This document provides information on common poultry diseases including their causes, signs, and treatments. It discusses viral diseases like Newcastle disease and avian influenza, bacterial diseases like pullorum and fowl cholera, parasitic diseases like coccidiosis, and nutritional deficiency diseases. Specific diseases covered in more depth include Newcastle disease, avian influenza, infectious bronchitis, Gumboro disease, and Marek's disease. The document also provides information on vaccination programs for commercial broilers and layers.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field strain of a disease organism
To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive endemic disease challenges.
To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed through the egg to the hatching progeny.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field strain of a disease organism
To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive endemic disease challenges.
To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed through the egg to the hatching progeny.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
This slide is only for educational purpose. It is based on the diseases prevention program for commercial broiler production. I believed that by using this ppt students would be benefited who are particularly in this discipline.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
This slide is only for educational purpose. It is based on the diseases prevention program for commercial broiler production. I believed that by using this ppt students would be benefited who are particularly in this discipline.
Fowlpox is contagious viral disease.
Bird of all age is affected by this disease.
Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease.
Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese, pheasants and quills.
1-2% mortality rate.
Incubation period 2-3 weeks.
Fowlpox is seen worldwide.
Hydropericardium syndrome(inclusion body hepatitis)Sumeet Jyoti
This presentation has been uploaded to share knowledge about hydropericardium syndrome. various references has been taken for this presentation and it is mainly focused in nepalese context.
Thank you!!!
A brief overview of zoonotic risk due to Avian influenza virus. Pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. Therefore, H5N1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. However, it is noted that the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 did not arise from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, and the next pandemic may well arise from a low-pathogenicity virus. The rationale for particular concern about an H5N1 pandemic is not its inevitability but its potential severity. H5N1 pandemic is an event of low probability but one of high human health impact and poses a predicament for public health. Here, we review the ecology and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, assess the pandemic risk, and address aspects of human H5N1 disease in relation to its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
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Autosomes are those chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.
Sex chromosomes are those chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
A human somatic cell has two sex chromosomes: XY in male (hetero-gametic) and XX in female (homo-gametic).
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12. NEW CASTLE DISEASE
• It is one of the most dreaded diseases of poultry
• cause very heavy mortality at a very high speed.
• caused by paramyxo virus
• classified into many serotypes based on the virulence.
• Chicken is the natural host but vast majority of birds are
susceptible to infection including ducks and turkey .
13. • Signs
• Depression, prostration, loss of appetite
• Greenish/yellowish diarrhea
• Nervous signs like in coordination, twitching of
neck
• Mortality heavy in acute outbreak
14. • The neurotropic form of the disease is clinically
manifested by ataxia, opisthotonus, torticolis, paresis
and paralysis of legs.
16. POST MORTEM LESIONS
• Pin pointed hemorrhages at the tip of proventricular
glands
• Hemorrhagic/ diphtheritic ulcers on the intestine and
caecal tonsils
24. AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU)
• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza(HPAI) is a highly
lethal systemic disease affecting vast majority of birds.
• caused by the Influenza Type A virus.
• H5N1 causes bird flu
• Because of the zoonotic as well as pandemic potential,
the disease gained much public health importance.
• .
25. • Water birds and migratory birds, ducks act as carriers
and spread the infection
• bird flu is highly contagious among birds and also effects
ducks, and turkeys
26. SIGNS
• Sudden, heavy and unusual mortality reaching almost
100% without any clinical signs.
• Combs and wattles are cyanotic and oedematous, and
may have petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhages at their
tips.
• Profuse watery diarrhoea is frequently present and birds
are excessively thirsty.
27. • Respiration may be laboured.
• Haemorrhages may occur on unfeathered areas of skin.
• The mortality rate varies from 50 to 100%.
• Nervous disorders like tremors, torticollis and
opisthotonus
29. • In broilers, the signs of disease are frequently less
obvious with severe depression, lack of appetite, and a
marked increase in mortality.
• Edema of the face and neck and neurological signs such
as torticollis and ataxia may also be seen.
30. POST MORTEM LESIONS
• Extremely variable depending on the severity.
• Hemorrhagic lesions (petechial to ecchymotic) on all the
visceral organs, serous membranes, skin and muscles in
acute cases
• Lungs pneumonic
• Enteritis, air saculitis, spleenomegali
31. HUMANS
• The first avian influenza virus to infect humans occurred
in Hong Kong in 1997. The epidemic was linked to
chickens and classified as avian influenza A (H5N1).
• Human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) have since
been reported in Asia, Africa, Europe, Indonesia,
Vietnman, the Pacific.
32. THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE HAVE A
HIGHER RISK FOR DEVELOPING THE
BIRD FLU:
• Farmers and others who work with poultry
• Travelers visiting affected countries
• Those who touch an infected bird
• Those who eat raw or undercooked poultry meat,
eggs, or blood from infected birds
• Infection may be spread simply by touching
contaminated surfaces.
33. H5N1 VIRUS IN HUMANS CAUSES
TYPICAL FLU-LIKE SYMPTOM
• Cough (dry or productive)
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing
• Fever greater than 100.4°F (38°C)
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
34. TREATMENT IN HUMANS
• antiviral medication like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or
zanamivir (Relenza), Amantadine and Rimantadine.
• Prevention
• Currently vaccines are not used in India.
• By following biosecurity measures
35. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
• It is a highly infectious viral disease of poultry of
worldwide distribution.
• It can affect any age, breed or type. Chicken is the only
bird that is naturally infected by this virus.
36. SIGNS
• Respiratory signs like coughing, sneezing and rales in
chicks, discharges from eyes and nostrils.
• Drop in egg production (drops by 60-90 %)and
hatchability
• Production of deformed, thin shelled, rough eggs with
low internal egg quality
• Mortality low in uncomplicated case
38. POST MORTEM LESIONS
• Catarrhal exudates in nasal cavity, caseous plugs in
bronchi in chicks
• Enlargement of kidney with urates deposition and
distention of ureters with pasty uric acid in uraemic form
• Egg peritonitis in layers
Prevention
• Inactivated or attenuated live Vaccines are available for
prevention.
39. GUMBORO (IBD)
• Infectious Bursal Disease(IBD) is a highly contagious viral
disease of young chicken causing serious economic losses.
• The virus targets the Bursa of Fabricius, an important part of
immune system making the bird susceptible to other
infections.
• Inflammation of bursa.
40. • Signs
• Dullness, depression and death
• Whitish diarrhea
• Mortality heavy in the initial out breaks in a farm
• Post Mortem Lesions
• Hemorrhages in the thigh and pectoral muscles
• Bursa enlarged, edematous and hyperemic with
bloody or mucoid contents inside.
• Bursa firm and atrophic in chronic form
• Kidney may show nephrosis and mottling.
VACCINES ARE AVAILABLE FOR PREVENTION
44. MAREK’S DISEASE
• Marek’s Disease is an economically important viral
disease but more or less effectively controlled by
vaccination.
• Caused by Herpes virus
• Neoplastic disease ( due to proliferation of lymphoid
tissues).
• It is principally a disease of young chicken but rarely
affects other birds also. Chicken below 3 to 4 months are
more susceptible.
45. SYMPTOMS
• Dullness, depression and sudden death in acute form
(MD lymphomas).
• Incordination, staggered gait, paralysis of one or more
extremities in classical form (Neural form).
• Unilateral or bilateral blindness with ocular involvement.
46. POST MORTEM LESIONS
• Tumors (lymphomas) are present in one or more of visceral
organs and tissues. Gonads (ovary), liver, spleen, lungs,
kidney, skin etc may be involved.
• Tumors cause nodular or diffuse enlargement of the affected
organ.
• In classical form, nerves become thickened slightly or as much
as 3 or 4 times the normal and becomes rounded instead of the
normally
striated appearance
47.
48. PREVENTION
• Preventive vaccination is available.
• Herpes Virus Turkey strain is used in vaccine
• This is live attenuated vaccine
• There is no effective treatment.
49. FOWL POX
• development of nodular
proliferative Skin lesions
on the featherless parts of
the body.
• fibrino necrotic and
proliferative lesions in the
mucous membranes
53. INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS (IBH)
• Broilers of 4 to 8 weeks are affected mainly
• Anaemia, depression and sudden mortality
• Hepatitis
• Pale muscles and bone marrow
• Hemorrhages in the muscles
54. EGG DROP SYNDROME
• Caused by adeno virus
• Sudden and variable drop in egg production (30- 40%) in
laying hens
• Production of depigmented, cracked or shell less eggs
• Disease runs for a few weeks and egg production returns
to normal.
55. TYPES OF VACCINES
• Live/ activated vaccines
• Killed or inactivated vaccines
1)Live/ activated vaccines: they contain live attenuated
organisms (attenuation is aprocess by which the
pathogenicity/ capability of producing a disease is
brought down with out disturbing the immunogenecity.
ex: lasota vaccine, F1, R2B, IBD live vaccine
56. 2) KILLED OR INACTIVATED
VACCINES
• These vaccines contain pathogens (virus/bacteria) that
have been chemically inactivated so that they will
produce immunity, but are unable to transmit the
disease.
• Ex: ND killed vaccine
57. VACCINES ALSO CLASSIFIED BASED ON
THEIR CONTENTS
1)Viral vaccines: ND, IBD, IB vaccine
2) Bacterial vaccines: coryza killed vaccine
3) Parasitic vaccines: coccivin ( againist Coccidiosis)
58. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
1) Intra occular (I/O) : administerd by putting drops in eye. IBD,
IB Live, Lasota
2) Intra nasal : administered through nostrils or mouth. Birds
should not be supplied water for 2 hours. Ex: Lasota, IBD
Live
3) Drinking water: now a days popular.
• the temperature of water brought down to temperature of
vaccine by ice and stabilizer like skimmed milk powder.
- For 10 litr of water 1 kg ice and 60gm skimmed milk powder
used.
- Birds made thristy for 2-3 hours before vaccination , so that
they drink water immediately.
ex: Lasota, IBD Live
59. 4) Wing web: Fowl pox
5) Vent: vaccine is rubbed to upper part of cloaca with a
small glass rod. Ex: ILT
6) Sub cutaneous: deposited under skin by injection with
insertion of needle. Ex:marek’s disease
7) Intra muscular: deposited in between muscle fibres by
injection. Ex: ND killes, R2B, IBD killed.
8) Aerosal route: vaccine is sprayed in air in the form of fine
mist, which is absorbed by birds through nostrils.
-mass vaccination for large scale poultry farms
60. • Generally mass vaccination was followed in commercial
farms
• A spray vaccination is more invasive and may give
better results than a drinking water vaccination.
• And it allows the vaccine to penetrate more deeply into
respiratory tract.
61. DRINKING WATER METHOD
• Vaccine is reconstituted in distilled water in a small
volume.
• Then added to the water troughs
• Birds consume the vaccine mixed water and gain
immunity.
• Before going to vaccination, birds have to be deprived of
normal water supply for 1-2 hours.
62. VACCINATION PROGRAMME FOR
COMMERCIAL BROILERS
1) O day – Marek’s disease, HVT strain, strictly sub
cutaneous.
2) 5 – 7 days of age- Ranikhet Disease, Lasota strain to
be given by occulo-nasal method ( one drop each in the
eye and nostrils) or drinking water.
3) 14th day – IBD or Gumboro Disease live georgia
vaccine (intermediate) by eye drop or drinking water
method.
4) 25-28 days of age: RD lasota vaccine through drinking
water.
63. Sno DISEASE VACCINE AGE ROUTE OF
VACCINATION
1 Marek’s disease HVT 0 day S/C or I/M
2 RD Lasota 6-7 day I/O OR WATER
3 IBD Georgia 15th day I/O OR WATER
4 RD Lasota 22 day I/O OR WATER
5 RD Lasota 28th day I/O OR WATER
6 coryza A/B/C Killed 7th week S/C
7 Fowl Pox AP+ 8th week WING WEB METHOD
8 RD R2B/K 10th week I/M
9 Coryza A/B/C Killed 12th week S/C
10 Infectious
Bronchitis
Ma5 13th week WATER
11 RD K/Killed
Lasota
16th week S/C OR I/M
VACCINATION FOR LAYERS
VACCINATION FOR LAYERS
64. PRE VACCINATION CARE
• Vaccinate healthy birds, if birds are sick postpone
vaccination
• Handle the birds gently
• Vaccinate in cool hours of the day
• Avoid over crowding
• Maintain cold chain. Store vaccine at 4o C
• Keep record of all vaccinations, including batch no,
brand, manufacturer etc.
• Prepare vaccine in suitable diluents, preferably one
supplied by manufacturer.
• Use sterile glassware, syringe, needles, vaccine guns.
• Provide 1 week interval between two vaccinations.
• Destroy left over vaccine, empty vials, neeedls etc.
65. PRE VACCINATION CARE
• Do not vaccinate the birds in disease.
• Avoid nasal vaccination in birds of respiratory problems.
• Store vaccine always in deep freeze.
• Vaccinate all birds at one time in a house.
