introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. NORMA BASALIS
2
It is subdivided into 3 parts
:
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Imaginary
transverse line
passing through
the anterior
margin of the
foramen
magnum
6. 6
Hard palate
Sutures : palate is crossed by cruciform
suture; intermaxillary , interpalatine ,
palatomaxilary
Dome: arched in all directions, shows pits
for the palatine glands
8. Incisive fossa : deep fossa situated anteriorly
in the median plane
Two incisive canals: rt & lt pierce the walls of
the incisive fossa , one on each side
8
9. Greater palatine foramen
: on each side, situated
just behind the lateral
part of the
palatomaxillary suture
lesser palatine foramen :
two or three in number ,
lie behind the greater
palatine foramen ,
perforate pyramidal
process of palatine bone.
Posterior nasal spine :
posterior border of hard
palate .
Palatine crest : curved
ridge near the posterior9
11. Extends from the posterior border of the hard palate to the
transverse line passing through the anterior border of
foramen magnum
•Median area
•Lateral area 11
12. Median area :
Posterior border of
vomer, vomer separates
the two posterior nasal
apertures, inferior
border articulates with
the bony palate.
superior border splits
into two alae and
articulates with the
rostrum of the sphenoid
bone.
Broad bar of bone
formed by fusion of the
posterior part of the
body of the sphenoid
and basilar part of the12
15. Lateral area :
Two parts of sphenoid bone- pterygoid
process and greater wing
Pterygoid process- medial $ lateral
plate ; pterygoid fossa
Anterior border articulate with palatine
bone
Separated laterally from post surface
of the body of the maxilla by
pterygomaxillary fissure
15
17. •Medial pterygoid
plate-directed
backwards
•Medial and lateral
surfaces & free
posterior border
•Upper end of this
border divided to
enclose a triangular
depression called the
scaphoid fossa
•Medial to this fossa
there is a small
pterygoid tubercle
•Lower end of the 17
18. Sulcus tubae- groove between the
postromedial margin of the greater wing of
sphenoid bone and petrous temporal
bone. It lodges the cartilaginous part of
the auditory tube 18
20. •Inferior surface of the
petrous part of
temporal bone is
triangular in shape
• lies between the
greater wing of
sphenoid and
basioocciput
•Apex is perforated by
the upper end of the
carotid canal and is
separated from the
sphenoid by foramen
lacerum
•Carotid canal runs
forwards and medially
within the petrous
temporal bone
20
21. POSTERIOR PART OF NORMA
BASALIS• Median area –
1. Foramen magnum
2. External occipital crest
3. External occipital protuberance
4. Superior nuchal lines
21
22. 22
Lateral area :
a)Condylar part of occipital bone
b)Squamous part of occipital bone
c)Jugular foramen between occipital and
petrous temporal bones
d)Styloid process of temporal bone
e)Mastoid process of temporal bone
23. 23
• Occipital condyles : on
each side of the anterior
part of the FM, articulates
with the superior articular
facets of the atlas vertebra
to form atlanto-occipital
joint
• Hypoglossal canal/ant
condylar canal: directed
laterally and forwards
• Jugular foramen: forwards
$medially, placed at the
posterior end of the petro-
occipital suture
• Jugular fossa :ant wall of
the foramen is hollowed
out , lodges internal
jugular vein
24. ATTACHMENTS ON EXTERIOR
OF SKULL
1. Post border of the hard palate-
palatine aponurosis
2. Post nasal spine-musculus uvulae
3. Palatine crest- tensor veli palatine
muscle
4. Pharyngeal tubercle- superior
constrictor muscle
24
28. • FORAMEN MAGNUM
• Through wider posterior part
a. Lowest part of medulla oblongata
b. Three meninges
• Through the subarachnoid space
a. Spinal accessory nerves
b. Vertebral artery
c. Sympathetic plexus around the vertebral arteries
d. Posterior spinal arteries
e. Anterior spinal artery
• Through the narrow anterior part
a. Apical ligament of dens
b. Vertical band of cruciate ligament
c. Membrana tectoria
28
34. 4. Superior orbital fissure
Lateral part
lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve,
trochlear nerve, superior
ophthalmic vein, meningeal
branch of the lacrimal artery
Middle part
Upper and lower divisions of the
oculomotor nerve, nasociliary
nerve, abducent nerve
Medial part
inferior ophthalmic vein,
sympathetic plexus around ICA34
36. • Jugular foramen
1. Through anterior part
2. Through middle part
3. Through posterior part
36
37. • Mastoid canaliculus –in the lateral
wall of the jugular fossa auricular
branch of vagus
• Stylomastoid foramen- facial nerve ,
stylomastoid branch of the
posterior auricular artery
37
39. FEOTAL SKULL
39
Dimensions
Larger in proportion to other parts of skeleton
The facial skeleton is 1/8th of calvaria whereas it
is ½ of calvaria
Base of skull is short & narrow
Internal ear is of same size as in adult
Structure of bones :
Bones in cranial vault are smooth & unilamellar,
There is no diploe
Tables and diploe appear by fourth year of age
40. Bony Prominences
Frontal & Parietal tubera are prominent
Glabella, superciliary arches and mastoid
processes are not developed
paranasal air sinuses- rudimentary or
absent
orbits are large- germs of the developing
teeth lies close to the orbital floor
40
41. 41
Ossification of Bones
Two halves of frontal bone are separated by
metopic suture.
