Nanotechnology deals with manipulating and controlling matter at the nanoscale, generally from 1 to 100 nanometers. It can be used to develop new materials, devices, and systems with applications in medicine, electronics, energy, and more. Some key applications of nanotechnology include using nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer treatment, developing stronger and lighter nanocomposite materials, improving solar cells and batteries, and enabling new detection and filtration systems. While nanotechnology holds promise, research is still needed to fully understand potential health and environmental risks from nanoparticles.

1. PRESENTED BY:
NITESH KUMAR SINGH
BME(7TH SEM)

2. SO WHAT IS NANO?
 NANO is a GREEK word meaning EXTREMELY SMALL.
 Nanotechnology deals with sizes from 1-100nm range
 A nanometer is very very small its 10-9 m.

3. So what is nanotechnology?

4. Definition
Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to
"nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter
on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally,
nanotechnology deals with developing materials,
devices, or other structures possessing at least one
dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.

5. ORIGIN
Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent
development in scientific research, the
development of its central concepts happened over
a longer period of time. The emergence of
nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the
convergence of experimental advances such as the
invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in
1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985

6. S
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1959
Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing molecular machines
building with atomic precision
1974
Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter
machining
1977
Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concepts at MIT
1981
First technical paper on molecular engineering to build with
atomic precision
STM invented
1985
Buckyball discovered
1986
First book published
AFM invented
First organization formed

7. S
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t
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1987
First protein engineered
First university symposium
1988
First university course
1989
IBM logo spelled in individual atoms
First national conference
DNA-based 'robotic' assembly begins
Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work
in single atom manipulations and atomic switches, and for
development of quantum mechanical methods for
theoretical predictions of molecules and solids
2011molecular robots learn to walk in any direction
along a branched track
Mechanical manipulation of silicon dimers on a
silicon surface

8. APPROACHES
Top down approach
Bottom up approach
 It refers to the traditional
 It refers to methods where
work shop or
microfabrication method
where tools are used to cut,
mill and shape materials into
the desired shape and order
devices create themselves by
self assembly chemical
synthesis is a good example.
This approach is much
cheaper than top down but
dificult to handle becaus
things become larger and
more bulky.

9. APPROACHES

10. Branches of nanotechnology
Green nanotech – use of
nanotechnology to enhance the
environmental-sustainability of
processes currently producing
negative externalities. It also refers
to the use of the products of
nanotechnology to enhance
sustainability.
Wet nanotechnology– involves working
up to large masses from small ones.
Nanoengineering– practice of
engineering on the nanoscale.
Nanobiotech – intersection of
nanotechnology and biology.
10

11. APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY

12. •Nanomedicine
- drug delivery
- surgery
- cancer treatment
- medical robotics
•Nanoelectronics
•Energy applications
•Nanomaterial applications
•Industrial applications
- textile
- food
- cosmetics
- transportation
- national safety
- water pollution
- space

13. Nanotechnology in Medicine
Applications of medical nanotechnology span across a
variety of areas such as
 In Drugs, Medicines, Therapeutics, etc
 In Diagnostics of diseases, abnormal conditions etc.
 In Surgery
 In Medical Robotics
 In the general sake of increasing knowledge of the
human body

14. Drug Delivery
The basic point to use drug delivery
is based upon three facts:
a) efficient encapsulation of the
drugs,
b) successful delivery of said drugs
to the targeted region of the body,
and
c) successful release of that drug
there.

15. Surgery
 With nanotechnology, minute surgical
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instruments and robots can be made which can
be used to perform microsurgeries on any part
of the body.
Instead of damaging a large amount of the
body, these instruments would be precise and
accurate, targeting only the area where surgery
should be done.
Visualization of surgery can also be improved.
Instead of a surgeon holding the instrument,
computers can be used to control the nanosized surgical instruments. “Nanocameras” can
provide close up visualization of the surgery
Less chance of any mistakes or faults
Surgery could also be done on tissue, genetic
and cellular levels.

16. Cancer Treatment
 Nanotechnology has been used for the first time to
destroy cancer cells with a highly targeted package of
"tumor busting" genes.
 Its benefits:
-Deliver nanoparticles directly to the cancer tissues
-Minimize undesirable toxicity to the rest of the
body
-This nanoparticle therapy leads to the
extermination of the tumor from the body.
-It does not leave Secondary Effects on the body.

18. 1-How nanomedicine can cure cancer

19. Medical Robotics
 Nano-robotics, although having
many applications in other areas,
have the most useful and variety of
uses in medical fields.
 Potential applications include early
diagnosis and targeted drug
delivery for cancer, biomedical
instrumentation, surgery,
pharmacokinetics, monitoring
of diabetes, and health care.
 Future medical nanotechnology
expected to employ nanorobots
injected into the patient to perform
treatment on a cellular level.

