects of South Africa's 1996 constitution:
- It established a democratic system of government based on human rights and equality after the end of apartheid.
- The Bill of Rights protects fundamental freedoms and prohibits discrimination. It can only be amended by a two-thirds parliamentary majority.
- Other principles include human dignity, the rule of law, regular elections, multi-party democracy, and official recognition of multiple languages.
The policy outlines several objectives around reducing housing shortages, promoting affordable housing construction, and involving private developers. It discusses five models of affordable housing development on land owned by private developers or acquired by the government. It provides details on eligibility requirements for developers and beneficiaries, incentives for developers, and pricing limits for affordable housing units.
Property consultants: catalyst for sellers, hope for buyersvikashsaini78
Property consultants play an important role in real estate transactions by providing guidance to buyers and sellers. They are knowledgeable about properties, paperwork, and regulations in their local areas. While property consultants help make deals hassle-free, there is no licensing required for real estate agents in India. This can lead to misfired transactions. It is suggested that property consultants be well-versed in mediation strategies so they can help collective property sales conclude more successfully.
role of state and market in housing delivery for low income groupsvikashsaini78
The document summarizes the role of the state, private sector, housing cooperatives, and financial institutions in providing housing for low-income groups in India. It discusses how early government programs from the 1950s-1980s primarily benefited higher income groups and failed to address the acute housing shortage. While the private sector now provides 84% of housing, most housing for the poor is informal and illegal as land is acquired at low cost. More recently, policies have aimed to enable affordable housing for all income groups through strengthening private and cooperative housing as well as expanding access to housing finance.
The document discusses the ecological importance and habitat of Tecomella undulata, also known as Rohida or desert teak. It is a shrub or small tree native to India and Arabia that grows in arid regions, tolerating extreme temperatures and poor soil. It helps stabilize soils and provides shelter for wildlife and grazing animals. Locally, its wood is used for furniture and its flowers and medicinal properties are valued.
Ecological impacts of the space shuttle programvikashsaini78
The Space Shuttle Program at John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida launched 135 times over 30 years, constructing and supplying the International Space Station and deploying, retrieving, and repairing satellites. Near-field deposition from launch clouds impacted a 221 acre area, damaging exposed vegetation for up to 6 months and killing fish in shallow water. Far-field deposition over 57,142 acres increased metal levels in soil and also impacted wildlife, killing various species. To mitigate the ecological impacts, actions were taken to transition to a multi-user spaceport, alter land uses to reduce environmental effects, and establish an ecological program to monitor impacts and support natural resource management.
The London Olympic Park utilized flexible designs that reduced seating capacity for venues after the Olympics to lower costs and conserve energy. Materials for construction emphasized sustainability with 25% recycled aggregate, 50% of materials transported by water or rail, and 75% less steel than Beijing. Transportation focused on public transit, walking, and cycling with 86% of spectators using rail and a 30% reduction in carbon emissions. The Park also included 45 hectares of habitat and transformed the Olympic Village into affordable housing after the Games.
The Palazzo Pitti in Florence, Italy is a vast Renaissance palace situated along the Arno River. It was originally commissioned in 1458 by banker Luca Pitti and expanded over the centuries, housing important art museums and the former royal apartments. The palace and its collections were donated to the Italian people in 1919 and are now some of Florence's largest art galleries. It features rusticated stonework and Roman aqueduct-inspired arcades that give the palace a powerful atmosphere.
The document summarizes information about the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, Italy. It was commissioned by Cosimo de' Medici in the 1440s and designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo. Key features include its square plan centered around an open courtyard, use of classical Roman elements like rusticated masonry and cornices, and tripartite street elevation divided into sections of varying textures. The courtyard, known as the Courtyard of the Columns, features a colonnade and emphasized the Renaissance principles of order, symmetry, and proportion.
Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian Renaissance humanist, author, architect, poet, linguist, philosopher, and general Renaissance man. He was born in Genoa in 1404 to a wealthy Florentine merchant family. He received an education in mathematics, law, and the classics. As an architect, some of his most notable works included the façade of Santa Maria Novella in Florence and the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. He was a pioneer in the early Renaissance and made important contributions in the fields of architecture, linguistics, poetry, and philosophy.
King's College Chapel in Cambridge, England is one of the oldest colleges at the university. Construction on the chapel began in 1446 and took nearly a century to complete. Built in the Perpendicular Gothic style, the chapel has a simple rectangular shape and features the world's largest fan vault ceiling. It also contains a highly decorated interior with stained glass windows and architectural details. The chapel remains one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture in England.
