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1. Nanomaterials and their
Classification
BY
SULEMAN HANIF

2. Historical background
 Nanoparticles were firstly used in 9th century for generating Glittering effect on
surface of pots.
 Richard A. Zsigmonday firstly observed and measured size of nanomaterials, He
also used the term ‘nanometer’for characterizing particle size.
 Richard Feyman in 1959 lectured, ‘there is plenty of room at bottom’ and provided
the inspiration to the field of nanotechnology.
 A Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi firstly used the term ‘ Nanotechnology’in
1974.

3. Historical background
 With the invention of scanning tunnelling microscope and discovery of fullerenes in
80s, nanotechnology has greatly emerged.
 In early 2000s, there were seen a huge landmark in applications of nanomaterials.
Nanotechnology is the technology usinfobjects or structures or phenomena at
nanometer scale.

4. Introduction
What are nanomaterials?
 The set of substances where at least one dimension is less than approximately 100
nanometers.
 The chemical and physical properties of solid materials strongly depend on size and
the shape of small particles.
 Nanochemistry is the synthesis, analysis and characterization of chemical
compounds at nanoscale.

5. Introduction
Nanomaterials are based on nanoscience and nanotechnology
 Nanoscience is the science of objects in the size regime of nanometer where the
particles perform some special properties
 Nanotechnology is the technology using objects or structure or phenomena at
nanometer scale.

6. Introduction
What is special about Nanotechnology?
 It is incredibly broad, interdisciplinary field
 Require expertise in physics, chemistry, material science and biology.
 Boundary line between atoms, molecules and the macroworld

7. Introduction
Particles having size in the range of 1 to 100 nm are termed as nanoparticles and the
applications of nanoparticles is whatever called nanotechnology.

8. Classification
Classification of nanomaterials in based on
1. Origin
2. Dimension
3. Structure

9. Classification
Classification on the basis of Origin
1. Natural nanomaterials: coming from resource of nature, these are virus, protiens
and antibodies. Some minerals like clay, gelatin, natural collides, shells and coral
etc are natural nanomerials.
2. Artificial nanomaterials: those which are prepared deliberately through a well
defined mechanical and fabrication processes, like carbon nano tubes, quantum
dots and semiconductor nanparticles.

10. Classification
Classification on the basis of Materials
1. Carbon based materials: mostly carbon composed, hollow spheres (fullerenes) or
tubes (nanotubes), these have wide potential applications.
2. Metal based materials: Quantum dosts, nanogold, nanosilver and metal oxides
like TiO2 are examples of it.
3. Dendrimers: nanosized polymers built from branched units are dendrimers.
Surfaces of dendrimers has branch ends performing special function. They are used
in drug delivery.
4. Composites: these are bulk type materials

11. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Zero-dimensional:
 these are the materials wherein all the dimensions are determined
 They have no dimension or 0-D, larger than 100nm.
 These are nanoparticles, they might be crystalline, amorphous, single
crystalline or polycrystalline.
 The term nanoparticles encompass all 0-D nanosized building blocks
(regardless of size and morphology).

12. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Zero-dimensional:
 these are the materials wherein all the dimensions are determined
 They have no dimension or 0-D, larger than 100nm.
 These are nanoparticles, they might be crystalline, amorphous, single
crystalline or polycrystalline.
 The term nanoparticles encompass all 0-D nanosized building blocks
(regardless of size and morphology).

13. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Zero-dimensional:
 in past 10 years, significant progress has been seen in 0-D nanoparticles.
 In well controlled dimensions a variety of properties has been developed for
fabrication 0-D NMs.
 Recently, 0-D such as uniform particle array (quantum dots) amd heterogenous
particles arrays , core shel quantum dots have been studies in LEDs, solar cells and
single electron transisters.

14. Classification

15. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. One-dimensional (1-D):
System confined to one dimensional nanomaterials are 100nm films, coatings and
multilayer materials.

16. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. One-dimensional:
 have been extensively studied because both of their functional properties and
highly controllable morphology.
 From past decade, have been used in research and development.
 Plays an important role as both interconnects and the key units in fabricating
electronic, optoelectronic nanoscale dimensions,

17. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. One-dimensional:
 impacted nanoelectronics, nanodevices and systems, nanocomposite materials and
national security.

18. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Two-dimensional (2D):

19. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Two-dimensional (2D):
 exhibits plate like shapes including nanofilms, nanolayers and nancoatings
 Made up of various compositions like multi and single layered and matrix.
 2D nanostructures have two dimensions outside the nanometric size range
(100nm).
 Interesting for investigation and developing novel applications in sensors,
photocatalysts, nanocontainers, nanoreactors and templates for 2D structures of
materials.

20. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Three-dimensional (3D):
• 3D nanostructures have three dimensions outside/above the nanometric size range
(100nm).
• Possess a nanocrystalline structure.
• Can contain dispersions of nanoparticles, bundles of nanowires and nanotubes as
well as multi nano layers.

21. Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Three-dimensional (3D):
• Due to large surface area, these have attracted considerable research interest.
• Very much important materials due to its wide range of applications in area of
catalysis, magnetic material and electrode material for batteries.
• Due to large surface area these have been used in research for transporting of
molecules due to its porosity.

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