The document discusses the muscles of the scalp and face. It describes the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp and its origin and insertion. It then explains that the facial muscles are subcutaneous and attach to bone or fascia to pull the skin and change facial expressions. It lists and describes the specific muscles of the forehead, mouth, lips, cheeks, around the eyes, nose, and ear. It concludes by mentioning facial nerve palsy.
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Visible Body - Sternocleidomastoid and the Scalene MusclesVisible Body
Learn about the anatomy and actions of the muscles in the neck region. Want more anatomy content? Check out the free Musculoskeletal Library! http://go.visiblebody.com/muscle-ebook-library-0
Muscles
Part 1
Prepare by
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
Histology of muscles
Physiology of muscles
Muscles development
Orofacial muscles
- Facial muscles
- Jaw muscles
- Portal muscles
Methods of studying muscles
Muscle changes during growth
Muscle function and facial development
Histology of muscles
The structural and functional unit of the muscles is the muscle fiber
Muscle fiber: elongated cylinder measure about 10 to 80 microns in thickness and from 1 to 15cm in length
= Each muscle fiber contains an acidophilic granular cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) that rich in:
Glycogen, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, protein (actin, myosin, tropomyosin),
Large number of myofibrils (sarcostyles) which responsible for muscle contraction
= the muscle fiber is covered by thick membrane called (sarcolemma) and surrounded by CT called (endomysium)
= the muscle fibers are coalescing together to form bundles; each bundles are covered by C T septa called perimysium
= the muscle bundles are coalescing together to the whole muscle which is covered by CT fascia called epimysium, these CT contain: blood vessel, lymph vessel, and nerves, that firmly attach the muscle bundles to each other and attach the whole muscle to its tendon
= the myofibrils (sarcostyles)are the contractile units of the muscle, in skeletal muscle they are transversely striated due to presence of dark and light bands
The dark bands are formed of thick myosin filaments rich in Ca, the light bands are formed of thin actine filaments rich in water, there is a pale line in at the center of dark band called (Henesen’s disk), There is dark line at the center of light bands called (Krauses membrane) or Z line
The distance between the two lines called (sarcomere) which is a contraction unit of the muscle.
During the muscle contraction there the Sarcomere is shortened due to sliding of the light bands over the dark bans. The energy required for contraction is derived from transformation of ATP ------ ADP
Physiology of muscles:
Man has 639 muscles, composed of 6 billion muscle fibers, each fiber has 1000 fibrils, which means that there are 6000 billion fibrils at work at one of time or another.
Elasticity: muscle can be stretched behind its original length and return to the original shape after relaxation (normal muscle can be elongated about 6/10 of its length
Contractility: it is the ability of muscle to shorten its length under nerve impulse, this contraction is stimulated by acetyl choline, glycogen is partially oxidized to provides energy and lactic acid that carried away by blood stream
Excessive accumulation of lactic acid can produce fatigue
Isometric contraction: (stretching): the muscle is simply resisting the external forces without actual shortening
Isotonic contraction: there is an actual shortening of the muscle, the strength of isometric contraction is much greater than that of isotonic contraction as the stre
Muscles of body to Leg By Thiru Murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Cranio-facial muscles:
The muscles which are present in cranium or skull and face they are called Cranio-facial muscles.
It is most essential for chewing and facial expressions.
It consist of 2 muscles: Occipitofrontalis & Facial muscles
Occipitofrontalis:
Also known as “Epicranius” & long and wide muscle of the scalp
It consist of 2 frontal bellies called frontalis and 2 occipital bellies called occipitalis.
Origin:
Frontalis: Skin of eyebrow, muscles of forehead
Occipitalis: superior nuchal line
Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis
Nerve supply: Facial nerve
Blood supply: F- ophthalmic artery & superficial temporal artery O - occipital artery.
Functions or Action:
Frontalis:
Raises the eye brows,
Transverse wrinkles of forehead
Surprise look of face
Occipitalis:
Retracts scalp
Origin: from bone of skull;
Insertion: onto the skin of face.
Innervation - Facial nerve (CN VII)
Blood supply - Facial artery
General function or Action:
It involve facial expressions like
Sadness
Grinning (smile broadly)
Doubt
Look
Speech
Important facial muscles and their functions:
Frontalis muscle: lifts the eyebrows, makes horizontal forehead wrinkles when we are surprised.
Orbicularis oculi: the circular muscle of the eye (consists of two muscles). Closes the eyelids, squints the eye.
Procerus: Pulls medial sides of eyebrows down and together.
Corrugator superclii: pulls eyebrows together.
Zygomatic muscles (major and minor): move the mouth corners up and outward when we smile.
Risorius: the “smile” muscle. Pulls mouth corners laterally (outward) and forms dimples in the cheeks. This muscle is not always active in all people.
Orbicularis oris: the circular muscle of the mouth. contract the lips and brings mouth corners towards the middle line.
Depressor anguli oris: pulls mouth corners downward.