Foundling hospital and st. lorenzo florencevikashsaini78
The document summarizes key architectural features of several Renaissance buildings in Florence designed by Brunelleschi and Michelangelo, including the Foundling Hospital, Basilica of San Lorenzo, Old Sacristy, New Sacristy, and Medici Chapels. It describes their designs, proportions, materials, and innovative use of classical orders. The buildings embodied the rational and ordered design principles of the Renaissance and revival of classical forms.
Florence Cathedral's dome had been designed in 1296 but remained unfinished for over 100 years until Filippo Brunelleschi took on the project. Brunelleschi designed an octagonal double-shelled brick dome with no external supports, a unprecedented engineering feat that required inventing new construction machines and techniques. The completed dome has a diameter of 44 meters and rises 113 meters, anchored internally by a stone chain system and topped with a lantern, making it the largest masonry dome in the world.
The Church of Santa Maria Novella is Florence's principal Dominican church located in Florence, Italy. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an older oratory and was designed by Dominican friars. Over time, it received additions and renovations such as the black and white marble facade designed by Alberti in the 15th century who aimed to bring classical proportions and detailing while harmonizing with the existing Gothic structure. The vast interior is organized as a Latin cross with a nave, aisles, transept and contains important artworks. Several chapels house significant frescoes including the Strozzi, Gondi, and Cappella Strozzi di Mantova chapels. The church
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. INTRODUCTION
Born in Lambeth, London, the son of a Welsh millwright, got trained
by the architect Sir Robert Taylor.
Initially he seems to have pursued a career as a surveyor, builder
and carpenter. This gave him an income of around £300 a year.. He
established his own architectural practice in 1777.
John Nash helped define the style of an era. Through his friendship
with the Prince Regent, his influence on Regency art and
architecture cannot be overstated.
John nash’s contributions to the face of London is immense. Every
part of the city was touched by the hand of Nash’s neo-classical
style so admired by the Prince Regent, later George IV.
3. HIS WORKS:
He was a city planner best known for his development of Regent’s
Park and Regent Street, a royal estate in northern London that he
partly converted into a varied residential area, which still provides
some of London’s most charming features.
He remodeled the Royal Pavilion (1815–1822)
4.
He also redesigned St. James’s Park (1827–29), London, and
began to reconstruct Buckingham House, London, as a royal
palace (from 1821).
5.
Buckingham Palace was a commission which he was still engaged
upon when George IV died, and the work was taken off him and
completed by Edward Blore. He also took away Nash's entrance to
the palace forecourt, which survives as Marble Arch.
The West Facade Of Buckingham Palace :
6.
Outside London, Nash's best-known work is the rebuilding
of Brighton Pavilion. He built himself a mansion, East Cowes
Castle, where he died in 1835.
7. REGENT’S PARK
'Regent’s Park or Mary Le Bone Park, is a spacious enclosure on the
North side of the Metropolis.
It is nearly of a circular form, and comprises about 450 acres, laid out
in groundcovers , combined with various pieces of water and
intersected by several roads.
In the center are 8 villas, and around the park are noble ranges of
buildings in various styles of architecture.
The plan of the Park is formed upon such a scale of grandeur as to
hide all other modern improvements. The objects proposed to be
obtained are –
The beauty of that part of the Metropolis, by the formation of a
spacious area for exercise.
The erection of noble mansions for the residence of the higher
classes.
8.
9.
To go in to the Park, we go around the projecting corner and garden of the
earliest of the Nash Terraces (started 1820), which is Cornwall Terrace.
The architect was actually Decimus Burton, though supervised by John Nash
and worked to his overall design for the Park.
Its characterized by its regularity and beauty
The ground story is rusticated, and the principal stories are of the Corinthian
order, with fluted shafts, well proportioned capitals, and an entablature of equal
merit.
The other embellishments of Cornwall Terrace are in writer taste, and the
whole presents a facade of great architectural beauty and elegance.
10.
The next Nash terrace is the smaller, plainer Ulster Terrace, from 18241825.
And beyond this are Park Square and Park Crescent.
Park Crescent, with its perfect Ionic colonnade of doubled pillars all the
way round, was originally conceived by Nash as the half of a complete
circus, of extraordinary size, but in the event, the two facing terraces of
Park Square complete the composition (1823-25).
11.
In the park, The formal Avenue Gardens opposite Park Crescent and
Square contains some ornamental features.