Mandible is also present in two halves
Occipital bone is in 4 parts ( (1)squamous, (2)
condylar, and (1) basilar)
Unossified membranous gap a total of 6
frontanelle at the angles of parietal bones are
present.
42. POST NATAL GROWTH OF SKULL
42
It proceeds at different rate and over different
periods
Growth of calvaria related to - growth of brain
Grwoth of facial skeleton related to -
development of dentition, muscle of
mastication & tongue
43. GROWTH OF VAULT
43
Rate – rapid during first yr.
slow upto 7th yr.
Growth in breadth : occurs at saggital suture
sutures bordering greater wings, Occipito
mastoid suture Petro- occipital suture at base
44. Growth in Height - occurs at
Frontozygomatic suture
Pterion
Squamous suture
Asterion
Growth in Anteroposterior Diameter - occurs at
coronal & lambdoid sutures
44
45. GROWTH OF BASE
45
It grows in antero-posterior diameter at 3
cartilaginous plates situated between –
Occipital & sphenoid bones
Pre & post sphenoid bones
Sphenoid & ethmoid bones
46. GROWTH OF FACE
Growth of orbits and ethmoid is
complete by 7th yr.
Growth occurs mostly during first
year, although continues till puberty
n even later
46
48. THICKENING OF BONES
48
Two tables and diploe appear by 4th yr.
Differentiation reaches maximum by about 35
yrs., when diploic vein produce characteristic
arking in radiographs
Mastoid process appear during 2nd yr, and
mastoid air cells during 6th yr.
49. OBLITERATION OF SUTURES OF VAULT
49
It begins on inner surface between 30-40 yrs. & on
outer surface between 40-50 yrs.
Occurs first in lower part of coronal suture
Posterior part of saggital suture
Lambdoid suture
50. AGE RELATED CHANGES
50
Skull becomes thinner & lighter
Reduction in size of maxilla and mandible
Decrease in vertical height of face
Angle of mandible becomes more obtuse
51. CRANIOMETRY
51
1. Cephalic Index
it expresses shape of head,& is the proportion of
breadth to length of skull
cephalic index = breadth x 100
length
Length/ longest diameter – measured from
glabella to occipital point
Breadth / widest diameter – measured a little
below parietal tubera
52. Human races may be-
a. Dolichocephalic or long headed ( when C.I
is 75 or less)
b. Mesaticephalic ( when C.I is between 75
and 80)
c. Brachycephalic or Short headed (when C.I
is above 80)
52
53. FACIAL ANGLE
Is the angle between 2 lines drwan
from the nasion to th basion or
anterior margin of foramen magnum
and the prosthion or central point
on upper incisor alveolus
It is a rough index of degree of
devlopment of brain because it is
angle between facial skeleton and
calvaria, which are inversely
propotional to each other.
Angle – smallest-
evolved races of man 53
54. ABNORMAL CRANIA
Oxycephaly or Acrocephaly – tower
like skull or steeple skull is a
abnormally tall skull.
- Occurs due to premature closure of
suture between presphenoid and
postsphenoid and coronal suture
Scaphocephaly or boat shaped
skull is due to premature synostosis
in saggital suture
54