Nanotechnology and Its Applications which are related to the field of engineering and mainly bio-nanotechnology, electronics and green nanotechnology in India.

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY &
ITS APPLICATIONS
By –
401/IC/13

2. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanotechnology is the study of
manipulating matter on an atomic scale. It
deals with the size from 1-100nm range.
• Nanotechnology refers to the science of
constructing and engineering of the
functional systems at very micro level or we
can say at a atomic level.

3. HOW SMALL IS NANOSCALE
DNA Sample: Approx. 2
nm
Human Hair: Approx. 1x105 nm

4. ORIGINS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Noble prize winner Richard Feynman first
conceived the idea of molecular
manufacturing in his 1959 speech, “There's
Plenty of Room at the Bottom."
• Richard Feynman was the first scientist to
suggest that devices and materials could
someday be fabricated to atomic
specifications.
• In 1986, K. Eric Drexler wrote "Engines of
Creation" and introduced the term
Nanotechnology from there Scientific
research really expanded over the last

5. NANO FABRICATION APPROACHES
• 1.)Bottom-up Method
• Building complex systems by
combining simple atomic level
components through self assembly of
atoms or molecules into
nanostructures.
• Examples of molecular self assembly
are Watson crick base pairing , nano –
lithoghraphy.

6. NANO FABRICATION APPROACHES CONT.
• 2.)Top-down Method
• Creates nanostructures out of
macrostructures by breaking down
matter into more basic building
blocks. Frequently uses chemical or
thermal methods.
• Solid-state techniques can also be
used to create devices known as
nanoelectromechanical systems or
NEMS

7. TIMELINE FOR BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIAL
PROTOTYPING AND COMMERCIALIZATION

8. CARBON NANOTUBE
• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon
with a cylindrical nanostructure.
• They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto
132,000,000:1.
• Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family.
Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with
the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon,
called graphene.
• Properties
• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps
in creating light weight spacecraft's.
• Easily penetrate membranes such as
cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment.
• Electrical resistance changes significantly when other
molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps
in developing sensors that can detect chemical vapors.

9. CARBON NANOTUBE APPLICATIONS
Electronics
• CNT quantum wire interconnects
• Diodes and transistors for
computing
• Data Storage
• Capacitors
• Field emitters for instrumentation
• Flat panel displays
Sensors & Bio-Tech.
• CNT based microscopy: AFM, STM…
• Nanotube sensors: bio, chemical…
• Molecular gears, motors, actuators
• Batteries (Li storage), Fuel Cells, H2 storage
• Nanoscale reactors, ion channels
• Biomedical
- Nanoelectrodes for implantation
- Lab on a chip
- DNA sequencing through AFM imaging
- Artificial muscles
- Vision chip for macular degeneration,
retinal cell transplantation

10. NANOBOTS
• Close to the scale of 10-9 m.
• Largely in R & D phase .
• Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable
of counting specific molecules in a chemical
sample.
• Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it
would probably be necessary for very large
numbers of them to work together to perform
microscopic and macroscopic tasks.
• Application:
• Detection of toxic components in
environment.
• In drug delivery.

11. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

12. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS
• Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat
panel displays to be flexible as well as
thinner than current flat panel displays.
• Nanolithography is used for fabrication of
chips.
• The transistors are made of nanowires,
that are assembled on glass or thin films
of flexible plastic.
• E-paper, displays on sunglasses and

13. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS
CONT.
• One of the major applications of nanotechnology is in the area
of nanoelectronics is with Mosfet's being made of small
nanowires, ~10 nm in length. Here is a simulation of such a
nanowire.

14. NANOELECTRONICS: APPLICATIONS UNDER
DEVELOPMENT
• Integrating silicon nanophotonics components into CMOS
integrated circuits. This optical technique is intended to
provide higher speed data transmission between integrated
circuits than is possible with electrical signals.
• Researchers at UC Berkeley have demonstrated a low power
method to use nanomagnets as switches, like transistors, in
electrical circuits. Their method might lead to electrical circuits
with much lower power consumption than transistor based
circuits.
• Using semiconductor nanowires to build transistors and
integrated circuits.
• Using nanowires to build transistors without p-n junctions.

15. NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN COMPUTER PROCESSING
• Moore’s Law
describes a trend
of technology. It
states that the
number of
transistors that
can be put on a
single chip will
double every two
years.

16. NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN COMPUTER'S CONT.
• The silicon transistors in your computer may
be replaced by transistors based on carbon
nanotubes.
• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a
hollow cylinder with a diameter of around a
nanometer which consists of pure carbon.
• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the
displays techniques due to less consumption of
electricity and less heat emission.
• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to
A schematic diagram of the
NIST nanowire transistor.

17. NANO BIO-TECHNOLOGY
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug
therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right
location in the body and release drug doses on a
predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.
• Attach the drug to a Nano sized carrier (Nanobot).
• Nanobots become localized at the disease site, i.e
cancer tumor.
• Then they release medicine that kills the tumor.

18. GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Green nanotechnology refers to the use
of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental
sustainability of processes.
• Current Research in Green Nanotechnology –
• 1.) NANOTECHNOLGY FOR WATER POLLUTION
TREATEMENT
• Nanotechnology offers the potential of
novel nanomaterials for the treatment of surface
water, groundwater, wastewater, and other
environmental materials contaminated by toxic
metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes,
and microorganisms. Due to their unique activity
toward contaminants, many nanomaterials are
under active research and development for use in
the treatment of water and contaminated sites

19. 2.) SOLAR CELLS
New solar panel films
incorporate nanoparticles
to create lightweight,
flexible solar cells.

20. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
• IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology.
• Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on.
• Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science and
Technology Initiative (NSTI).
• Then in 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission was initiated with an
allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a period of five years.
• The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:
- basic research promotion,
- infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking research,
- development of nano technologies and their applications,
- human resource development and
- international collaborations.

21. FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
● Nanotechnology will redesign the future of several
technologies, products and markets.
● Scientists and engineers can now work with materials at the
atomic level to create stain-proof fabrics, scratch-resistant
paints, more efficient fuel cells and batteries.
● Experts says that nanotechnology will likely create the next
generation of billionaires and reshape global business.
● Industry Analysts Predict Revenues from Products Incorporating
Nanotechnology to reach close to $3 Trillion US Dollars within 10
Years

22. REFERENCES
• [1] Drexler, K. Eric (1986). Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19973-2.
• [2] Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. American Scientific
Publishers.
• ISSN: 1533-4880.
• [3] Bio-Nanotechnology in Japan: Public Initiatives, Tokyo (JP): Euro
technology Japan, 2002. See: http://www.eurotechnology.com/
• [4] Nanotechnology in Europe: The Institute of Nanotechnology,
2003.
• See: http://www.nano.org.uk/
• [5] What is Green Engineering, US Environmental Protection Agency
• [6] Nano in medicine at NanoandMe.org

23. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME