This document provides an introduction to nanotechnology. It defines nanotechnology as working at the atomic or molecular scale, particularly between 1-100 nanometers. The document outlines some of the history of nanotechnology, including Richard Feynman's 1959 talk where he first proposed the idea of building devices at the nanoscale. Key breakthroughs and tools used in nanotechnology are discussed, such as the scanning tunneling microscope. A variety of applications are mentioned, including in electronics, medicine, and everyday products. Both promising implications as well as safety concerns regarding nanotechnology are raised.

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY
BY:
NSRUTHI

2. Contents
Introduction
History of Nanotechnology
Breakthrough
Tools and techniques
Applications
Implications

3. Introduction
What is NANO?
Nano in Greek means ‘dwarf’….
but in actual Nano is even smaller than dwarf
i.e., atomic level of something

4. Larger to smaller: a materials perspective
Simple to complex: a molecular perspective
“the branch of technology that deals with
dimensions of less than 100 nanometres, especially the
manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.”
( National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA)
What is NANOTECHNOLOGY?

5. One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter.
Atomic size = 0.12 – 0.15 nm DNA = 2 nm
Mycoplasma = 200nm

6. RICHARD FEYNMAN’S LECTURE (1959)
“There’s plenty of room at the bottom”
Why can’t we write the
entire 24 volumes of
Encyclopedia
Britannica on the head
of a pin?

7. The term "Nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974,
though it was not widely known.
K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines
of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.
In 1986, Drexler founded The Foresight Institute to help increase public
awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and
implications.
History of Nanotechnology

8. Breakthrough
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
(Invention of Scanning tunneling microscope)
Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl
Buckminsterfullerene C60, (buckyball)

9. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY
The tip is scanned over a surface in raster pattern
pattern and the interaction with the surface is
is recorded as an image and it is used to manipulate
manipulate nanostructures (a process called
called positional assembly)
Tools and techniques

10. Broadly speaking there are two main methods and they are :-
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(STM)- using the current between the
outermost atom of a conducting probe within an
atomic distance from a substrate to map out the
sample topography and
electrical properties.
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) -
using the vander waals forces or contact
forces between a tip and the sample to measure
the sample topography or mechanical
properties.

11. Applications
Carbon Tubes – Faster ion transport

12.  Microprocessors
 Micropillars in Silicon Solar cells
 Microparticles in display technology and
biomedical imaging
 Bio nanobatteries
 Insulators to Semiconductors
 Improving electronic conductivity by electron
tunneling

13. In medicine
 Targeted Drug Delivery – Nano-weapon against cancers
 Tissue Engineering – for synthesis of body organs
 Biosensors – accurate and rapid diagnostic tests
 DNA construction
 Protein synthesis
 Nanomedicines

14.  Sunscreen
 Self-cleaning glass
 Clothing
 Scratch-resistant coatings
 Antimicrobial bandages
In everyday life

15. Tennis?

16. In near future
Nanobots

17. Implications
an untraceable destructive weapons of mass damage
Nanofibers and Nanoparticles - Pulmonary Fibrosis
Asbestos - Carcinogenesis
Titanium oxide - DNA damage

18. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Biotoxicity! Biomagnification!! Bioterrorism!!!

19. Thank you!