Pseudorabies is an acute, frequently fatal disease with a worldwide distribution that affects swine primarily and other domestic and wild animals incidentally. The pseudorabies virus has emerged as a significant pathogen in the USA since the 1960s, probably because of the increase in confinement swine housing or perhaps because of the emergence of more virulent strains. Clinical signs in nonporcine animals are similar to those of rabies, hence the name “mad itch” (pigs do not display this sign). Pseudorabies is a reportable disease and has been successfully eradicated from the vast majority of the USA.
Pseudorabies is an acute, frequently fatal disease with a worldwide distribution that affects swine primarily and other domestic and wild animals incidentally. The pseudorabies virus has emerged as a significant pathogen in the USA since the 1960s, probably because of the increase in confinement swine housing or perhaps because of the emergence of more virulent strains. Clinical signs in nonporcine animals are similar to those of rabies, hence the name “mad itch” (pigs do not display this sign). Pseudorabies is a reportable disease and has been successfully eradicated from the vast majority of the USA.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Parvo virus infection in dog - preventive medicinerajboy19
Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious infection of dogs caused by a Parvovirus. This slide include virology,transmission,pathogenesis,clinical sign and symptoms,diagnosis, differential diagnosis,treatment, prevention and control.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Parvo virus infection in dog - preventive medicinerajboy19
Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious infection of dogs caused by a Parvovirus. This slide include virology,transmission,pathogenesis,clinical sign and symptoms,diagnosis, differential diagnosis,treatment, prevention and control.
Zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis
Infects primarily herbivores- goats, sheep, cattle, horses and swine
Human infections - contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products
Human infections rarely via the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Guinea pig - Bacterial, Viral, Mycotic, Parasitic and Non infectious diseases
1. Diseases of Guinea Pigs
Presented by: Rakshith K
MVHK1742
Presented to:
Prof. Suguna Rao
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Veterinary college, Banaglore
3. Bordetella pneumonia
• Etiology: Bordetella bronchiseptica, small, motile Gram-
negative rod
• Lesser extent- Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus
zooepidemicus
• Transmission : Direct contact, aerosol, or contaminated fomite
• The organism can be carried by rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine,
and primates
• Incidence: uncommon in laboratory guinea pigs.
4. Clinical signs
• Dull and depressed appearance
• Loss of appetite
• Loss in body weight
• Respiratory distress(dyspnea)
• Discharge from nose and eyes
• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Inflammed eye lining( conjunctivitis) or reddening
6. Pathology
• Lesions include mucopurulent
rhinitis, tracheitis and
pulmonary consolidation.
• Typical histopathologic lesions
of purulent bronchitis and
bronchopneumonia with large
accumulations of neutrophils
and intraluminal debris (arrow)
7. • Severe otitis media may be
accompanied by head tilt
(torticollis).
• Exudate can be present in the
tympanic bullae.
8. • Diagnosis:
• Culture of exudates and bacterial identification
• Impression smears
• PCR
• Treatment:
• Antibiotics of choice include chloramphenicol, sulfamethazine
and trimethoprim-sulfa.
• Effective prevention includes good husbandry and maintenance
of a closed Bordetella free colony
9. Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Etiology: Streptococcus pneumoniae , aerobic Gram-positive
coccus
• Incidence: Incidence of infection is uncommon in laboratory
guinea pigs. Predisposing factors include pregnancy,
environmental temperature changes, shipping, and
stressful experimental procedures.
• Transmission: occurs primarily by direct contact and
aerosol. Rats and humans can serve as carriers.
10. • Clinical Signs: Nasal discharge, rhinitis,
conjunctivitis, dyspnea, and acute
death. Guinea pigs may be lethargic,
anorexic, and have a ruffled hair
coat. Pregnant dams may abort.
• Fibrinopurulent pericarditis
PATHOLOGY
11. • Fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia
• Diagnosis: A tentative diagnosis can
be made during the necropsy exam
because the fibrinopurulent exudate
is characteristic of infection with S.
pneumoniae.
• Diagnosis is based upon
demonstration of paired, Gram-
positive cocci (diplococci) on
impression smears
12. Cervical lymphadenitis
(Lumps)
• Etiology: Streptococcus zooepidemicus , Gram-positive coccus
Streptobacillus moniliformis is rarely implicated.
• Incidence: Infection is rare in laboratory guinea pigs.
• Transmission: Bite wounds or direct contact with oral
secretions are the major modes of transmission.
13. Bacteria gains access
Mucosal surfaces through abrasions
Localized infection of the cervical
lymph nodes
Enlarged and develop abscesses.
14. • Pathology: Enlarged lymph nodes
progressing to development of
well encapsulated abscesses
filled with a thick, yellow to white
purulent exudate is characteristic
of this infection.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on
clinical presentation and culture
of the organism from lesions.
15. • Lymph nodes progress to
encapsulated abscesses filled
with yellow-white purulent
exudate
• Treatment may include
drainage and lavage of lesions
and antibiotic therapy with
chloramphenicol or
trimethoprim-sulfa.
16. Pododermatitis (Bumblefoot)
• Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus , Gram-positive coci.
• Incidence: Guinea pigs have a moderate incidence of
pododermatitis but colonization with bacteria is an uncommon
complication.
• Transmission: Transmission occurs primarily by direct
contact. Interspecies transmission of S. aureus has been
documented
17. • Clinical Signs:
• There are two disease presentations associated with S.
aureus overgrowth.
• Pododermatitis is commonly seen on the palmar surface of
the feet of animals housed on rough wire cage floors. Feet
are swollen with crust-covered ulcers.
• Exfoliative dermatitis is commonly seen in multiparous
dams and their offspring. Ventral abdominal alopecia and
erythema, epidermal cracks and flaking (exfoliation) are
visible.
18. Tyzzer’s Disease
• Etiology: Clostridium piliforme ,Gram-negative, spore-
forming, obligate intracellular bacterium.
• Incidence: The incidence of disease is rare and occurs
in young or recently weaned guinea pigs as a result of
an abrupt change in diet, antibiotic therapy,
immunosuppressive therapy or environmental
stressors.
• Transmission: The disease is spread by spore ingestion
(fecal-oral route).
19. • Clinical Signs: In acute clinical
disease, profuse watery brown
diarrhea, dehydration and death
within 12 to 48 hours after onset of
diarrhea are typical.
• The mortality rate is high.
• Pathology : Pinpoint white foci on
and within the liver may or may not
be present and correspond
histologically to coagulative necrosis
with peripheral neutrophilic
infiltrates.
20. • Diagnosis: PCR of feces, intestinal tissue or liver can be used
to document the presence of the bacterium.
• Serologic tests can be used for diagnosis but are best used for
health monitoring purposes.
21. Salmonellosis
• Salmonella typhimurium and other
Salmonella spp will infect guinea pigs.
• Guinea pigs becoming most
susceptible around parturition,
weaning, or other times of physiologic
stress.
• Clinical signs of salmonellosis include
anorexia, rough haircoat, lethargy,
weight loss, soft feces, reproductive
inefficiency and abortion.
22. Transmission
• Many animal species harbor Salmonella organisms which are
shed intermittently in the feces. Transmission is fecal-oral;
organisms often are introduced in contaminated foods such as
fresh fruits and vegetables, or through the water supply.
23. • Necropsy findings may
include gas and fluid
contents in the
gastrointestinal tract as
seen here.
• Enlargement of the liver,
spleen and lymphoid
tissues may also be found.
24. • Management Culture-positive animals should be removed
from the colony.
• The room and equipment should be disinfected and restocked
with clean animals.
25. Mastitis
• Mastitis is common in lactating sows. Milk provides an excellent media for the
growth of bacteria that may invade when young traumatize the teats.
• Multiple agents have been implicated, including Pasteurella spp, Klebsiella
spp, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp and others. Mammary glands
become warm, enlarged and hyperemic.
• The milk may appear bloody; depression and even death may follow.
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs.
• Treatment includes hot packs and antibiotic therapy
26. • Mastitis
• Etiology: Mastitis may be caused by a variety of organisms,
including Pasteurella sp., Klebsiella sp., coliforms, streptococci, and
staphylococci.
• Incidence: Mastitis is fairly common in lactating Guinea pigs.
• Transmission: Inoculation of bacteria occurs secondary to trauma
to the mammary tissue caused by nursing pups.
• Clinical Signs: The affected gland becomes diffusely or focally
enlarged, hyperemic and warm, and later becomes cyanotic and
cool. Depression ensues and the animal may die of septicemia [1].
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and culture.
27. PARASITES
• Many parasites are known to infect guinea pigs, but as a rule,
parasites are more a problem in hobby and breeding colonies than in
the research setting.
29. Parasitic Diseases
• Coccidiosis
• Etiology: Eimeria caviae , a colonic coccidian.
• Incidence: Incidence of infection with Eimeria caviae
is common.
• Transmission: Transmission occurs by ingestion of a
sporulated oocyst.
30. • Clinical Signs: Development of disease is
often associated with exposure to an
environmental stressor. Diarrhoea may
develop 11 to 13 days post-exposure.
• Pathology: In severe infections, edema of
the colonic wall and serosal hemorrhages
may be seen.
• Diagnosis: identification of the oocyst by
performing a mucosal scrape or a direct
smear or flotation of feces. Histology can
also be used to demonstrate the presence
of Eimeria (gametocytes, highlighted by
arrowheads )
32. Acariasis
• Acariasis in guinea pigs is
primarily associated with
two species of mite
1. Trixacaris caviae
2. Chirodiscoides caviae.
• Mild to severe alopecia may
be seen
33. Trixacaris caviae
A sarcoptic mange mite, burrows through the
keratin layer of the epidermis
Alopecia, crusting, and an intense pruritus
Self mutilation, debility and death.
• Diagnosis: Deep skin scraping at the edges
of suspected lesions.
34. Chirodiscoides caviae , fur mite of guinea pigs
• Incidence: Uncommon in guinea pigs.
• Transmission: Transmission occurs by direct contact with
the host, animal bedding, or hair and debris..
• Distribution: Mites are most numerous over the rump and
flanks
• Clinical Signs: Clinical signs are not usually observed. In
heavy infestations, pruritus and alopecia may be evident.
35. • Trixacaris caviae, a burrowing mite,
poses a significant threat to the health
of a guinea pig colony.
• Trixicaris caviae tend to distribute on
the neck, shoulders, lower abdomen,
and inner thighs, whereas
Chirodiscoides caviae distribute
more randomly
36. Lice of Guinea Pigs
• Gliracola porcelli
• Gyropus ovalis
• Chewing lices that cause occasional
alopecia and mild pruritus with heavy
infestations
• Gliricola porcelli is seen more
commonly.
• Lice are spread by direct contact with
the host or contaminated bedding.
Gliricola porcelli Gyropus ovalis
37. Cryptosporidiosis
• Etiology: Cryptosporidium wrairi , a
protozoan parasite
• Incidence: Cryptosporidiosis is fairly
uncommon in guinea pigs.
• Transmission: Transmission occurs by
the fecal-oral route.
• Clinical signs: Intestinal colonization by
this organism may cause diarrhoea, weight
loss, pot belly, poor growth rates as well
as perineal fecal staining in weanlings and
juveniles
38. • Pathology: In the
ileum parasites can be
visualized in parasitophorous
vacuoles (arrowheads) at the
apical portion of infected
enterocytes.
• Diagnosis: Histopathologic
exam of intestinal biopsies or
PCR of mucosal scrapings are
other methods for diagnosis of
this condition
39. Helminths
• Etiology: Paraspidodura uncinata , cecal helminth
(roundworm).
• Incidence: uncommon
• Transmission: Transmission occurs by consumption of
embryonated eggs.
• Distribution: Worms reside in the cecum and colon.
40. Fungal disease
• Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
• Etiology: Trichophyton mentagrophytes
• Incidence: While clinical infections are uncommon,
asymptomatic carriers are abundant. Spores may be found in
hair, bedding and soil.
• Transmission: Direct contact with the spores. Young, aged,
pregnant, and stressed animals are most susceptible to the
disease.
41. • Clinical signs
• Animals become susceptible when stressed and
may develop irregular alopecia with occasional
crusting over the dorsal body surface
Barbered guinea
pig
42. • Microscopic examination
of a skin scraping or
histologic skin sections
may reveal fungal spores
(as seen here) and hyphae.
43. Diagnosis and Treatment
• Culture of hair shafts from a lesion
onto dermatophyte test media ( DTM)
may also be used to confirm a
diagnosis.
• Treated orally or topically with
antifungal medications
• Prevention of outbreaks - strict
sanitation, screening suspect animals
and culling affected animals.
• Public health significance:
Trichophyton mentagrophytes is
infective to humans and other animal
species.
44. VIRAL AND CHLAMYDIAL DISEASES
• Some viral and chlamydial disease agents are
documented, but they are of limited
importance
45. Conjunctivitis
• Etiology: Chlamidia psittaci
• Inclusion body conjunctivitis are found
primarily in one to three week old
guinea pigs.
• Transmission: feces, saliva and nasal
secretions; infections may be spread by
direct contact or aerosol
• Zoonotic
• Erythematous conjunctiva, serous
ocular discharge and photophobia are
found in affected animals.
46. • Definitive diagnosis is made
from microscopic examination
of scrapings of the
conjunctival mucosa as shown
here
• Identification of cytoplasmic
inclusion bodies (arrow) in
epithelial cells
Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
47. Lymphosarcoma
• Etiological agent: Type C Oncornavirus
• responsible for the leukemia found in
aged guinea pigs
• The highest incidence is observed in
strain 2 guinea pigs.
• Transmission: leukemia virus is
widespread and usually transmitted
transplacentally, remaining dormant in the
animal until aging or stress trigger disease
expression.
• Lymphadenopathy is frequently found on
postmortem examination, seen here as
enlarged lymph nodes in the axillary and
inguinal regions.
Enlarged lymph nodes
48. • Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and
diffuse lymphadenopathy are found
frequently in guinea pigs with viral-
induced leukemia/lymphosarcoma.
• Enlarged organs appear mottled and
light in color. Anemia and leukocytosis
are often present.
• Microscopic examination of these
lesioned organs reveals the presence of
lymphoblastic cellular infiltrates
obliterating the architecture of tissues.
50. • Etiology: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) is an enveloped
RNA virus (arenavirus).
• No naturally occurring cases have been reported in guinea pigs.
• Transmission: Wild mice are the natural reservoir; they shed virus in saliva
and urine that may infect other rodent species via direct contact, aerosol
spread, fomites, or mechanical vectors.
• Pathology: Lesions in subclinically infected guinea pigs are not
described. Splenic necrosis is present in the acute phase of experimental
infection. Lymphocytic infiltrates in meninges, choroid and around vessels in
the liver and kidney have been observed.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
51. • Usually there are no clinical
signs, but rear limb paralysis
and CNS disturbances from
meningitis have been reported
in guinea pigs with LCM.
Rear limb paralysis
52. Guinea pig Cytomegalovirus (GpCMV)
• Etiology: Guinea pig Cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) , an
enveloped DNA virus and a member of herpesvirus subfamily.
• Incidence: Incidence of GPCMV is common.
• Transmission: The virus is transmitted by horizontal (direct
contact with saliva or urine) and vertical routes. This virus can
remain latent for the life of animal.
• Clinical Signs: Acute disease is usually subclinical. In
pregnant sows, clinical signs include abortion storms and
variable mortality. This virus is associated with
immunosuppression.
53. • Pathology: Lesions of systemic
disease may not be noticed unless an
animal is immunosuppressed
• In subacute and chronic infections,
viral replication can be seen in the
ductal epithelium of the submandibular
salivary gland with inclusions in the
ductal epithelium (arrowheads).
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis can be made by
histologic documentation of viral-
infected tissues
54. Adenovirus
• Etiology: Adenovirus is an enveloped DNA virus that causes
respiratory disease in guinea pigs.
• Transmission: Adenovirus is spread by direct contact.
• Incidence: Prevalence is unknown but subclinical infections
likely occur. There is low morbidity with high mortality,
especially in young animals
• Clinical Signs: Tracheobronchitis is the most common disease
manifestation. Animals can develop pneumonia with minimal to
moderate cranioventral consolidation of the lungs.
