Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of atoms and molecules to create new materials and devices, leading to advancements in various fields such as medicine and electronics. Its historical roots trace back to concepts discussed in 1959 and the emergence of key developments from 1974 onwards, including nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and applications in cancer treatment. While nanotechnology offers significant economic and healthcare benefits, it also raises health, environmental, and social concerns that must be addressed.

1. Topic:
Prepared By:
DR. SHABANA NAZ SHAH
PhD. In Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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2. What is Nanotechnology?
• Nano Technology is the Art and science of
manipulating atoms and molecules to create new
systems, materials and devices.
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Nanotechnology is enabling much faster and more precise
diagnosis, as many tests can be built into a single, often palm-sized
device that only requires tiny quantities of sample.
This device is sometimes called a 'lab-on-a-chip', and samples
can be processed and analysed so rapidly that the results can be
read out almost instantaneously.
Nanotechnology

4. The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first
discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard
Feynman in his talk .
There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, in which he
described the possibility of synthesis via direct
manipulation of atoms.
The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known.
Origins: History of Nanotechnology
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5. 2000 Years Ago – Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to
dye hair.
1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages)- Gold nanoparticles of different sizes
used to produce different colors in stained glass windows.
1974- “Nano-technology" Taniguchi used the term nanotechnology
for the first time.
1981- IBM develops scanning tunneling microscope. This microscope
evolved to allow the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules in the
field of Nano technology.
1985 – “Buckyball”- Scientists at Rice University and University of Sussex
discover C60.
1991- Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima.
History of Nanotechnology
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6. Generation of Nanotechnology
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7. At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of materials differ in fundamental
and valuable ways from the properties of individual
atoms and molecules or bulk matter.
Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward
understanding and creating improved materials,
devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.
Why Nanotechnology?
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8. Allows the placement of small structures placed with
precision, simplicity and low cost.
Leads to economic growth.
Enhance national security.
Improve the quality of life.
Leads to job creation.
Need For Nanotechnology
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9. Growth of Nanotechnology
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10. Size Matters
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How Bib is a Nano?
Nano = I billionth; 100,000 x’s
smaller than the diameter of a human
hair.
Examples of Nanoscale.
A cubic micron of water contains
about 90 billion atoms. A micron is
one thousandth of a millimeter.
Another way to visualize a
nanometer :
1 inch = 25,400,000 nanometers

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“The power of nanotechnology is rooted in its potential to
transform and revolutionize multiple technology and industry
sectors, including:
Aerospace.
Agriculture.
Biotechnology.
Homeland security and national defense.
Energy.
Environmental improvement.
Information technology.
Medicine and
Transportation.
Discovery in some of these areas has advanced to the point
where it is now possible to identify applications that will impact the
world we live in.”
Benefits of Nanotechnology

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Benefits of Nanotechnology

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Economic Impact of Nanotechnology
Market Size Predictions (within a decade)*
$340B/yr Materials
$300B/yr Electronics
$180B/yr Pharmaceuticals
$100B/yr Chemical manufacture
$ 70B/yr Aerospace
$ 20B/yr Tools
$ 30B/yr Improved healthcare
$ 45B/yr Sustainability
$1 Trillion per year by 2015
*2007 Estimates by industry groups, source: NSF

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Economic Impact of Nanotechnology
According to “The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (NOR),” 3rd Edition
Cientifica Ltd., published in June 2008
“The market for products enabled by nano-technologies will reach US$ 263
billion by 2012.”
“The highest growth rates will be in the convergence between bio- and
nanotechnologies in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors.”

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Advantages of Nanotechnology

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Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
Very expensive.
Atomic weapons will become more
destructive.
Very hard to make.

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Application of Nanotechnology

19. Application of Nanotechnology
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Nanosystem:
It is small system can be seen as an extension of biotechnology.
For example, to create a molecular motor about the size of the virus.
Scientists have combined genetically engineered proteins with other
chemically structured components.

20. Application of Nanotechnology
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Nanomaterials:
It is possible to create new
kinds of materials by working at
the nanolevel.
One of the first
nanomaterials was “carbon
nanotube”, which conducts
electricity better than copper yet
is stronger and lighter than steel.

21. Application of Nanotechnology
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Nanoelectronics:
Standard computer chips, which
soon will have minimum feature
size below 100 nanomaters, will
inevitably enter the realm of
nanotachnology.

22. Application of Nanotechnology
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Nano Robots:
Nanorobotics is the technology
of creating machine or robots at
or close to the microscopic scale
of a nanometres (10-9 meters).

23. Application of Nanotechnology
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Carbon Nanotubes:
Stiffest and strongest fibers known,
which remarkable electronic properties
and unique characteristics.
They are the result of synthesis of
buckminsterfullerene, C60 and other
fullerences.

24. Application of Nanotechnology
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Cancer Treatment:
 Cancer cells can be killed
without the pain full side effects of
chemotherapy.
 QuantumDot.
 Scientists may now be able to
destroy tumors without killing healthy
cells at the same time.

25. Nanoshells as Cancer Therapy
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26. Application of Nanotechnology
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Nanodentistry:
Nanodentistry will make possible the
maintenance of comprehensive oral health by
employing nanomaterials, biotechnology,
including tissue engineering, and ultimately,
dental nanorobotics. New potential treatment
opportunities in dentistry may include, local
anesthesia, dentition renaturalization,
permanent hypersensitivity cure, complete
orthodontic realignments during a single
office visit, covalently bonded diamondised
enamel, and continuous oral health
maintenance using mechanical dentifrobots.

27. Application of Nanotechnology
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Many Nano medicines are already in routine clinical use.

28. Application of Nanotechnology
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Nanofood:
Preservation of food without refrigeration.
Protection of food from bacteria and diseases..
Lighter foods.

29. Application of Nanotechnology
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Hi-Tech Lens:
Contact lens that let you check your blood sugar
level by looking in a mirror.
Coming in about five years.

30. Application of Nanotechnology
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Intelligent Nano Coatings:
Intelligents nano coatings for
windows that reflect solar heat in the
summer and transmit it in winter.

31. Implications of Nanotechnology
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Health and safety issues.
 Nanoparticles can cause serious illness or
damage human body.
 Untraceable destructive weapons of mass
destruction.
Social & Political issues.
 Creates social strife through increasing wealth
gap.
 Advisability of increasing scope of the
technology creates political dilemma.

32. Implications of Nanotechnology
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Environmental issues.
 Nanopollution is created by toxic wastes from
nanomaterial manufacturing.
 Enhances Global warming in the long run.
Grey-goo.
 It is a hypothetical situation where self
replicating nanobots go out of control, and
consume all matter on earth.

33. The Promise of Nanotechnology
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