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Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. this is brief study on skeletal system ,that i prepared for my academic purpose .
please comment
thank u
Sternocleidomastoid muscle by Thirumurugan.docxthiru murugan
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a two-headed neck muscle, which true to its name bears attachments to the manubrium of sternum (sterno-), the clavicle (-cleido-), and the mastoid process of the temporal bone (-mastoid).
sternocleidomastoideus) is a paired superficial muscle in the anterior portion of the neck.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) is an important landmark in the neck which divides it into an anterior and a posterior triangle.
This muscle binds the skull to the sternum and clavicle
It is a long, bilateral muscle of the neck, which functions to flex the neck both laterally and anteriorly, as well as rotate the head contralaterally to the side of contraction.
The muscle is closely related to certain neurovascular structures that pass through the neck on their way either to the head or to the periphery of the body.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle plays a central role in the formation of the triangles of the neck
Diagram:
Origin:
The sternal head originates from the manubrium sterni of sternum
The Clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle.
Insertion:
Insertion is the lateral surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
Relations:
The muscle lies very superficially so that it is both easily visible and palpable.
The carotid pulse may be felt in the middle third of the front edge.
Under the sternocleidomastoid region runs a neurovascular bundle containing:
1. the common carotid artery (medial)
2. the internal jugular vein (lateral)
3. the vagus nerve (dorsal)
4. the cervical ansa (neural loop in the neck formed by connecting the superior root from the cervical spinal nerves (C1–2) and the inferior root descending from C2–C3)
Blood supply:
• Sternocleidomastoid branch of the Occipital artery
Nerve supply:
• The sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) and direct branches of the cervical plexus (C2-C3).
Function:
o A unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle flesxes the cervical vertebral column to the same side (lateral flexion) and rotates the head to the opposite side.
o A bilateral contraction elevates the head by dorsally extending the upper cervical joints.
o At the same time, it flexes the lower cervical column causing an overall bending of the neck towards the chest.
o If the head is fixed, it elevates the sternum and clavicle and, thus, expands the thoracic cavity (inspiratory breathing muscle).
UNIT – V : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 20: LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and musclecontraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
The details description is given in the ppt about the axial skeleton. We include the topics which are mentions below :-
What is skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage
Understanding your spine and how it works can help you better understand some of the problems that occur from aging or injury.
Many demands are placed on your spine. It holds up your head, shoulders, and upper body. It gives you support to stand up straight, and gives you flexibility to bend and twist. It also protects your spinal cord.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
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http://www.visiblebody.com/fr
Atlas de Anatomía Humana de Visible Body para tablet AndroidVisible Body
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http://www.visiblebody.com/es
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Hier erhalten Sie weitere Informationen zu Visible Body: http://www.visiblebody.com/de/
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http://www.visiblebody.com/es
Atlas der menschlichen Anatomie für Android PhoneVisible Body
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Hier erhalten Sie weitere Informationen zu Visible Body: http://www.visiblebody.com/de/
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http://www.visiblebody.com/fr
L'Atlas d'anatomie humaine de Visible Body (PC/Mac)Visible Body
L'Atlas d'anatomie humaine de Visible Body est l'appli la plus vendue et la plus anatomiquement réaliste du corps humain masculin ou féminin. Il a été créé par des experts en visualisation de l'anatomie et contrôlé par des anatomistes et des professionnels de santé. De plus en plus de lycées et d'universités enseignent en ayant recours à l'Atlas d'anatomie humaine (par rapport à d'autres atlas en 3D).
http://www.visiblebody.com/fr
El Atlas de Anatomía Humana de Visible Body es el atlas en 3D con más ventas y con la mayor precisión anatómica del cuerpo humano (femenino y masculino). Ha sido creado por expertos en visualización anatómica y revisado por anatomistas y profesionales de la salud. Son cada vez más los colegios y universidades que enseñan con el Atlas de Anatomía Humana de Visible Body que con cualquier otro atlas 3D.
http://www.visiblebody.com/es
Atlas der menschlichen Anatomie für PC/MacVisible Body
Visible Bodys Atlas der menschlichen Anatomie ist der meistverkaufte, anatomisch akkurateste 3D-Atlas des männlichen und weiblichen menschlichen Körpers. Er wurde von Experten im Bereich der Anatomiedarstellung entwickelt und von Anatomen und Fachkräften im Gesundheitswesen geprüft. Mit dem Atlas der menschlichen Anatomie wird an mehr Hochschulen und Universitäten unterrichtet als mit jedem anderen 3D-Atlas.
Hier erhalten Sie weitere Informationen zu Visible Body: http://www.visiblebody.com/de/
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http://www.visiblebody.com/it
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http://www.visiblebody.com/es
El Atlas de Anatomía Humana de Visible Body es el atlas en 3D con más ventas y con la mayor precisión anatómica del cuerpo humano (femenino y masculino). Ha sido creado por expertos en visualización anatómica y revisado por anatomistas y profesionales de la salud. Son cada vez más los colegios y universidades que enseñan con el Atlas de Anatomía Humana de Visible Body que con cualquier otro atlas 3D.
http://www.visiblebody.com/es
http://apple.co/1BYch8D
Atlas der menschlichen Anatomie für iPhoneVisible Body
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So erhalten Sie weitere Informationen zu Visible Body: http://www.visiblebody.com/de/
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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2. Your neck muscles
are amazing. They are
responsible for head
movement, stabilizing the
upper region of the body,
assisting in swallowing,
helping to elevate the rib
cage during inhalation, and
more.
Let’s take a look!
3. There are 26 muscles
in the neck--10 pairs
of 2 and 2 sets of 3,
to be precise.
- Sterncleidomastoid
- Scalenes
- Platysma
- Digastric
- Omohyoid
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Mylohyoid
- Stylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
(And a partridge in a pear tree.)
4. The neck muscles attach
to various bones of the
skull, spine, thoracic cage,
and shoulder girdle.
However, the neck region is home
to more than just neck muscles;
muscles of the head, spine, and
thorax also attach in this area.
5. Efferent nerves carry
impulses away from the
Central Nervous System
to muscles, controlling
movement.
The muscles of the neck are
innervated by various cranial
nerves, cervical nerves, and
their branches.
Factoid: “Efferent” comes from the Latin ex
ferens, which means “carrying away.”
6. Now that you have the
lay of the land, let’s
take a look at a couple
specific neck muscles.
We’ll start with one of the
largest neck muscles (with
the longest name):
the sternocleidomastoid.
7. The sternocleidomastoid is
often also classified with the
lateral cervical muscles.
It arises from two heads, or two
different points of origin, and is
responsible for movements of the
cervical vertebral column and head.
Factoid: Its two points of origin are the upper
part of the anterior surface of the manubrium
and the superior border, and the anterior
surface of the medial third of the clavicle.
9. The scalenus muscles,
or scalenes, are
sometimes classified in
the lateral vertebral
region.
It is a group of three, made up
of the anterior, medius, and
posterior scalenes.
Factoid: Scalene comes from the Latin word
scalenus, meaning “uneven” or “unequal.”
15. All the images and text in this eBook came
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