• Increase the level of antibiotics in water/feed 3-4 days
before vaccination.
• never mix two vaccines together to save time and
labour.
• Use only distilled water for reconstitution of vaccine.
• Vaccinate birds in the evening so that birds may rest
over night.
• Provide birds with mycotoxin free diets.
66. POST VACCINATION CARE
• To reduce stress of vaccination anti stress medicines are
used (3 days).
• Anti stress medicines: vit-A & E, probiotics, antibiotics,
liver tonics and glucose.
• They are given through water.
• In case of vaccine failure give immunostimulants, vit A &
E, selenium preparations and probiotics.
67. FACTORS THAT GOVERN VACCINATION
SCHEDULE
1) Expired vaccines: never use
2) Storage and transport: stored at 2-8 c. never store
above 8 c. and transport in ice cubes or ice water is
good.
3) Avoid direct sunshine on mixed vaccines
4) Do not vaccinate under high temperature: above 30 c
may affect vaccine potency. Vaccinate during cooler
periods of the day.
5) Do not vaccinate sick birds: immune system of sick is
weak.
6) Vaccines administered via drinking water: should be
opened under the water into which it is to be mixed. b/s
vaccines are vaccum sealed.
68. FACTORS THAT GOVERN VACCINATION
SCHEDULE
7) Health status of flock: should be done on healthy flock
only. Postpone vaccination in event of any disease like
coccidiosis.
8) nutrition: malnutrition like deficiency of protein in ration
and high concentration of aflatoxins reduces response of
birds to a particular disease.
9) stress: reduces production of antibodies in the body.
69. ASPERGILLOSIS
• Aspergillus fumigatus
• Mostly Effects lungs
• Occurs in brooding stage, so called as brooder
pneumonia
• Transmitted by contaminated litter
• Deep litter system
• High moisture content in litter
• Respiratory distress, gasping, huddling prostration
(reluctant to move)
84. TREATMENT
• Soak foot in warm water and Epsom salts.
• disinfect with alcohol.
• If skin is open, drain pus from abscess.
• Flush abscess cavity with hydrogen peroxide to cleanout
pus and debris.
• Pack the cavity with antibiotic ointment .
• wrap the footwith gauze and elastic bandage.
• Repeat daily until foot heals.
85. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Provide good quality litter or bedding.
• Keep bedding clean, dry, and deep.
• Keep perches less than 18 inches from the
floor to prevent foot damage due to impact
from jumping.
• Remove potential sources of injury such as
sharp objects and/or surfaces.
90. sno Nutrient Deficiencies
1 Vit-A Nutritional roup, polyneuritis, opacity of cornea, staggering
gait
2 Vit - D Rickets (rubbery and brittle bones), soft shelled eggs,
decreased egg production and hatchability, stunted growth.
3 Vit - E Crazy chick disease (encephalomalecia), loss of fertility in
males, decreased hatchability.
4 Thiamine (B1) Paralysis of muscles and nerves (polyneuritis), retraction of
head, retarded growth. Stargazing (legs and the head drawn
back)
5 Riboflavin (B2) Curled toe paralysis, decreased egg production and poor
hatchability,
6 Pyridoxine (B6) Stunted growth, convulsions
7 choline Slipped tendon (perosis), swelling of hock joints
8 Biotin Dermatitis lesions in foot and beak
91. sno Nutrient Deficiencies
Mineral deficiency diseases
1 Calcium Thin shelled or shell less eggs, decreased egg production and
hatchability and retarded growth
2 Phosphorus Soft bones and decreased egg production
3 Manganese Perosis ( enlargement of tibio metatarsal joint), slipped tendon,
dwarfing of long bones, thin or shell less eggs, decreased
hatchability, abnormal embryos
4 Magnesium Loss of appetite, convulsions
5 Zinc Enlarged hock joint, retarded growth, poor feathering, shortening
and thickening of leg bones
6 Copper, iron Retarded growth, anaemia, arota rupture, feather
depigmentation.
7 seleneum Muscular dystrophy, loosening of muscles and haemorrhages in
muscles
92. CURLED TOE PARALYSIS
• Defeciency of Riboflavin
• Poor growth
• Weakness
• Emaciation and diarrhoea
• unable to walk as their toes
are turned inwards
• Drooping of wings
93. TREATMENT
• Riboflavin @3.6 mg/kg of feed in chicks
• Riboflavin @ 1.8 mg/kg of feed in growers
• Riboflavin @ 2.2mg/kg of feed in layers