55. • Pathology: Infection causes
necrotizing bronchiolitis with
desquamation of the
epithelium. Basophilic
intranuclear inclusions are
present in desquamated or intact
cells.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis is made by
histopathologic identification of
inclusions and serology (MFI,
IFA) using guinea pig adenoviral
antigens.
56. Parainfluenza Virus
• Etiology: Parainfluenza viruses (PI-1, -2 and -3) are
enveloped RNA viruses.
• Transmission: Transmission occurs by direct contact and
aerosol.
• Incidence: The incidence of infection with Parainfluenza
viruses is rare.
• Clinical signs: PI-1 (Sendai virus) produces transient
infection and generally subclinical disease, but rhinitis has
been noted in experimental infection
58. Overgrown incisors
• In guinea pig, the anterior most cheek teeth
tend to become overgrown and maloccluded
first.
This may be followed by an overgrowth of the
incisors
• Etiology: There is a genetic predisposition to
this problem, but it may be modulated by
environmental factors, such as diet.
59. • Malocclusion is common in
guinea pigs and is easily
overlooked at the time of
clinical examination because the
cheek teeth are difficult to see
• Clinical signs: Excessive
salivation, halitosis, chronic
weight loss, and trauma to the
tongue are frequently observed.
60. Scurvy or Vitamin C deficiency
• Hypovitaminosis C is a common and frequently
unrecognized or subclinical problem in guinea pigs.
• Guinea pigs lack the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase
required for conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid (vitamin
C), and, therefore, must have a dietary source of this
vitamin.
Swollen limbs
61. • Signs of scurvy include
enlarged costochondral
junctions
62. Joint hemorrhages
• Cartilaginous, muscular (seen
here), periosteal, and
subcutaneous hemorrhages
are observed frequently on
postmortem examination
63. • Clinically ill guinea pigs should receive vitamin C daily until
improvement is seen.
• A daily source of ascorbic acid should be provided to every
guinea pig.
Treatment and Prevention
64. Urinary calculi
• Urinary calculi may occur in guinea pigs, but are a rather
uncommon incidental finding.
• Clinical signs are observed if obstruction (evidenced here as
an enlarged urinary bladder) or inflammation occurs.
65. Urinary calculi
• Clinical signs can include uremia,
anuria or oliguria, pyuria,
depression, and anorexia.
Hematuria may be observed even
without obstruction.
• Treatment/prevention : Treatment
involves retrograde flushing of the
urinary tract and maintenance of
proper hydration status. If this is
unsuccessful, surgery will be
necessary.
66. Diarrhoea
• Antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia,
also called hemorrhagic typhlitis
• This disease is produced by
overgrowth of enterotoxin producing
enteric bacteria, or increased
enterotoxin production, most
commonly associated with the
administration of certain antibiotics.
• Clinical signs may include anorexia,
rapid weight loss, dehydration,
depression, diarrhea, and death
67. Antibiotics to avoid
• Antibiotics implicated include penicillin, erythromycin,
lincomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline,
bacitracin, and dihydrostreptomycin
68. Ptyalism
• Guinea pigs are highly susceptible to heat
stress
• Heat stress may occur even at moderate
environmental temperatures, particularly if
the animal is housed in a confined, humid
and poorly ventilated space.
• Diagnosis is based on a good history and
clinical signs, such as wet hair under the
chin.
• Malocclusion and vitamin C deficiency
can also produce excessive salivation in
guinea pigs.
69. Pregnant guinea pig
• Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis, similar to
that seen in sheep, is a
metabolic/nutritional disease of obese
female guinea pigs.
• It is most commonly associated with a
sudden dietary change and environmental
stress
• Clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia
appear in the last one to two weeks of
gestation or the first week postpartum.
• Signs include anorexia, depression,
dyspnea, convulsions, stillbirths, and
abortions The urine will be clear with a pH
of 5-6, with protein and ketones present.
70. • Pathologic lesions include fatty
liver (seen here), fatty
kidneys,ample fat stores, and an
empty stomach.
• A pre-eclampsia syndrome also
may be seen in these females due
to uteroplacental ischemia,
secondary to aortic compression
by large foetuses
• In this photomicrograph,
numerous fatty droplets are seen
in hepatocytes.