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61-66
Evolution
Darwin’s evolution theory:
– all creatures: common ancestry
– species goal is to reproduce;
– genetics gives us variations which
help adapt to environments,
– the ‘best’ adaptations carry on
the genes by reproduction
– Natural selection: ‘weeding out’
process eliminates the ‘weak link’
trait (does not happen in one
generation)
Biopsychology and neuroscience
– ‘new’ discipline in psychology. Mixes various areas
of study + technology
– * “Biology underlies all human sensation and
perception, learning and memory, passion and
pain, reason—and even madness” *
– Nature vs. nurture Neuroscience: connecting the
brain and mind
Brain
– 100 billion nerve cells
– Most complex structure known
– We have extras that are ‘pruned’ or die off
– We do generate new cells
– We end up with 98 %
Genetics and evolution:
• Applied to psychology, helps to explain LOTS. Ex:
phobias about things that may have killed us in the
past
• What can you remember so far that has been
explained (at least in part) by evolutionary
principles?
Genetics and Inheritance
Pgs. 66-70
Genes and inheritance
• Genes encode info that become your traits
• Blueprint in every nucleus of every cell
• Also influence personality, fears, behavior, etc
• Genes from parents yet you are unique
• Heredity; unique combo of genes (genotype)
• Phenotype is physical structure, visible traits
• Environment affects phenotype too (nutrition,
disease, stress)
Genes and inheritance
Chromosomes, Genes, DNA
• 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) Thanks mom
and dad!
Small Large
Gene sequence  DNA strands Chromosome  nucleus  cell
• DNA strands are made up of
nucleotides (‘letters’) that make
up genes ‘words’
• Genes are ‘words’ that make up
chromosome ‘sentences/
paragraphs’
• Genetic expression; punctuation
that tells how and when genes
are expressed
Chromosomes, Genes, DNA
• Complete DNA = 30,000 genes
• Sex chromosomes:
– X from Mom
– X or Y from dad
• XX = baby girl
• XY = baby boy
• Variation: slight shuffling of pairing of genes =
different genotype even in siblings
Genetic explanations
• Genes influence psychology as well as physical
traits
– Intelligence, personality, mental disorders, reading
and language abilities, and (sexual orientation)
• Single gene vs. multiple genes?
– Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's
– Never attribute psychological characteristics to
genetics alone
Heredity Environment
Choosing Child’s Genes
• Human Genome project maps genetic code
• Insight: cancer, heart disease, schizophrenia,
and Alzheimers
• Select the sex of the baby…add or delete
certain traits in the developing fetus?!
• Stem cells: generic, non-committed cells
– Cloning: organ or entire organism
– In vitro fertilization

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61 70

  • 2. Darwin’s evolution theory: – all creatures: common ancestry – species goal is to reproduce; – genetics gives us variations which help adapt to environments, – the ‘best’ adaptations carry on the genes by reproduction – Natural selection: ‘weeding out’ process eliminates the ‘weak link’ trait (does not happen in one generation)
  • 3. Biopsychology and neuroscience – ‘new’ discipline in psychology. Mixes various areas of study + technology – * “Biology underlies all human sensation and perception, learning and memory, passion and pain, reason—and even madness” * – Nature vs. nurture Neuroscience: connecting the brain and mind
  • 4. Brain – 100 billion nerve cells – Most complex structure known – We have extras that are ‘pruned’ or die off – We do generate new cells – We end up with 98 %
  • 5. Genetics and evolution: • Applied to psychology, helps to explain LOTS. Ex: phobias about things that may have killed us in the past • What can you remember so far that has been explained (at least in part) by evolutionary principles?
  • 7. Genes and inheritance • Genes encode info that become your traits • Blueprint in every nucleus of every cell • Also influence personality, fears, behavior, etc
  • 8. • Genes from parents yet you are unique • Heredity; unique combo of genes (genotype) • Phenotype is physical structure, visible traits • Environment affects phenotype too (nutrition, disease, stress) Genes and inheritance
  • 9. Chromosomes, Genes, DNA • 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) Thanks mom and dad! Small Large Gene sequence  DNA strands Chromosome  nucleus  cell
  • 10. • DNA strands are made up of nucleotides (‘letters’) that make up genes ‘words’ • Genes are ‘words’ that make up chromosome ‘sentences/ paragraphs’ • Genetic expression; punctuation that tells how and when genes are expressed
  • 11. Chromosomes, Genes, DNA • Complete DNA = 30,000 genes • Sex chromosomes: – X from Mom – X or Y from dad • XX = baby girl • XY = baby boy • Variation: slight shuffling of pairing of genes = different genotype even in siblings
  • 12. Genetic explanations • Genes influence psychology as well as physical traits – Intelligence, personality, mental disorders, reading and language abilities, and (sexual orientation) • Single gene vs. multiple genes? – Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's – Never attribute psychological characteristics to genetics alone Heredity Environment
  • 13. Choosing Child’s Genes • Human Genome project maps genetic code • Insight: cancer, heart disease, schizophrenia, and Alzheimers • Select the sex of the baby…add or delete certain traits in the developing fetus?! • Stem cells: generic, non-committed cells – Cloning: organ or entire organism – In vitro fertilization