Mycoplasmosis is caused by several Mycoplasma species and causes respiratory disease in poultry. Clinical signs include sinusitis, tracheitis, and airsacculitis. Young broilers from 4-10 weeks are most susceptible. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a primary cause of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. It reduces productivity and hatchability. Other diseases discussed include infectious synovitis caused by Mycoplasma synoviae, yersiniosis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, avian chlamydiosis caused by Chlamydia psittaci, and necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens.
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Mycoplasmosis
1. Mycoplasmosis
• Mycoplasmosis is an problematic infectious
disease of domestic poultry characterized by
sinusitis, tracheitis, airsacclitis.
• Broilers of 4-10 weeks more susceptible
• It can also occur as secondary invaders.
• Artritis and salphingitis in chicken
2. Etiology
• Small(0.2-0.3 µm) coccobacilli
• Organisms isolated as round colonies with central
nipple
• Colonies are 0.25-0.3 mm in diameter
• There are 22 Mycoplasma species from birds
• M. gallisepticum - occurs in chicken and turkey
• M. synoviae - ,,
• M.meleagridis - occurs in turkeys
• M.anatis – ducks
• Organism is fragile outside the body of hosts
3. • M.gallisepticum in infection is known as
Chronic respiratory disease(CRD), Avian
respiratory Mycoplasmosis
• It plays a significant role in the respiratory
disease complex.
• Reduce productivity and hatchability and
livability of chicks and poults.
• It infects chicken from few weeks to 18
months
4. • In broilers, outbreaks at 4-8 weeks of age
• Disease most common during winter
• Pathogenesis: The organism gains entry
through respiratory tract or via the infected
embryo.
• Aggravated by E.coli, P. multocida, IB, ND
5. Spread
• The disease spreads through direct contact
and susceptible bird by both vertical and
horizontal transmission.
• Infection can occur from air borne dust ,
droplet and feathers.
• Indirect infection can occur through
contaminated equipment, feed bags and
personnel
• Wild birds and rodents may also transmit
6.
7. Signs
• Respiratory syptoms and prolonged course
• Decreased appetite, decreased weight gain
• Upper respiratory infection is more severe in
turkeys than in chicken.
• In turkey swelling of one or more infraorbital
sinuses( sinusitis) may occur.
• Nasal exudates accompanied by sinusitis and
respiratory rales, sneezing, coughing,
conjunctivitis, occular and nasal discharge,
gurgling sound(tracheal rales)
8. • In layer flocks decrease in egg production(20-
50%) and is more severe during winter
• Sinusitis and swelling of paranasal sinuses in
turkeys.
• In chronic cases emaciation and purulent
nasal discharge
• Swelling of infraorbital sinus also occurs
9. Gross lesions
• Excess of Catarrhal exudates in the nares, trachea and
lungs.
• Oedema of air sac walls
• Frothy and cheesy exudates, cloudy appearance in air sac.
• Dilatation of infraorbital sinus(Sinusitis) particularly in
turkeys.
• Congestion of trachea, lungs(pneumonia) and conjunctiva
• It is exacerbated by E.coli infection- colisepticaemia.
• In severe in young chicks(4-10weeks) fibrinous
perihepatitis, pericarditis with severe air sacculitis
10. • Microscopically thickening of mucous
membrane, infiltration of mononuclear cells
and hyperplasia of mucous glands and
Lymphphoid follicle.
11. Diagnosis
• Gross lesions in air sacs
• This disease is diagnosed by isolation and
characterization of organisms
• Immunofluorescence tests and
Serological tests like
• Rapid plate agglutination test
• Haemagglutination inhibition(HI) test,
• ELISA and PCR.
12.
13. Infectious sinovitis
Etiology
• Mycoplasma synoviae
• The infection occurs in chicken and turkeys.
• Common in 4-16 weeks age
• Turkeys are susceptible than chicken.
• Spread is by direct contact. Vertical
transmission also occurs.
14. Signs
• Usually there is shrinkage of comb, lameness
and retarded growth.
• Swelling of joints, specially of feet and hocks ,
breast blisters are common.
• Respiratory form occurs with mild rales and
coryza.
• Drop in igg production 20-30%
15.
16.
17. Lesions:
• Oedema and thickening of synovial
membranes of foot and hock joints.
• Thick creamy or cheesy material in the
synovial sac of hock joints and foot pads
• Swelling of liver and kidney
• Emaciation and dehydration
18. Diagnosis
• Isolation and identification of then organisms
from trachea, lungs & air sacs and joints.
• Plate agglutination test for M.gallisepticum
• Antibody demonstration by serology-
• ELISA
• PCR
Signs
19. M. meleagridis in turkeys
• Young ones show poor growth, air saculitis
and osteodystrophy
M. iowae occurs in turkeys and cause leg and
joint abnormalities, mild air sacculitis
20. Yersiniosis
• Avian pseudotuberculosis
• It is widespread in all domestic poultry
• A variety of wild and caged birds, turkeys,
ducks, guinea fowls and rodents.
• It is reported in man but not important
zoonosis. Turkeys are most frequently
affected.
21. Etiology:
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is Gm –ve,
coccobacillus.
• Turkey and young birds are most susceptible.
Overcrowding predisposes the disease.
• Infection spreads by contamination of food.
• Organisms gain entry through the intestinal
mucosa or occasional breaks in skin.
22. Sign:
• Clinical signs are similar to fowl cholera.
• Birds die without any signs.
• In chronic cases persistent diarrhoea,
weakness
• ruffled feathers
• lameness.
• emaciation
23. Gross lesions:
• Enlargement of liver and spleen in acute cases.
