The document summarizes the anatomy of the face, including:
1. The boundaries and skin of the face, which is very vascular and contains sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
2. The superficial fascia of the face contains the muscles of facial expression and fat.
3. The muscles of facial expression are divided into groups that control the scalp, eyelids, nose, mouth, and neck. These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve.
4. The arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves that supply the structures of the face.
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
The human face is a fascinating study of physiology and psychology. Face is the mirror of one’s personality. It is our most useful and most underestimated tool for communication.
Face is the most beautiful and attractive part of the body which is most likely to develop malformations. So, the knowledge of normal anatomy of face will aid in understanding the potential reasons for preventing or treating of anomalies.
Face is the most prominent part of the body
Facial muscles also known as the ‘mimetic muscles’, represent remnants of the ‘Panniculus Carnosus’ ,continuous subcutaneous muscle sheet seen in some animals.
Facial Musculature are the only somatic muscles in the body attached on one side to the bone and the other side to the skin; thus specialized for expression
Face is the most prominent part of the body
Facial muscles also known as the ‘mimetic muscles’, represent remnants of the ‘Panniculus Carnosus’ ,continuous subcutaneous muscle sheet seen in some animals.
Facial Musculature are the only somatic muscles in the body attached on one side to the bone and the other side to the skin; thus specialized for expression
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Face
Boundaries
• Extends superiorly to
the hair line, inferiorly
to the chin and base of
mandible, and on each
side to auricle
• Forehead is common to
both scalp and face.
3. skin
• Very vascular
• Due to rich vascularity
face blush and blanch.
• Wounds of face bleed
profusely but heal rapidly.
• Facial skin is rich in
sebaceous gland and
sweat gland.
• Sebaceous gland keep the
skin oily but also cause acne
in adult.
4. • Laxity of skin facilitates
rapid spread of
oedema
• Renal oedema appears
first in the eye lids and
face before spreading
to other parts of the
body
• Boils in the nose and ear
acutely painful due to the
fixity of the skin to the
underlying cartilages
• Facial skin is very elastic
and thick because the
facial muscles are inserted
into it. The wounds of the
face therefore tend to
gape
5. Superficial fascia
• It contains
1. Facial muscles
2. Vessels and nerves
3. Fat
• Deep fascia is absent in face (except parotid
gland and buccinators muscle)
6. Face
• Muscle of facial
expression lie in
superficial fascia
(subcutaneous).
• Embryologically they
develop from
mesoderm of 2nd
branchial arch,
therefore supplied by
facial nerve.
• No deep fascia is
present in the face.
7. Bones of the Face
• The facial skeleton
consists of 14 stationary
bones and the mandible.
• These 14 bones form the
basic shape of the
face, and are responsible
for providing attachments
for muscles that make the
jaw move and control
facial expressions.
9. Muscles of the Face
(Muscles of Facial Expression)
• They are in the superficial fascia, with origins
from either bone or fascia, and insertions into the
skin. (subcutaneous muscles)
• these muscles control expressions of the face.
• They act as sphincters and dilators of the orifices
of the face (i.e. the orbits, nose, and mouth).
12. Muscles of the Face
1. Muscle of scalp
2. Muscles of the
eyelids (Orbital
group)
3. Muscle of auricle
4. Muscles of nose
(Nasal group)
5. Muscles around
mouth (Oral group)
6. Muscles of neck
13. Muscles of scalp
occipitofrontalis
• Two bellies
• Occipitalis / frontalis
• Both inserted into epicranial aponeurosis
• Occipital belly arises from lateral two thirds
of superior nuchal lines
• Frontalis belly arises from skin of forehead
16. Orbital group
• Three muscles are
– Orbicularis oculi
– Corrugator supercili
– Levator palpebrae
superioris
17. Orbicularis oculi
• 3 parts-
• Orbital part(outer)
– Originate from medial part of medial palpebral ligament and
adjoining bone.