20. Miscellaneous Applications of
Nanotechnology in Health
 Snapshots of the human body for better
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understanding of how it works.
The workings of cells, bacteria, viruses
etc can be better explored. The causes of
relatively new diseases can be found and
prevented.
Restore vision. Genome sequencing can
be made much easier. Biological causes of
mental diseases can be monitored and
identified. Simple curiosity can be
answered.
“Tissue engineering” could also be done
using nano-materials. Tissue engineering
makes use of artificially stimulated cell
proliferation by using suitable nanomaterialbased scaffolds and growth factors.
Advances in nanotechnology-based tissue
engineering could also lead to life extension
in humans and other animals.

21. Nanotechnology in Electronics
 Branch of Engineering which uses nanometer scale
elements in design of integrated circuits such that
one of the three dimensions of the electronic
component is in nm.
 Generally, Nanometer scale refers to electronic circuits
less than 100nm.
 1 nm= 10-9 metres

22. Continue..
 In solar cells to trap electrons
 There is great interest in constructing
nanoelectronic devices that could detect the
concentrations of biomolecules in real time for
use as medical diagnostics
 nanoradio, a radio receiver consisting of a single
nanotube, was demonstrated in 2007
 In fabrication of ultracapacitors (which have
high energy density)

23. NANOWIRES
 Electrons in nanowires are quantum confined laterally
and thus occupy energy levels that are different from
that in bulk materials.
 Aspect ratios (length-to-width ratio) of 1000 or more
 Poor conductivity (edge effect)

24. WORLD’S SMALLEST TRANSISTOR
Graphene Transistor
invented by Michelle Simmons

25. Schematic diagram of graphene transistor

26. Nanotechnology in Energy &
Environment
• Energy Production
- Clean, less expensive sources enabled by
novel nanomaterials and processes
• Energy Utilization
- High efficiency and durable home and
industrial lighting
- Solid state lighting can reduce total
electricity consumption by
10% and cut carbon emission
by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year
• Materials of construction sensing changing conditions and in
response, altering their inner structure

27. Batteries and Fuels
 Companies are currently developing batteries using
nanomaterials
 These will be as good as new even after sitting on the
shelf for decades!! Also, Can be recharged significantly
faster than conventional batteries.
-Can make the production of fuels from low grade raw
materials economical,
-increasing the mileage of engines, and
-making the production of fuels from normal raw
materials more efficient

28. Fuel Cells & Solar Cells
 Nanotechnology is being used to reduce the cost of catalysts
used in fuel cells to produce hydrogen ions from fuel such as
methanol and to improve the efficiency of membranes used
in fuel cells to separate hydrogen ions from other gases
such as oxygen.
 Companies have developed nanotech solar cells that can be
manufactured at significantly lower cost than conventional
solar cells.

29. Nanotechnology in
Nanomaterials
 Nonmaterial's are materials possessing particles sizes on the order of a billionth
of a meter, nanometer.
 At this size range, the particles will show some unique properties like quantum size
effect, surface effect, and macroscopic-quantum-tunnel effect.
 Nano structures are the ordered system of one-dimension, two dimension or three
dimension constructed or assembled with nanometer scale unit in certain pattern,
which basically include nano-spheres, nano-rods, nano-wires, Nano-belts and
nanotube.
 Nonmaterial's include,
Clusters of atoms, grains that are less than 100 nm in size,
Fibers that are less than 100 nm in diameter,
Films that are less 100 nm in thickness,
Nano-holes and Composites that are a combination of these.

30. Applications of Nanomaterials
1. Nano materials or nano crystals provide large surface area. Hence
they act as better catalysts.
2. Tumors can be detected and located with incredible accuracy.
3. Nano shells can float through the body attaching only to cancer
cells. When excited by a laser beam, they give off heat and there by
destroy tumor.
4. New borns will have their DNA mapped quickly.
5. Nano technology will enable the delivery of right amount of
medicines to the exact spot of the body.
6. Nano technology can create biocompatible joint replacements and
artery stents that will last life of the patients. Hence these need not
be replaced every few years

31. Carbon Based Nanomaterials
The materials in which the “Nanocomponent” is pure carbon.
Example: Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) are sheets of graphite rolled up to make a tube.
Due to the large surface area, CNT are interesting media for electrical energy storage.
The excellent electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes like electrical
conductivity, heat transmission capacity. Heat stability, high strength or low density
make them good candidates for use as fillers and many other applications.
Carbon nanotubes and polymers can form foams.
Carbon black is currently the most widely used carbon nanomaterial, it has found
application in car tyres, antistatic textiles and is used for colour effects.

32. Carbon Nano tubes
A carbon nanotube is a structure which seems to be formed by rolling a sheet of
graphite into the shapes of a cylindrical tube.
Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) and multiwalled nanotubes (MWNT).
Single-walled nanotubes have a diameter of close to 1 nm, with a tube length
that can be many millions of times longer. The structure of a SWNT can be
conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene
in to a seamless cylinder.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes consist of multiple concentric nanotube
cylinders. Based on the orientations of lattices, nanotubes are of three different
types-Armchair, Zigzag and Chiral.