• In chronic cases multiple caseous tubercle like
lesions of varying sizes in liver, spleen and lungs.
Severe enteritis may be observed
Diagnosis:
• Clinical signs and lesions.
• Isolation and identification of coccoid organisms.
• Pseudotuberculosis is nonmotile at 37°C but
motile when grown at 20°C
24. Avian chlamydiosis
Syn: Psittacosis, ornithosis, parrot fever
• As it is contracted from parrot it is called "Parrot
fever".
• Psittacosis affects human, mammals and psittacine
birds ( parrots and parakeets).
• Ornithosis occurs in birds other than psittacine birds.
• Turkey, ducks and pigeons are most susceptible and
chickens are rarely affected.
• Ingestion and inhalation are major route of
transmission
25. Etiology:
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Gm –ve coccoid organisms. There are 6 serotypes
in birds.
• Infectious form is the elementary body(EB) and is
small, dense, spherical body, 0.2-0.3 µm in
diameter responsible forattaching to target host
cell and promoting entry.
• Noninfectious form is the reticulate body(RB) is
intracellular active form, 0.6-0.8 µm osmotically
fragile wall, which divides by binary fission.
26. Spread
• Spread of infection is by direct means indirectly
through fomites and biting insects.
• Elementary bodies found in faeces and
respiratory secretions are highly resistant and
survive in dried faeces faeces for many months.
• The organisms are highly resistant outside host
and can remain for many months.
• Spread by inhalation of contaminated dust. Stress
, overcrowding and concurrent infection
contribute for precipitation of disease.
27. Pathogenesis
• After inhalation of organisms multiply in the
lungs , air sac and pericardium.
• By haematogenous spread reach liver, spleen ,
kidney and growth and replication occurs in
these organs
29. Birds- depends on strain species and age of the bird.
• Clinical signs may be absent, mild or severe cases
occur. Serous or purulent exudates from eyes or nostril.
• Depression and weakness
• anorexia, diarrhoea with greenish yellow faeces often
gelatinous consistency.
• Respiratory distress is common.
• Nasal discharge and conjunctivitis
• Turkey, ducks and pigeons show depression with
ruffled feathers.
30. Lesions
• Serofibrinous exudates covers serosal
surfaces( specially pleural cavities)
• Fibrinous Pericarditis
• Fibrinous pneumonia,
• Fibrinous air sacculitis and perihepatitis
• enlargement of liver and spleen.
31. Microscopic-lesions
• Spleen with mononuclear cells containing
organism
• Liver with focal necrosis.
• Kidney shows epithelium packed with
LCL(Levinthol,Coles and Lillies) bodies which
are basophilic bodies.
32. • In lungs few alveoli shows severe exudates.
• Intestine with erosion of mucosa.
• Infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in
lamina propria and submucosa.
• In macrophages and epithelial cells,
cytoplasmic bodies may be seen which can be
demonstrated by Giemsa, Machiavello,
Castaneda or Gemenez method of staining.
33. Diagnosis
• Demonstration of organisms or isolation and
identification of organisms or serological
examination
• Smears or secretions of peritoneal, pericardial,
liver and spleen lesions for intracellular
organisms.
• Complement Fixation Test,
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique,
Immunoperoxidase Test
• ELISA and PCR
34. Necrotic enteritis
Clostridial enteritis, enterotoxaemia
• It is sporadic disease of chickens and turkeys. It
ioccurs in birds of > 4 weeks age.
• The disease is caused by C. perfringens type A or
C. α toxin is produced by C. perfringen type A& C
and β toxin by type C are responsible for
intestinal mucosal necrosis.
Spread:
• Organisms can be found in faeces, soil, dust and
contaminated feed and litter or intestinal
contents.
35.
36.
37. Predisposing factors
• Outbreaks of coccidiosis
• Impaction of lower intestine
• Rapid changes in feed components
• Removal of the antibiotic growth
promotersfrom feed
38. Signs:
• depression, anorexia,diarrhoea.
• Birds are found just dead.
Lesions:
• Thickening of small intestine with extensive
necrosis of mucosa.
• In acute cases large amount of necrotic
epitheliumal debris in lumen of small intestine.
Diagnosis: - Gross and microscopic lesions.
- Isolation of organisms
39.
40.
41. Staphylococosis
• It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Impotant conditions are
• yolk sac infection
• Gangrenous dermatitis,
• Bumble foot(sub dermal abscess)
• Spondylitis
• Arthritis and synovitis
• Staphylococcal septicaemia
Injuries to skin or mucous membrane may predispose to
tissue invasion
42. Yolk sac infection- covered in colibacillosis
Gangrenous dermatitis
• This occurs in birds of all ages
• Most common in broilers and growers of 15-20
weeks of age
• The wing tips and the dorsal pelvic region are
affected
• The affected sites are dark, moist and
gangrenous(decaying) in appearance
43.
44. Spondylitis
• S. aureus may cause absxess in the bodies of fifth to
seventh vertebrae with periostitis and osteomyelitis
• Pressure on spinal may result in paresis or paralysis
Arthritis and synovitis
• The affected joints hock joint are hot, painful and
causing lameness
• The synovial membranes are congested and
oedematous
• Necrosis and fibrin deposits with caseous exudate
45. Bumble foot
• It is an abscess in the foot pad
• It usually occurs in mature birds
• The abscess formation is accompanied by
swelling, heat, and pain leading to lameness
• The under surface of the foot is first affected
and the lesion may spread to whole feet
46.
47. Staphylococcal septicaemia
• It is cause by invasion of organisms in blood
• It occurs from a local site of infection and may
result to sudden death
• Symptoms include ruffled feathers, limping on
one leg, severe depression and death