What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
presentation talking about streptococcus pneumonia ,identification of streptococcus pneumonia ,virulence factors of streptococcus pneumonia and mechanism of pathogenesis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Objective :
Describe the morphology and structure of mycobacterial tuberculosis ?
What are the tests required for mycobacterial infection :
Mantoux skin test
Sputum examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Sputum culture using lowenstein-jensen media
Discuss the clinical features and transmission of mycobacterial tuberculosis.
What are the pathological changes in mycobacterium tuberculosis?
How to control mycobacterial infection in the environment and vaccine available?
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .
presentation talking about streptococcus pneumonia ,identification of streptococcus pneumonia ,virulence factors of streptococcus pneumonia and mechanism of pathogenesis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Objective :
Describe the morphology and structure of mycobacterial tuberculosis ?
What are the tests required for mycobacterial infection :
Mantoux skin test
Sputum examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Sputum culture using lowenstein-jensen media
Discuss the clinical features and transmission of mycobacterial tuberculosis.
What are the pathological changes in mycobacterium tuberculosis?
How to control mycobacterial infection in the environment and vaccine available?
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Mycobacterium is a genus of Mycobacteriaceae family
They are nonmotile, non–spore-forming, aerobic bacilli.
They are slightly curved rods with filamentous and branching forms on occasion.
The cell wall is thick, complex, and lipid-rich, resulting in a hydrophobic surface.
They do not stain readily, but once stained, resist decolourisation with dilute
mineral acids. Hence they are called ‘Acid fast bacilli’.
Bacteria are classified in the genus Mycobacterium on the basis of
(1) their acid-fastness,
(2) the presence of cell wall mycolic acids
(3) a high guanine plus cytosine (G+C) content in their deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).
Growth properties and colonial morphology ( preliminary classification of
mycobacteria).
INTRODUCTION
3. Pathogenic Mycobacterium
M. tuberculosis Complex
◦M. tuberculosis - Common
◦M. leprae - Uncommon
◦M. africanum
◦M. bovis
◦M. ulcerans
All are Strictly Pathogenic
4. Runyon Group I (Slow growing
photochromogens)
◦M. kanasii - Common
◦M. marinum
◦M. simae Uncommon
All are usually pathogenic (not strictly)
Runyon Group II (Slow growing
scotochromogens)
◦M. szulgai
◦M. scrofulaceum Uncommon
◦M. xenopi
Usually pathogenic Sometimes pathogenic
Runyon Group III (Slow growing
nonchromogens)
◦M. avium complex – common
◦M. genavense
◦M. hemophilum uncommon
◦M. malmoense
Strictly pathogenic Usually pathogenic
Runyon Group IV (Rapid growers)
◦M. fortuitum
◦M. chelonae Common
◦M. abscessus
◦M. mucogenicum Uncommon
Sometimes pathogenic
7. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Gram’s classification – Weak Gram
positive due to the presence of Mycolic
acids, Lipids and Waxes in Cell wall.
• Acid fast bacilli
• Shape – Rod shaped Bacilli
• Motility – Non-Motile
• Capsule - Absent
• Endospores - Absent
• Respiration – Aerobic respiration
• Optimum Temperature - 37 °C
• Optimum pH – 5.4 – 6.5
• Habitat – Found in water and soil.
8. Trehalose Di mycolate (Cord Factor)
Sulfatides
Catalase peroxidase
PATHOGENICITY OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis
DISEASE TRANSMISSION - Person-to-person spread by infectious Air borne
aerosols.
INCUBATION PERIOD - 2 to 6 Weeks
VIRULENCE FACTORS OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis
9. Mycobacteria
⬇
pulmonary alveoli
⬇
replicate within macrophages
⬇
picked up by dendritic cells
⬇
transport to local LN
⬇
spread through bloodstream to other tissues/organs
⬇
secondary TB lesions
primary site of infection : upper part of the lower lobe, or lower part of the upper lobe of lung
secondary TB lesions: apex of the upper lobes , peripheral lymph nodes, kidneys, brain, and bone
Pathogenesis
10.
11. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis occurs in non sensitized hosts.
This may occur in any organ such as lungs, tonsils, intestine or skin
Among children the common site is lungs.
The inhaled bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages in which they multiply to form
initial lesions called GHON FOCI.
Most frequently it occurs in the lower lobe or lower part of the upper lobe.
From here some bacilli are transported to hilar lymph node and causing
lymphadenopathy.
The ghon foci together with the enlarged hilar lymph node forms primary infecton.
In most cases the primary infection is asymptomatic
Occasionally the primary infection may spread through lymph nodes and causes bone &
join tuberculosis, renal tuberculosis, meningeal tuberculosis, endometrial tuberculosis
and testicular tuberculosis.
PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
12. This type of infection is mainly caused by reactivation of primary lesions or by bacilli
that are inhaled or ingested from the environment.
It is otherwise known as post primary tuberculosis or adult tuberculosis.
It mostly involves lungs and lesions are produced in the apical region ( apex) of the
lungs and can be transmitted to kidney, meninges, bones and other organs.