33. Carbon nanotubes

34. Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
1. Carbon nanotubes are very strong.
2. Their tensile strength is 100 times greater than that of steel of the same
diameter.
3. Young’s modulus is about 5 times higher than for steel.
4. They have high thermal conductivity-more than 10 times that of silver.
5. They conduct electricity better than metals.
6. Electron travelling through a carbon nanotube behaves like wave travelling
through a smooth channel. This movement of electrons within a nanotube is
called “ballistic transport”.
7. They are light weight, density about one fourth of steel.
8. They are sticky due to Van der Waal’s force of attraction.

35. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
1. They are strengtheners of composite materials.
2. They act as molecular size test tubes or capsules for drug delivery
3. Depending on their size, they act as electrical conductors or
semiconductors.
4. They are used as tips for analysis of DNA and proteins by atomic
force microscopy.

36. Nanotechnology in Textile

38. The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes
water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free. Textiles with a
nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at
lower temperatures. Nanotechnology has been used to
integrate tiny carbon particles membrane and guarantee fullsurface protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer.
Many other applications have been developed by research
institutions such as the Textiles Nanotechnology Laboratory at
Cornell University, and the UK's Dstl and its spin out company

39. Disadvantages of
wrinkle free cloth
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric, resin is commonly used in
conventional methods. However, there are limitations to applying
resin, including a decrease in the tensile strength of fiber, abrasion
resistance, water absorbency and dye ability, as well as breathability.
Besides wrinkle-free clothing wearers are at risk for a skin condition
called contact dermatitis, which can cause itchy skin, rashes and
blisters, and it poses serious health implications for people who work
with the chemical in factories. To overcome the limitations of using
resin, some researchers employed nano-titanium dioxide and nanosilica
to improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk
respectively.

40. Nanotechnology in Food

41. Nanotechnology in Cosmetics
One field of application is in sunscreens. The
traditional chemical UV protection approach suffers
from its poor long-term stability. A sunscreen based on
mineral nanoparticles such as titanium oxide offer
several advantages. Titanium oxide nanoparticles have
a comparable UV protection property as the bulk
material, but lose the cosmetically undesirable
whitening as the particle size is decreased.

42. Nanotechnology In
Transportation
 Thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings
 High strength, light weight composites for increasing fuel
efficiency
 High temperature sensors for ‘under the hood’
 Improved displays
 Battery technology
 Wear-resistant tires
 Automated highways

43. Nanotechnology in National
Security
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Very high sensitivity, low power sensor for detecting the
chem/bio/nuclear threats.
Light weight military platforms, without sacrificing
functionality, safety and soldier security
-Reduce fuel needs and logistical requirements
Reduce carry-on weight of soldier gear
-Increased functionality per unit weight

44. Nanotechnology in Water
Pollution
 Being used to develop solutions to different problems
in water quality.
 One challenge is the removal of industrial wastes,
such as a cleaning solvent called TCE, from
groundwater. Nanoparticles can be used to convert the
contaminating chemical through a chemical reaction
to make it harmless. Studies have shown that this
method can be used successfully to reach
contaminates dispersed in underground ponds and at
much lower cost than methods which require pumping
the water out of the ground for treatment

45. Nanotechnology in Space
Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space flight
more practical. Advancements in nonmaterial make
lightweight solar sails and a cable for the space elevator
possible. By significantly reducing the amount of rocket
fuel required, these advances could lower the cost of
reaching orbit and traveling in space. In addition, new
materials combined with nanosensors and nanorobots
could improve the performance of spaceships, spacesuits,
and the equipment used to explore planets and moons,
making nanotechnology an important part of the ‘final
frontier.’

46. Gone are the days of huge
spaceships that cost a
fortune!

47. Use of technology in space
Carbon nanotubes are the perfect choice for such an
elevator’s cable, since nanotechnology is able to create
carbon-based material that is light in weight yet strong
enough to withstand the forces it would face in space.
A space elevator would make all kinds of pioneering efforts
possible by dramatically reducing the cost of sending things
into orbit.
This becomes painfully obvious when one considers that
95% of a space shuttle’s takeoff weight is entirely devoted to
fuel storage.

48. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Merits of nanotechnology:
* It is an enabling technology which has its impacts on
electronics and computing, materials and manufacturing,
etc.
* Large scale production of materials
* Great job opportunities
* Effective and cheap production of energy
* Water conservation
* Reduced pollution

49.  Demerits of nanotechnology:
* Nanoparticles have the possibility of breaking into
blood-brain barrier - a membrane to protect brain
from harmful chemicals in blood stream
* Creation of powerful weapons - lethal & non-lethal
* Nano-divide [technological and economical
differences between rich and poor]
* Loss of traditional methods
* Increase in aristocracies and reduce democracies
* Brain drain and trade barriers
* Black market in nanotech
* Free range self-replication

50. Nanotechnology as Career
It is a powerful profession which aids the development
of products with futuristic performance. All field
sectors of life will be effected by this new area. The two
field categories of Nanotechnology are Nanoscale
profession and Molecular manufacturing. Nanoscale
profession covers small structures and crapper be used
for introducing stronger materials, meliorate
medicines, faster computers and so on. Molecular
manufacturing is an attempt at building mechanical
and chemical manufacturing systems that join
molecules together.

51. Thanking You