To the corner of the Park, is Nash's rather short Cambridge Terrace
(1825)
Then we pass Chester Terrace, an incredibly long and grand facade in
Corinthian, by Nash.
Later we come across, Cumberland Terrace, with the central block
bearing 10 huge Corinthian pillars, with a very long pediment on top.
And the park includes other large and short terraces, gardens and
structures like Gloucester Gate, with the accompanying Gloucester
Lodge, modern London Central Mosque, St John's Lodge
Gardens, Sussex Place, Clarence Terrace etc.
12. Carlton House:
Carlton House was the town
house of the Prince Regent for
several decades from 1783 until it
was demolished forty years later.
It faced the south side of Pall Mall,
and its gardens touched St.
James’s Park .
In 1783 George III handed the
house over, with £60,000 to
renovate it, to George, Prince of
Wales on his coming of age.
During the following years the
interiors were remodeled and
refurnished on a splendid scale.
Construction at Carlton House
came to a halt because of the
Prince of Wales’ mounting debts.
Costs continued to soar and more
money had to be found by the
Prince.
13.
14. Features:
The spectacular oval staircase and a suite of rooms that led Horace
Walpole to claim that when completed, Carlton House would be ―the
most perfect in Europe‖.
15.
Carlton House was approximately 202′ long, and 130′ deep when completed.
Visitors entered the house through a hexa style portico of Corinthian columns
that led to a foyer that was flanked on either side by anterooms.
Carlton House was unusual in that the visitor entered the house on the main
floor. (Most London mansions and palaces of the time followed the Palladian
architectural concept of a low ground floor (or rustic) with the principal floor
above.)
From the foyer, the visitor entered the two storey top lit entrance hall that was
decorated with Ionic columns of yellow marble . Beyond the hall was an
octagonal room that was also top lit.
16.
On becoming King George IV in 1820 the Prince Regent felt that his own
residence; the official royal residence of St. James’s Palace and his father’s
Buckingham House were all inadequate for his needs. Some consideration
was given to rebuilding Carlton House on a far larger scale, but in the end
Buckingham House was rebuilt as Buckingham Palace instead. Carlton
House was demolished in 1826-27 and replaced with two grand white
terraces of houses known as Carlton House Terrace.
17. The interiors were sumptuous and splendid.
The entrance hall gave no real hint of the magnificence to come
18. Some other works:
London
Regent's Canal
Haymarket Theatre
Clarence House
Cumberland Terrace
Trafalgar Square (first version)
The Royal Mews
England &
Wales
Cardigan Gaol
The Brighton Royal Pavilion
Luscombe Castle
Sandridge Park
Guildhall, Newport, Isle of
Wight
Castle House
Hereford Gaol
Whitson Court, near Newport
Sandridge Park
Caerhays Castle, Cornwall
Ravensworth
20. Early Life
He was an English architect who specialised in the
Neo-Classical style.
He was son of a bricklayer, rose to the top of his
profession, becoming professor of architecture at
the Royal Academy, an official architect to the
Office of Works and received a knighthood in 1831.
His architectural works are distinguished by their
clean lines, massing of simple form, decisive
detailing, careful proportions and skillful use of light
sources.
It was not until the late 19th century that the
influence of Sir John's architecture was widely felt.
21. Known works
His best-known work was the Bank of England (his
work there is largely destroyed), a building which
had widespread effect on commercial architecture.
He also design Dulwich Picture Gallery, with its top
lit galleries it was a major influence on the planning
of subsequent art galleries and museums.
His major legacy is Sir John Soane's Museum, in
Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, formed from his
former home and office that he designed to display
art works and architectural artifacts that he
collected during his lifetime.
25. SOANE MUSEUM, LONDON
HISTORY
Sir John Soane's Museum was formerly the home
of the neo-classical architect Sir John Soane.
It holds many drawings and models of his projects
and the collections of paintings, drawings and
antiquities that he assembled.
The Museum is in the Holborn district of central
London, England, on Lincoln's Inn Fields.
It is a non-departmental public body sponsored by
the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
26. The picture on left hand shows
the facade of Sir John Soane's
House (No. 12) around 1812,
before it was purchased him. It
is just a normal house with
conventional plain brick in that
period. And the picture on right
hand shows the facade of it
today. It is constructed in stone
and brick, the stone having
been subsequently painted for
preservation.
Before the rebuilding, the house had 4 floors (including the basement) but
it is 5 floors nowadays. Those original balconies on ground floor, first floor
and second floor were replaced by windows after the rebuilding.