Levator labii superioris & depressor labii inferioris: pull the upper and lower lips up and down respectively when we grin (smile broadly).
Mentalis: the chin muscle. Pulls up the chin as we express disappointment, doubt and some other negative emotions.
Platysma: it is a surface muscle of the neck. The Platysma is engaged in the expressions of fear, disgust and some other negative emotions.
Masticatory muscles:
Also known as muscles of mastication
The muscles of mastication are a group of muscles responsible - chewing
Act on temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
Mandible may be elevated or depressed; protruded or retruded.
Muscles:
1.Masseter:
Muscle of mastication
Powerful muscle
O - maxilla
I - mandible
Nerve: mandibular
Blood: maxillary
2. Temporalis:
Temporal muscle
Chewing muscle
Broad & fan shaped
Each side
O - parietal & sphenoid
I - mandible
Nerve: deep temporal
Blood: deep temporal
Function:
Closes the mouth
Assist chewing
Move mandible
3. Medial Pterygoid:
Also internal pterygoid
Major elevator of jaw
Square shape
Chewing muscle
O – palatine & maxilla
I - mandible
Nerve: mandibular
Blood: maxillary
Function:
Elevate mandible
Protrude mandible
Side to side
Cranial nerves.pptx by thirumurugan, MScthiru murugan
Cranial nerves
M. Thiru murugan
Cranial nerves
The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of brain.
Cranial nerves send electrical signals between brain, face, neck and torso.
Cranial nerves help to see, taste, smell, hear and feel sensations.
They also helps in facial expressions, blink eyes and movement of tongue
Each has a different function for sense or movement
Each nerve has a name that reflects its function and a number according to its location in the brain
The general functions of the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both (mixed)
Sensory cranial nerves help a person to see, smell, and hear
Motor cranial nerves help control muscle movements
Name of the Cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Location (origin) of the cranial nerves:
2 cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. These two pairs of cranial nerves include:
Olfactory nerves responsible for sense of smell.
Optic nerves responsible for sense of vision
The other 10 pairs of cranial nerves start in brainstem.
The longest cranial nerve:
The longest cranial nerve is the vagus nerve.
Vagus nerve has both sensory and motor functions.
It runs through many parts of the body, including tongue, throat , heart and digestive system.
Cranial nerve function:
I. Olfactory nerve:
The olfactory nerve sends sensory information to brain about smells
Epithelium in nose stimulates receptors that generate nerve impulses that move to olfactory bulb.
From the olfactory bulb, nerves pass into olfactory tract, which is located below the frontal lobe of brain.
Nerve signals are then sent to areas of brain concerned with memory and recognition of smells.
II. Optic nerve:
The optic nerve is the sensory nerve that involves vision.
When light enters the eye, it comes into contact with special receptors in retina called rods and cones.
The information received by rods and cones is sent from retina to optic nerve.
Optic nerves meet to form something called the optic chiasm.
At the optic chiasm, nerve fibers form two separate optic tracts.
Through each optic tract, the nerve impulses reach visual cortex of brain for achieving vision
III. Oculomotor nerve:
The oculomotor nerve has 2 different motor functions: muscle function & pupil response.
Muscle function: oculomotor nerve provides motor function to four of the six muscles around eyes. These muscles help the eyes move and focus on objects.
Pupil response: It also helps to control the size of pupil as it responds to light.
IV. Trochlear nerve:
The trochlear nerve controls superior oblique muscle. This is the muscle that’s in charge of downward, outward, and inward eye movements.
V. The trigeminal nerve:
It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve has 3 divisions:
Ophthalmic: The ophthalmic division sends sensory information from
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2. • Explain the muscle of scalp with their origin, insertion, nerve
supply and action.
• Identify the muscles of facial expressions with their nerve supply
and discuss their actions.
• Discuss facial nerve palsy.
3. • Scalp consists of skin and subcutaneous
tissue which cover the skull.
• The scalp consists of 5 layers of tissue:
1. S = Skin
2. C = Connective Tissue
3. A = Aponeurosis
4. L = Loose connective tissue
5. P = Pericranium
8. 1. The facial muscles or muscles of facial
expression are subcutaneous.
2. Most muscles attach to the bone or fascia
and produce their effect by pulling the
Skin.
9. 3. They move the skin and change facial
expressions to convey mood.
4. The basic shape of the face is determined
by the underlying bones.
5. All muscles of the facial expression are
supplied by the VII cranial nerve (Facial
nerve).
10. • Present in the superficial fascia of the face.
• Inserted into the skin of the face.
• Related to the three main orifices of the face
(either sphincters or dilator).
13. Muscles of the Forehead:
Frontalis
Muscles of the Mouth, Lips and Cheeks:
Orbicularis oris
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Mentalis
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
14. Muscles of the Mouth, Lips and Cheeks:
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris
Depressor labii inferioris
Risorius
Platysma (in the neck but extends to the face)
15. Muscles around the Orbital opening:
Orbicularis oculi
Muscles around the Nose:
Nasalis
Procerus
Depressor septi