– Insertion- form concentric rings, return to point of origin
Action –closes the lids tightly, wrinkling
• Palpebral part(Inner)
– Originate from lateral part of medial palpebral ligament
– Insert into lateral palpebral raphe
Action-closes the lids gently, blinking
• Lacrimal part(Small)
– Originate from lacrimal fascia& lacrimal bone
– Insert into upper &lower eyelids
Action-dilate lacrimal sac, support lower eye lid
23. Actions : • Acts as sphincter of the eyelid
• Palpebral part closes the eyelid gently in
sleep or blinking
• Movement-reflexly oriented or voluntarily
mediated
• Contraction of entire muscle-crow feet
appearance
• Lacrimal part –transport lacrimal fluid
24. Corrugator supercillii
• Origin : superciliary arch
• Insertion: skin of the
eyebrow
• Action: produces vertical
wrinkles of the forehead
in frowning as an
expression of annoyance
27. levator palpabrae superioris
• Origin: lesser wing
of sphenoid bone
• Insertion : upper
eyelid
• Function : lid
elevation
28. Nasal group
• Three muscles are
associated with the
nasal group:
– Compressor naris
– Dilator naris
– Procerus
– Depressor septi nasi
29. Compressor naris
• Origin: Frontal process
of the maxilla
• Insertion: Aponeurosis
which crosses the bridge
of the nose
• Action: Compresses the
mobile nasal cartilages
30. Dilator naris
• Origin : Maxilla bone
• Insertion: Ala of the
nose
• Action: Widens the nasal
aperture (by pulling the
alar laterally) in deep
inspiration; is also a sign
of anger
31. Procerus
• Origin: nasal bone and
lateral nasal cartilage
• Insertion: skin
between the eyebrows
• Action:
– pulls down the medial
end of the eyebrow
– wrinkles the skin of the
nose transversely in
frowning
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. Depressor septi
• Origin : maxilla above central incisor
• Insertion : mobile part of nasal septum
• Action : depress the nasal septum,
expression of anger acts along with dilator
naris
37. Oral group
• The muscles in the oral group move the lips and cheek:
– Orbicularis oris
– Buccinator
– Lower group of oral muscles
• depressor anguli oris
• depressor labii inferioris
• Mentalis
– Upper group of oral muscles
• risorius
• zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor
• levator labii superioris
• levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
• levator anguli oris
38. Orbicularis oris
• Origin: from maxilla
above incisor teeth
• Insertion: into skin of
lip.
• Action: closes the
mouth, whistling
39. Buccinator
• Upper fibers
– Origin- from maxilla opposite molar
teeth
– Insertion-upper lip
• Lower fibers
– Origin-from mandible opposite molar
teeth
– Insertion-lower lip
• Middle fibers
– Origin –from pterigomandibular raphe
– Insertion-decussate before passing to lips
• Action- it aids in mastication by prevent
accumulation of food in vestibule of mouth. It
is used every time air expanding the cheeks is
forcefully expelled
• Action : whistling along with orbicularis oris
40. Levator labii superioris alaque nasi
o Arises- frontal process of
maxilla near nasal
o Inserted-ala of the nose
by one slip
o To skin of upper lip by
another slip
o Action-elevates and
everts the upper lip and
dilates the nostril
41. Depressor anguli oris
Arises-posterior part of the
oblique line of the mandible
inserted-angle of mouth
Extends further into the skin of
upper lip upto the midline
Action-draws the angle of
mouth downward and laterally
,expression-sadness , grief
42.
43.
44. Levator labii superioris
• Arises-lower margin of orbit
Just above the infraorbital foramen
• Inserted-upper lip
• Action-elevates and everts the upper lip increase the
nasolabial furrow, sadness
45. Zygomaticus major
• Arises-zygomatic bone
• Inserts- angle of
mouth
• Action-draws angle of
mouth upward and
laterally as in laughing
- smiling and laughing
• Spasm- risus
sardonicus
46.
47. Zygomaticus minor
• Small muscle
• Extending from zygomatic bone to the upper
lip
• Action-elevates and everts the upper lip
increase the nasolabial furrow
48.