Formation of granuloma occurs and the necrotic elements of the reaction cause
destruction of the tissues and large areas of caseation, termed as tuberculomas
The activated macrophages secrete the enzyme protease that causes softening and
liquefaction of necrosis.
the necrosis is entered to the bronchus from the lungs and leaving a cavity (cavity
TBC) The necrosis then enters to the blood vessels and spreading the bacilli through
out the body.
SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS
13. Coughing that lasts three or more weeks
Coughing up blood
Chest pain, or pain with breathing or
coughing
Unintentional weight loss
Fatigue
Fever
Night sweats
Chills
Loss of appetite
Signs and symptoms of active TB
include:
14. Laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis:
Specimens:
PTB:- sputum,
Tubercular meningitis:- CSF
Genitourinary TB:- urine.
Others- largyngeal swabs, gastric lavage, pleural fluid, pus sample,
nasopharyngeal aspirates.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
• Acid fast stating (Ziehl - Neelson method) – Red colour Acid fast bacilli
COLONY MORPHOLOGY ON CULTURE MEDIUM
• Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) Medium – Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears as brown,
granular colonies (sometimes called "buff, rough and tough")
15. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Catalase test - Negative
Oxidase test – Negative
Urease test – Positive
Indole test - Negative
Methyl Red (MR) test - Negative
Voges Proskauer (VP) test - Negative
Citrate utilization test – Negative
Nitrate reduction – Positive
Niacin test - Positive
Neutral Red test - Positive
Mantoux test is a Tuberculin skin test used for the diagnosis of
TB.
In this test, 0.1 ml or 5 tuberculin units of PPD (purified protein
derivative) is injected intradermally into the volar aspect of the
forearm using a 27-G needle.
PPD should be injected between the layers of the skin and not
subcutaneously. The results is read after 48-72 hours.
IMMUNODIAGNOSIS
(i) Tuberculin Skin Test:
Anti-tuberculosis drugs are divided as-
First line drugs:
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin (injection) and Pyrazinamide
Second line drugs:
Used for the cases of TB where first line drugs are ineffective.
Includes ciprofloxacin, cycloserine, ethionmide, kanamycin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, capreomycin and
others.
Treatment of tuberculosis:
17. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Gram’s classification – Weak Gram positive due to the presence
of Mycolic acids, Lipids and Waxes in Cell wall. Also called as
Hansen’s Bacillus Spirilly
• Acid fast bacilli
• Shape – Rod shaped Bacilli. Sometimes Pleomorphic in nature.
• Intracellular parasite. Unable to be cultured on artificial media.
• Motility – Non-Motile
• Capsule - Absent
• Endospores - Absent
• Respiration – Microaerophilic respiration
• Optimum Temperature – 27 °C to 30 °C
• Optimum pH – 7.0
• Habitat – Found in air, water and soil.
• Mycobacterium leprae has a long generation time of about 12
days.
18. Fibronectin
Secreted Proteins
Phenolic Glycolipid (PGL-1)
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM)
PATHOGENICITY OF Mycobacterium leprae
DISEASE TRANSMISSION: Person to person spread by infectious Air borne Nasal secretions
or Droplets or Aerosols.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Mycobacterium leprae multiplies slowly and the incubation period
of the disease on average is 5 years.
VIRULENCE FACTORS OF Mycobacterium leprae
19. Mycobacterium leprae enter the body usually through Respiratory system.
Mycobacterium leprae migrate towards the Neural tissue (present in CNS) and enter the
Schwann cells.
After entering the Schwann cells or Macrophage, Mycobacterium leprae start
multiplying slowly within the cells, get liberated from the destroyed cells and enter other
unaffected cells. Person remains free from signs and symptoms of Leprosy at this stage.
As the Mycobacterium leprae multiply, bacterial load increases in the body and infection
is recognized by the immunological system.
Lymphocytes and Histiocytes invade the infected tissue. At this stage clinical
manifestation may appear as involvement of nerves with impairment of sensation or
skin patch.
If it is not diagnosed and treated in the early stages, further progress of the diseases is
determined by the strength of the patient’s Cell mediated immune response.
PATHOGENESIS
20. Granuloma formation occurs in Cutaneous nerve. Cutaneous nerve swell and gets destroyed.
Severe inflammation may result in Caseous necrosis (a unique form of cell death in which the
tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance) within the nerve.
Mycobacterium leprae may escape from nerve to adjacent skin at any time and cause classical
skin lesions.
Good Cell Mediated Immunity successfully limits the disease to the nerve Schwann cell resulting
in occurrence of Tuberculoid Leprosy.
Mycobacterium leprae entering the Schwann cells multiply unchecked and destroy the nerve.
Mycobacterium leprae liberated by infected and destroyed cells are engulfed by Histiocytes
(Tissue Macrophage).
Mycobacterium leprae multiply inside these macrophages and travel to other tissues, through
blood, lymph or tissue fluid.
a)InPersonswithstrongCellMedicatedImmunity(PureneuralleprosyorTuberculoidLeprosy)
b)InpersonswithdepressedCellMedicatedImmunity(MultibacillaryLeprosyorLepromatousLeprosy)
21. Intermediate leprosy
Tuberculoid leprosy
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
Mid-borderline leprosy
Borderline leprosy
Lepromatous leprosy
Types of Leprosy
There are six types of leprosy and are mainly
classified based on the severity of symptoms