27. How it came into existence?
Soane demolished and
rebuilt three houses in
succession on the north
side of Lincoln's Inn
Fields.
He began with No. 12
(between 1792 and
1794), externally a plain
brick house. After
becoming Professor of
Architecture at the Royal
Academy in 1806,
Soane purchased No.
13, the house next door,
today the Museum, and
rebuilt it in two phases in
1808-09 and 1812.
28.
In 1808-09 he constructed his drawing office and
"museum" on the site of the former stable block at the
back, using primarily top lighting.
In 1812 he rebuilt the front part of the site, adding a
projecting Portland Stone facade to the basement,
ground and first floor levels and the centre bay of the
second floor. Originally this formed three open loggias,
but Soane glazed the arches during his lifetime.
In 1823, when he was over 70, he purchased a third
house, No. 14, which he rebuilt in 1823-24.
This project allowed him to construct a picture gallery,
linked to No.13, on the former stable block of No. 14.
29. PLAN
Ground floor plan for Sir
John Soane's Museum.
a.Entrance Hall
b.Library c.Dining
room
d.Sepulchral chamber
(in basement)
e.Breakfast Parlour
f.Anteroom
g.New Court h.New
picture room
i .Central dome
j.Colonnade
k.Dressing room
l .Small Study room
m.Monk's parlour
n .Recessed room
30. The most famous spaces in the house are those
at the rear of the Museum - the Dome Area,
Colonnade and Museum Corridor.
View of picture room and
Monks parlour (below)
31.
These are mostly toplit that provide idea of ingenious
lighting.
The ingeniously designed Picture Gallery has walls
composed of large 'moveable planes' (like large
cupboard doors)that allow it to house three times as
many items as a space of this size could normally
accommodate.
When visiting, it is necessary to request the planes to be
opened and wait for a group to gather before this is
done.
The more domestic rooms of No. 13 are at the front of
the house, many of them highly unusual, but often in
subtle ways.
32. •The picture on left shows the
basement plan of the No.13 and
extension behind No.14. The front
part of the drawing ( bottom the
drawing) is conventional domestic
offices. On the left top corner ,it is
the alabaster sarcophagus of Seti I.
It is named Sepulchral chamber by
Sir John Soane.
•The Soane's first house, No.12 is
to the left, and where the Museum's
temporary exhibition space is today
located, is not shown on this plan.
The half part in the front of the
house are rooms for living.
• Those rooms were build by wood.
•Walls, floors and staricases are all
wooden materials
33. Breakfast room has a
domed ceiling , has a
round window in the
center and is surrounded
by convex mirrors.
Although it is a breakfast
room, drawings are hung
on walls , sculptures are
on tables and on top of
fireplace.
•Drawings are hung on the flat celling in the library
room, the constructive design bookcase form, a big
mirror in the center of the room and two big windows
face to street.Windows in the house have big size, and
celling windows also provide natural light from sky.
•Those detail design reflects the architect's features
again, simple form, and skillful use of light sources.
34. The Library-Dining Room
reflects the influence of
Etruscan tombs and perhaps
even gothic design in its list of
small pendants like those in fan
vaulting. It is decorated in a rich
'Pompeian' red.
DRAWING ROOM
35. SECTION
Picture above shows the section of the museum, the space
is fully used to its maximum. Every detail is a artwork, such
as a lamp, a chair, window's frame , staircases, patterns on
the window and so on.
37. Introduction
On 16 October 1788, he succeeded Sir Robert
Taylor as architect and surveyor to the Bank of
England.
His appointment to the Bank was the most
important of his distinguished career.
He extended the Bank's site and eventually
enclosed it in 1828 with a windowless wall.
The structure of 'Soane's Bank of England'
remained more or less untouched until it was
demolished and a new building erected by the
architect Herbert Baker between the two World
Wars.
39. Extension of the Bank to the northwest, the exterior wall was extended
around the junction of Lothbury and
Princes Street, forming the 'Tivoli
Corner' which is based on the Temple
of Vesta, Tivoli that Soane had visited
and much admired.
The Colonial office, Consols office and
great rotunda were large public halls
,dignified, spacious and remarkably
imaginative in design.
He used arch forms, windowed drum
clerestories, and domes to create
spaces that are intricate in form but
simple in detail.
40. Perspective of Lothbury
Court, the back entrance
to the Bank
Its triumphal architecture was not lost,
however, as it was glorified in many popular
guidebooks and Soane exhibited his design
for it at the Royal Academy. The Court's
architecture resembled an imperial Roman
forum, suggesting the Bank of England as a
self-contained city. Lothbury Court
represented the Bank's own glories.