49. Depressor
labii
inferioris
• Muscle attached to lower lip
• Arises-oblique line of mandible
• Quadrilateral sheet
• Inserted into skin of lower lip
Action-it draws the lower lip
downward and laterally
Expression-irony
50. Levator anguli oris
• Arises-maxilla, below the infra orbital
foramen
• Inserted-angle of mouth
• Intermingle with other muscles
• Extends further into skin of lower lip up to
midline
51. • Action-raises the angle of mouth
• Accentuates the nasolabial furrow
• Expression of sadness
52. Risorius
• Arises-parotid fascia, as a continuation of
posterior fibers of platysma
• Insert-angle of mouth
• Action-retract the angle of mouth as in
grinning
53. Mentalis
• Muscle of chin
• Conical in shape
• Arises-incisive fossa
• Insert-skin of chin
• Action-puckers the chin
• Protrudes the lower lip in
drinking
• Expression of disdain
54.
55. Muscles of auricle
• Auricularis anterior
• Auricularis posterior
• Auricularis superior
Functionally unimportant
Insert into epicranial aponeurosis
57. Platysma
• Origin– upper part of
pectoral and deltoid
fascia
• Insertion– base of
mandible, skin of lower
face and lip
• Action– releases pressure
of skin on the subjacent
veins, depress
mandible, pulls angle of
mouth downwards.
61. Sensory Nerves of the Face
• The skin of the face is
supplied by the trigeminal
nerve (V), except for the
small area over the angle of
the mandible and the
parotid gland which is
supplied by the great
auricular nerve (C2 and 3).
• The trigeminal nerve (V)
divides into three major
divisions-the ophthalmic
(V1), maxillary (V2), and
mandibular (V3) nerves
65. Motor Nerves of the Face
• Motor supply:
– Facial nerve
• Facial nerve divides into five
terminal branches for
muscles of facial expression:
– Temporal
– Zygomatic
– Buccal
– Marginal mandibular
– Cervical
67. Applied Anatomy
• Trigeminal neuralgia
– Maxillary and mandibular nerve are involved
– Excruciating pain in the region of distribution of these
nerve
• In infranuclear lesions of facial nerve (eg, bell’s palsy)- whole
face is paralyzed
– c/f
• Affected side is motionless
• Loss of wrinkles
• Eye cannot be closed
• In smiling the mouth is drawn to normal side
• During mastication food accumulates in vestibule of
mouth
71. Arteries of face
1. Facial artery
2. Transverse facial artery
3. Arteries that accompany cutaneous nerves
72. Facial artery
• Enters the
face by
winding
around the
base of the
mandible
• By piercing
the deep
cervical fascia
at the
anteroinferior
angle of the
masseter
muscle
73.
74. • Runs upwards and forwards to a point 1.25
cm lateral to the angle of the mouth
• Then it ascends by the side of the nose up to
the medial angle of the eye , terminates by
supplying lacrimal sac, anastomosing with
the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic
artery
75.
76. • It lies between superficial and deep muscles
of the face
• Branches :
1. Inferior labial
2. Superior labial
3. Lateral nasal
• Posterior muscular branches- small and
unnamed
Anterior branches
77. Transverse facial artery
• Branch of superficial artery
• After emerging from parotid gland, it runs forwards over th
masseter between the parotid duct and zygomatic arch
• Supplies parotid and its duct , masseter and overlying skin
an ends by anastomosing with neighbouring arteries
78. Veins of face
• Veins on each side
forms a W-shaped
arrangement
• Facial vein is the largest
• Begins as angular vein
at the medial angle
• Continues as facial vein
• Joins with
retromandibular vein
(ant divi) forms
common facial vein
79. • Facial vein communicates with cavernous sinus ;
infections from face can spread in a retrograde direction
and can cause thrombosis of the cavernous sinus .
• This is specifically likely to occur in the presence of
infection in the upper lip and in the lower part of the
nose
• This area is called the dangerous area of the face
80. Lymphatic drainage of face
• Pre-auricular parotid
• Submandibular: strip over the median part of
forehead, external nose, upper lip, lateral
part of lower lip, medial halves of eyelids,
medial part of cheek and greater part of
lower jaw
• Submental: central part of lower lip, chin