This presentation gives breif

1. By
Lutful Kabir
Department of Physics
Visva Bharati
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2. Outline of the Presentation
What is Nanoscale ?
Introduction- Nanotechnology
Why is Nanotechnology important ?
History of Nanotechnology
Nanoscale Size Effect
Nanotechnology in medicine
Nanotechnology in Electronics
Nanotechnology and Energy
Nanotechnology Consumer Products
Nanotechnology in Space
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3. What is Nanoscale
1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9 m
Fullerenes C60
12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm
10 millions times
smaller
1 billion times
smaller
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4. Introduction- Nanotechnology
Nanoscale uses “nanometer” as the basic unit of measurement and
it represents a billionth of a meter.
1 nm = 10-9 m
The prefix nano is derived from the Greek νᾶνος, meaning
"dwarf", and was officially confirmed as standard in 1960.
Nanotechnology deals with nanosized particles and devices
One- nm is about 3 to 5 atoms wide. This is very tiny when
compared normal sizes encounter day-to-day.
 For example this is 1/1000th the width of human hair.
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5. Any physical substance or device with structural
dimensions below 100 nm is called nanomaterial or nano-
device.
 Nanotechnology rests on the technology that involves
fabrication of material, devices and systems through
direct control of matter at nanometer length scale or less
than 100 nm.
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6. WHY is nanotechnology important?
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7. History of Nanotechnology
~ 2000 Years Ago – Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and
Romans to dye hair
~ 1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold nanoparticles of different
sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows
1959 – “There is plenty of room at the bottom” by R. Feynman
1974 – “Nanotechnology” - Norio Taniguchi uses the term
nanotechnology for the first time
1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope
1985 – “Buckyball” - Scientists at Rice University and University
of Sussex discover C60
1986 – “Engines of Creation” - First book on nanotechnology by
K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig,
Quate and Gerbe
1989 – IBM logo made with individual atoms
1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima
1999 – “Nanomedicine” – 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas
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8. Nanoscale Size Effect
Realization of miniaturized devices and systems while
providing more functionality
Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio
Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties,
including changes in:
 Physical Properties (e.g. melting point)
 Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity)
 Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity)
 Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength)
 Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)
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9. Nanotechnology in medicine
The use of nanotechnology in medicine offers some exciting
possibilities. Some techniques are only imagined, while others
are at various stages of testing, or actually being used today.
Nanotechnology in medicine involves applications of
nanoparticles currently under development, as well as longer
range research that involves the use of manufactured nano-
robots to make repairs at the cellular level (sometimes referred
to as nanomedicine).
The use of nanotechnology in the field of medicine could
revolutionize the way we detect and treat damage to the human
body and disease in the future, and many techniques only
imagined a few years ago are making remarkable progress
towards becoming realities.
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10. Nanotechnology in Medicine Application:
Drug Delivery
 One application of nanotechnology in medicine currently being
developed involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light
or other substances to specific types of cells (such as cancer cells).
Particles are engineered so that they are attracted to diseased cells,
which allows direct treatment of those cells. This technique reduces
damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier detection of
disease.
 For example, nanoparticles that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to
cancer cells are under development. Tests are in progress for targeted
delivery of chemotherapy drugs and their final approval for their use
with cancer patients is pending, as explained on CytImmune Science's
website. CytImmune has published the preliminary results of a Phase 1
Clinical Trial of their first targeted chemotherapy drug.
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11. Nanotechnology in Medicine Application:
Therapy Techniques
 Nanoshells may be used to concentrate the heat from infrared light to
destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells. For
a good visual explanation of nanoshells, click . Nanospectra Biosciences
has developed such a treatment using nanoshells illuminated by an infrared
laser that has been approved for a pilot trial with human patients.
 Nanoparticles, when activated by x-rays, that generate electrons that cause
the destruction of cancer cells to which they have attached
themselves. This is intended to be used in place radiation therapy with
much less damage to healthy tissue. Nanobiotix has released preclinical
results for this technique.
 Aluminosilicate nanoparticles can more quickly reduce bleeding in trauma
patients by absorbing water, causing blood in a wound to clot quickly. Z-
Medicais producing a medical gauze that uses aluminosilicate
nanoparticles. 11

12. Nanotechnology in Medicine Application:
Cell Repair
Nanorobots could actually be programmed to repair
specific diseased cells, functioning in a similar way to
antibodies in our natural healing processes.
Molecular Doctor 12