Despite its grandeur,
Lothbury Court was
merely a service
entrance to the Bank,
for bullion vans to
enter and unload their
valuable goods. For
security purposes, its
pedestrian
passageway was
never used, and so the
Court probably
remained quite remote.
41. Rotunda is a major
architectural
Feature of the museum
and dates from 1930’s
when bank was rebuilt in
its present from. Large
showcases around the
perimeter of rotunda, each
focusing on an important
theme or period, complete
the chronological history of
the bank.
The draped female figures supporting the ends of the
showcases and columns in the lantern are Soane
originals, rescued from demolition in 1920’s and re-used
by Baker.
43. INTRODUCTION
Henri was a French architect. After spending six years at Rome , he
opened an architectural training workshop, which quickly became the
center of the Rationalist view.
He was noted for his use of iron frame construction, and was one of
the first to realize the importance of its use.
Henri Labrouste, born in Paris under the Consulate comes from a
family of lawyers favorable to revolutionary ideas but moderate.
Labrouste entered Collège Sainte-Barbe as a student in 1809.
In 1823 he won the departmental prize, and worked as a lieutenantinspector (sous-inspecteur).
1824 was a turning point in Labrouste's life, as he won the
competition with a design of a Supreme Court of Appeals. In
November he left Paris for Italy.
44.
Henri Labrouste is one of the few 19th-century architects who still
inspires admiration, both in France and abroad. The rationality of the
solutions he found to complex building programs, the powerful quality
of his projects and creations, the strange singularity of their ornament,
and the importance of iron and cast iron in their construction make his
work an essential milestone in the evolution of architecture.
As recipient of the Prix de Rome in architecture, Henri Labrouste lived
in Italy from 1825 to 1830. During his stay, he executed, a series of
yearly projects, as well as making numerous studies of ancient
monuments.
Already in Italy, Labrouste showed a distinct interest in complex
building programs:, charterhouses, slaughterhouses. The first
competitions that he won, for a cantonal asylum in Lausanne (1837)
and a prison in Alessandria (1840), brought him his first professional
successes.
45. BIBLIOTHEQUE SAINTE-GENEVIEVE
The Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve is a French National Library in Paris,
France.
The current structure, built by architect Henri Labrouste in 1851, was built on
the original site of the College de Montaigu.
The Library is built on a narrow piece of land 85 meters long and 21 meters
wide on top of the Montagne Sainte-Genevieve.
46.
Scholar E. Stuart Saunders describes the Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve as,
"Born as an abbey library, reconstituted in the 17th century as a scholarly library,
it has evolved into an encyclopedic library for scholars, students, and the
general public. In the 18th century it had one of the largest collections in France;
for much of the 19th and 20th centuries it attracted perhaps more patrons than
any other library in France.
The driving factors behind the new construction are twofold :
The previous structure had fallen on disrepair.
The number of patrons were increasing so rapidly that the space become
overcrowded. To accommodate the needs of patrons, the library added evening
hours in 1831. On peak days, the library would receive around 1000 visitors.
47. Upon consultation by the Parisian
government, architect Henri
Labrouste suggested a demolition
and new construction on the
historic site. Labrouste's project
was approved in July 1843 and
completed in 1851.
Henri's design and "outstandingly
sympathetic" handling of iron as a
building material is considered
revolutionary.
Henri described his task in his
journal stating, "I first considered
for the central axis of the first floor
reading room a row of stone or
marble columns carrying arches,
but I had to acknowledge that the
end arcades would not be
sufficiently strong. I had therefore
to rely upon very thin columns for
the bearing points in the middle of
the room, letting air and light
circulate in all directions; I was
thus led to propose an iron
structure.
48.
Slender cast-iron columns that run down the center of the room, and the
pierced leaf-patterned cast-iron arches that support the twin barrel vaults,
allowed Henri to dispense with massive masonry and give the room a floating
verve not usually associated with products of the industrial age.
Lined the reading room with two tiers of books, one along the floor and the
other on a level backed up against the exterior walls. On the outside of these
walls, Henri inscribed the stone with the names of the great thinkers to show
the chain of human thought.
A copy of Raphael's School of Athens was painted on the wall of the ceremonial
stairwell that leads to the main-floor reading room.
49.
The ground floor consists primarily of storage areas to house the three
collections: the General Fund collection of over one million volumes, The
Reserve collection of 4300 manuscripts, 160,000 rare books, 50,000 drawings,
prints, photographs and other works of art, and, The Nordic Library of 160,000
volumes, including serials and musical scores.
