The document describes the anatomy and features of the palatine tonsil. It discusses that the palatine tonsil is a mass of lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa in the lateral wall of the oropharynx. It has several external features including two surfaces, two poles, crypts, and a fibrous capsule. It discusses the blood supply from facial and lingual arteries and drainage into cervical lymph nodes. The nerve supply is from the lesser palatine branch and glossopharyngeal nerve. Clinical correlations regarding tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, and peritonsillar abscess are also summarized.

1. The presence of proliferative
centres for B – and T- lymphocyte
production (follicles and
parafollicular zones, respectively)

2. Proximity to an epithelial
surface, the lymphoid tissue
being essentially situated within
the mucosal lamina propria

3. The lack of a fibrous capsule

4. The provision of high –
endothelium venules (HEVs) for
immigration of lymphocytes.

5. The presence of efferent
lymphatics but virtual absence of
afferents.

7.  Lies in the roof of
the oral cavity
 Has two parts:
• Hard (bony)
palate
anteriorly
• Soft (muscular)
palate
posteriorly
hard
soft palate

8.  Attached to the posterior
border of the hard palate
 Covered on its upper and
lower surfaces by
mucous membrane
 Composed of:
• Muscle fibers
• An aponeurosis
• Lymphoid tissue
• Glands
• Blood vessels
• Nerves

9.  Fibrous sheath
 Attached to posterior
border of hard
palate
 Is expanded tendon
of tensor velli
palatini
 Gives origin &
insertion to palatine
muscles

10. Tensor veli palatini
• Origin: spine of sphenoid;
auditory tube
• Insertion: forms palatine
aponeurosis
• Action: Tenses soft palate

11. Tensor veli palitini

12. Levator veli palatini
• Origin:petrous temporal
bone, auditory tube,
palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: palatine
aponeurosis
• Action: Raises soft palate

13. Musculus uvulae
• Origin: posterior border of
hard palate
• Insertion: mucosa of uvula
• Action: Elevates uvula

14. Palatoglossus
• Origin: palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: side of tongue
• Action: pulls root of tongue
upward, narrowing
oropharyngeal isthmus
Palatopharyngeus
• Origin: palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: posterior border of
thyroid cartilage
• Action: Elevates wall of the
pharynx

15. Palatopharyngeus

16. Mostly by the
maxillary nerve
through its
branches:
• Greater palatine
nerve
• Lesser palatine nerve
• Nasopalatine nerve
Glossopharyngeal
nerve supplies the
region of the soft
palate

17. All the muscles, except tensor veli
palatini, are supplied by the:
•Pharyngeal plexus
Tensor veli palatini supplied by the:
• Nerve to medial pterygoid, a branch of
the mandibular division of the
trigeminal nerve

18. Branches of the maxillary
artery
• Greater palatine
• Lesser palatine
• Sphenopalatine
Ascending palatine,
branch of the facial
artery
Ascending pharyngeal,
branch of the external
carotid artery

19. Cleft palate:
•Unilateral
•Bilateral
•Median
Paralysis of the soft
palate
•The pharyngeal
isthmus can not be
closed during
swallowing and
speech
Pharyngeal
isthmus

21. The lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal
aponeurosis aggregates in some areas
forming tonsils:
1-one nasopharyngeal tonsil
2- two palatine tonsils
3- two lingual tonsils

23. Location
 The palatine tonsil is an ovoid
mass of lymphoid tissue
 Tonsillar fossa in lateral wall of
oropharynx

25. Boundaries of tonsillar fossa
 Anterior pillar- Palatoglossal arch
 Posterior pillar- Palatopharyngeal
arch
 Apex- Soft palate where both arches
meet
 Base – Dorsal surface of posterior
one – third of tongue

26. External features
 2 surfaces- medial, lateral(tonsillar
bed)
 2 Poles- upper, lower

27.  Stratified squamous non keratinising
epithelium
 Dips into the crypts
 The crypts are 12-15 in number
 crypta magna
 It represents the ventral part of second
pharyngeal pouch
External features-Medial surface

28.  Fibrous capsule of the tonsil
 Loose areolar tissue
 The tonsillar bed
External features-Lateral surface

29. Superior constrictor muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Glossopharyngeal nerve
styloid process (if enlarged)
Facial artery
Medial pterygoid muscle
Angle of mandible
Submandibular salivary gland
Tonsillar bed

31. External features-Poles
 Upper pole- extends into soft palate
 Lower pole- attached to tongue

33. The tonsil is supplied by 5 arteries:
Tonsillar branch of facial artery (main supply)
Ascending palatine branch of facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Dorsal linguae branch of lingual artery
Descending palatine branch of maxillary artery
Arterial supply

34. Blood supply from medial surface

35.  The paratonsillar vein
 Pharyngeal venous plexus
Venous drainage

36.  Lymphatics from the tonsil
pierce the superior
constrictor and
 Drain into the upper
cervical lymph nodes
especially jugulodigastric
(tonsillar)
lymph node
Lymphatic drainage

37.  Lesser palatine branch
of sphenopalatine
ganglion
 Glossopharyngeal
nerve
Nerve supply

39.  Acute tonsillitis
 Chronic tonsillitis
Applied anatomy

40. Applied anatomy-Tonsillectomy

41. Applied anatomy-Quinsy

42. Applied anatomy-Peritonsillar vein injury

43. Thank You