13. Nanotechnology in Electronics
(Nanoelectronics)
How can nanotechnology improve the capabilities of
electronic components?
Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might
increase the capabilities of electronics devices while we
reduce their weight and power consumption. Some of the
nanoelectronics areas under development.
Improving display screens on electronics devices. This
involves reducing power consumption while decreasing the
weight and thickness of the screens.
Increasing the density of memory chips. Researchers are
developing a type of memory chip with a projected density
of one terabyte of memory per square inch or greater.
Reducing the size of transistors used in integrated circuits.
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14. Nanoelectronics: Applications under
Development
Researchers are looking into the following nanoelectronics projects:
 Building transistors from carbon nanotubes to enable minimum transistor
dimensions of a few nanometers and developing techniques to manufacture
integrated circuits built with nanotube transistors
 Using electrodes made from nanowires that would enable flat panel displays to be
flexibleas well as thinner than current flat panel displays.
 Using MEMS techniques to control an array of probes whose tips have a radius of a
few nanometers. These probes are used to write and read data onto a polymer film,
with the aim of producing memory chips with a density of one terabyte per square
inch or greater.
 Transistors built in single atom thick graphene film to enable very high speed
transistors.
 Combining gold nanoparticles with organic molecules to create a transistor known
as a NOMFET (Nanoparticle Organic Memory Field-Effect Transistor ).
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15. Nanotechnology and Energy
Eaglepower 2
Rated Power: 2000 W
Output voltage: AC230 V
Blade material: Hybtonite
Blade quantity: 3
Rotor blade diameter: 4.4 m
Minimum start-up wind speed: 2.5 m/s
Rated wind speed: 9 m/s
Rated rotating rate: 250 r/min
Generator output: 3-phase
Output AC frequency: 50/60 Hz
Tower height: 6-30 m
Weight of generator: 182 kg
Protection against strong winds: mechanical
Survival wind: 50.0 m/s (max.)
Eagle Windpower , a Finnish technology company, has addressed this challenge by
developing an awarded solution that utilizes nanotechnology in its blades. Carbon
nanotubes make the blades stronger and lighter and improve energy efficiency.
 Nanotechnology is being used in several applications to improve the efficiency of
energy generation or develop new methods to generate energy.
 Increasing the electricity generated by windmills. An epoxy containing carbon
nanotubes is being used to make windmill blades. Stronger and lower weight
blades are made possible by the use of nanotube-filled epoxy. The resulting longer
blades increase the amount of electricity generated by each windmill.
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16. Nanotechnology and Energy
 Generating electricity from waste heat. Researchers have used sheets of
nanotubes to build thermocells that generate electricity when the sides of the
cell are at different temperatures. These nanotube sheets could be wrapped
around hot pipes, such as the exhaust pipe of your car, to generate electricity
from heat that is usually wasted.
 Clothing that generates electricity. Researchers have developed
piezoelectric nanofibers that are flexible enough to be woven into clothing. The
fibers can turn normal motion into electricity to power your cell phone and
other mobile electronic devices.
 Reducing friction to reduce the energy consumption. Researchers have
developed lubricants using inorganic buckyballs that significantly reduced
friction.
 Reducing power loss in electric transmission wires. Researchers at Rice
University are developing wires containing carbon nanotubes that would have
significantly lower resistance than the wires currently used in the electric
transmission grid. These upgraded transmission wires could transmit
electricity thousands of miles with insignificant power losses.
 Reducing the cost of solar cells. Companies have developed nanotech solar
cells that can be manufactured at significantly lower cost than conventional
solar cells.
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17. Nanotechnology Consumer Products
Foods and beverages
Advanced packaging materials,
sensors, and lab-on-chips for food
quality testing
Appliances and textiles
Stain proof, water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
Self-cleaning and scratch free
products, paints, and better
cosmetics
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18.  Nanotechnology is already making today’s products:
 Lighter
 Stronger
 Faster
 Smaller
 More Durable
Increasing the strength of tennis
racquets by adding nanotubes to the
frames which increases control and
power when you hit the ball.
Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics
were at the heart of this bike built by
Lotus Engineering for the 1992
Barcelona Olympics. It helped Chris
Boardman win gold.
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19. ARC Outdoors –Broken Arrow
ARC Outdoors utilizes nano silver in
making cloth for special purposes and
currently has a line of anti-microbial
clothing for hunters because the nano
 silver cloth eliminates odor/scent. These
clothes are sold through Bass Pro Shops,
Cabalas and some Wal-Mart stores.
ARC is working on developing a line of
hospital uniforms that also will be anti-
microbial.
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20. Automotive Paint – Mercedes-Benz
The 2007 Mercedes-Benz SL
series cars sport a protective
coating of nanoparticles that
provides a three-fold
improvement in the scratch
resistance of the paintwork.
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21. Nanotechnology in Space
Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space flight
more practical. Advancements in nanomaterials make
lightweight solar sails and a cable for the space elevator
possible.
By significantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel
required, these advances could lower the cost of reaching
orbit and traveling in space.
In addition, new materials combined with nanosensors and
nanorobots could improve the performance of spaceships,
spacesuits, and the equipment used to explore planets and
moons, making nanotechnology an important part of the
‘final frontier.’
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22. Space Flight and Nanotechnology:
Applications under Development
Researchers are looking into the following applications of
nanotechnology in space flight:
Employing materials made from carbon nanotubes to reduce the
weight of spaceships like the one shown below while retaining or
even increasing the structural strength.
Using carbon nanotubes to make the cable needed for the space
elevator, a system which could significantly reduce the cost of
sending material into orbit.
Deploying a network of nanosensors to search large areas of
planets such as Mars for traces of water or other chemicals.
Using carbon nanotubes to build lightweight solar sails that use
the pressure of light from the sun reflecting on the mirror-like
solar cell to propel a spacecraft. This solves the problem of
having to lift enough fuel into orbit to power spacecraft during
interplanetary missions.
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23. Space elevator
 With the advent of the space age, some innovative
people proposed a space elevator, a cable extending from
Earth to space that could be ascended by mechanical
means.
 The concept was also generally discarded
 because there was no material strong enough to
construct the proposed cable. The idea of a space
elevator was not realistically viable until after 1991
when carbon nanotubes were discovered. With the
discovery of carbon nanotubes and the developments of
the previous decades the space elevator could now be
considered.
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24. Conclusion
....... Still Plenty of room at the
bottom.
Nanotechnology is offering us Great opportunities .But Great Power comes
with Great responsibilities. So we have to choose the right thing in right
way.
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