The main floor houses the famous reading room. This large, central hall is the
length of 18 fine fluted iron columns supporting the roof.
51. Early Life
•He was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter who also designed
furniture and stage sets.
•He was one of the most prominent architects of Germany and designed both
neoclassical and neogothic buildings.
•Schinkel's style, in his most productive period, is defined by a turn to Greek
rather than Imperial Roman architecture, an attempt to turn away from the style
that was linked to the recent French occupiers.
•His most famous buildings include Neue Wache (1816–1818), National
Monument for the Liberation Wars (1818–1821), the Schauspielhaus (1819–
1821), and the Altes Museum (old museum)on Museum Island (1823–1830).
He also carried out improvements to the Crown Prince's Palace.
•Schinkel, however, is noted as much for his theoretical work and his
architectural drafts as for the relatively few buildings that were actually
executed to his designs.
53. INTRODUCTION
•The Altes Museum (German for Old Museum) is one of several
internationally renowned museums on Museum Island in Berlin,
Germany.
•Since restoration work in 1966, it houses the Antikensammlung
(antique collection) of the Berlin State Museums.
• The museum was built between 1823 and 1830 by the
architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel in the neoclassical style to
house the Prussian royal family's art collection.
•The historic, protected building counts among the most
distinguished in neoclassicism and is a high point of Schinkel's
career.
•The design of the building follows the pattern of an antique
temple and reminds the Roman Pantheon.
•The Altes Museum is the eldest museum building in Berlin.
55. The Altes Museum was commissioned by
King Friedrich Wilhelm III as the first
public museum of Berlin and the nucleus
of the Museum Island which was
PLANNING AND
intended to symbolize the cultural and
political
LOCATION
middle of Prussia.
Schinkel's plans incorporated the Museum into an
ensemble of buildings, which surround the Berliner
Lustgarten (pleasure garden). The Stadtschloss in the
south was a symbol of worldly power, the Zeughaus in
the west represented military might, and the Berliner
Dom in the east was the embodiment of divine authority.
The museum to the north of the garden, which was to
provide for the education of the people, stood as a
symbol for science and art—and not least for their
torchbearer: the self-aware bourgeoisie(range of socio-
56. EXTERIOR
Statues along the portico of the
museum
The Altes Museum takes the Greek
Stoa in Athens as a model, borrowing
heavily from Greek antiquity and
classical architecture. The museum
employs the Ionic order to articulate
the 87 m (285 ft.) face of the building,
which is the only part of the exterior
with any visual sign of the Orders; the
other three remaining facades are of
brick and stone banding.
Eighteen Ionic columns grace the front of this
grand museum. The rectangular shaped
building encloses two generous courtyards and
a two-story centrally-located rotunda, based on
the design on the Pantheon in Rome.
57. After the broad staircase and Ionic
columns, the portico leads through a
bronze portal to a double staircase
ending in an upper hall. The staircase
and hall are separated by a colonnade
providing a panorama of Berlin
The exhibition rooms of the museum
are grouped around two inner
courtyards; the center of the building is
the two-story (23 m), skylit rotunda,
which is surrounded by a gallery
supported by twenty Corinthian
columns. Like the Pantheon in Rome,
its interior surface is adorned with
coffering (rectangular, sunken panels).
A portion of the museum's statue
collection is displayed between the
rotunda's twenty columns.
58. •From behind the entrance lobby rises a two-winged,
grand stairway, which is at once inside and outside,
enclosed only with columns.
•Schinkel illustrated his idea of the purpose of the building
with decorative figures on the walls of the stairway: it
should provide material for direct observation and
instruction (illustrated by a father and son) but also be able
to encourage further thought and discussion (illustrated by
two men in the ceilings were built as vaults. After
•Originally conversation).
the destructions of Second World War the ceilings
were rebuilt as reinforced concrete constructions.
•The walls are built by quite regular limestone in the
basement and brick for the upper storeys.
60. The Antique Collection
The Altes Museum was originally constructed to house all of
the city's collections of fine arts. However, since 1904, the
museum has housed the Collection of Classical Antiquities.
Since 1998 the Collection of Classical Antiquities has
displayed its Greek collection, including the treasury, on the
ground floor of the Altes Museum. Special exhibitions are
displayed on the second floor of the museum.
The permanent collection here includes a vast variety of
ancient Greek and Roman decorative art including vases
and statues.