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Lecture by
Dr.N.Mugunthan.MBBS.,MS.,DNB.,MNAMS.,PhD.,MBA (Hosp.Adm.).,
Associate Professor
MGMC&RI
Learning objectives
1. Sulci
2. Gyri
3. Functional areas
a) Motor areas
b) Sensory areas
c) Psychical areas
4. Effects of lesions of functional areas
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Cerebrum
Presenting parts:
Each cerebral hemisphere has
• 3 poles
• 3 surfaces
• 3 borders
• 6 lobes
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
3 poles:
1. Frontal pole
2. Occipital pole
3. Temporal pole
(primitive post.pole)
Cerebrum cont…
FP
OPTP
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
3 surfaces:
1. Superolateral surface
2. Medial surface
3. Inferior surface
a) Orbital surface
b) Tentorial surface
Cerebrum cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
3 borders:
1. Superomedial border
2. Inferolateral border (ant.1/3
- superciliary border)
3. Inferomedial border
(ant.1/3-medial orbital
border, middle 1/3 -
hippocampal border, post
1/3 – medial occipital
border)
Cerebrum cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
6 lobes:
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Insular lobe (Island of
Reil)[sperolateral
surface]
6. Limbic lobe [medial
surface]
Cerebrum cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Sulci & Gyri
Main cerebral sulci:
1. Lateral sulcus (Sylvius)
• Stem & 3 rami
(posterior, ascending
& anterior)
2. Central sulcus
(Rolando)
3. Parieto-occipital sulcus
4. Calcarine sulcus
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Frontal lobe:
• Precentral sulcus
• Precentral gyrus
• Superior frontal sulci &
• Inferior frontal sulci
• Superior frontal gyrus
• Middle frontal gyrus
• Inferior frontal gyrus
Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
• Anterior & ascending
rami of lateral sulcus
divides the inf.frontal
gyri into 3 areas
a) Pars orbitalis
b) Pars triangularis
c) Pars opercularis
Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Parietal lobe:
• Postcentral sulcus
• Postcentral gyrus
• Intraparietal sulcus
• Superior parietal lobule
• Inferior parietal lobule
Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
• The upturned ends of
post.ramus of lateral
sulcus, sup. & inf.
temp.sulcus extends into
inf.parietal lobule and
divides it into 3 parts
a) Supramarginal gyrus
b) Angular gyrus
c) Arcus temporo-
occipitalis
Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Temporal lobe:
• Superior temporal sulci &
• Inferior temporal sulci
• Superior temporal gyrus
• Middle temporal gyrus
• Inferior temporal gyrus
• Sup. surface of sup.temporal
gyrus has
• 2 transverse temporal gyrus
(ant. & post.)
• Ant.transverse temporal
gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus –
primary auditory area)
Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Occipital lobe:
• Lateral occipital sulcus
• Superior & inferior
occipital gyrus
• Lunate sulcus
• Calcarine sulcus
Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Sulci & Gyri on the medial surface
• Callosal sulcus
• Cingulate sulcus
• Cingulate gyrus
• Medial frontal gyrus
• Paracentral lobule (higher
centre for micturition &
defecation)
• Ant.& post. parolfactory
sulcus
• Paraterminal gyrus
• Parolfactory gyrus
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
• Suprasplenial sulcus
• Parieto-occipital sulcus
• Calcarine sulcus
• Cuneus
• Precuneus
Isthmus –narrow region
between splenium &
calcarine sulcus
Sulci & Gyri on the medial surface cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Orbital part:
• Olfactory sulcus
• Gyrus rectus
• Orbital sulcus (H-shaped)
• Medial orbital gyrus
• Lateral orbital gyrus
• Anterior orbital gyrus
• Posterior orbital gyrus
Sulci & Gyri on the inferior surface
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Tentorial part:
• Collateral sulcus (medial)
• Occipito-temporal sulcus
(lateral)
• Medial occipito-temporal
gyrus
• Lateral occipito-temporal
gyrus
• Rhinal sulcus
• Uncus
• Parahippocampal gyrus
• Lingual gyrus
Sulci & Gyri on the inferior surface cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Broadmann mapping
52 areas in cerebral
cortex
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Types of cortical functional areas
3 Types of functional
areas
1. Motor areas
2. Sensory areas
3. Association areas
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Primary motor area (area 4)
 Precentral gyrus
(superolateral surface)
 Motor homunculus
 Control voluntary
movements of
contralateral side
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Effects of lesion – primary motor area
Contralateral Flaccid
paralysis –initially
↓DTR
+Ve Babinski sign
Moderate recovery of
function
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Pre-motor area (area 6 & 8)
Area 6- skillful acts
(programming of
movements)
Upper part of area 6 –
writing centre
 Area 8 also known as
frontal eye field
(regulates voluntary
conjugate movements)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Supplementary motor area
 Continuation of area 6 on
medial surface
Function:
 control complex
movements
 Elicits an urge to move
Lesion :
 Akinesia
 UMN type paralysis
(conjoint lesion of primary
motor,premotor &
supp.motor area)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Pre-frontal area (areas 9 to 12)
 In front of premotor area
 Highly developed in
human
Functions:
 Regulates the depth of
feeling
 Abstract thinking
 Mature judgement
 Foresight & tactfulness
(Silent area of brain)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Sensory areas
1. Primary sensory area
2. Secondary sensory area
(only for somesthetic
senses)
3. Sensory association area
4. Higher association area
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Primary sensory area
1. Somesthetic area
2. Visual area
3. Auditory area
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Somesthetic area
Primary somesthetic area (area 3,1,2)
 Located in post central gyrus
(superolateral surface)
 Functions:
o Localises,analyses &
discriminates different
modalities of cutaneous
senses
(touch,pressure,position &
vibration senses)
o Sensory homunculus
(sensation are
somatotopically arranged)
o Lower part of post central
gyrus – taste centre (area43)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Paracentral lobule –
receives sense of
distension of bladder &
rectum
Primary somesthetic area – functions cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Secondary somesthetic area
(supplementary)
Upper lip of posterior
ramus of lateral sulcus
(lower part of pre & post
central gyrus)
Functions:
Receives pain sensation
Other modalities of
cutaneous sensation
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Somesthetic association area (area 5,7)
Behind the post
central gyrus
(superior parietal
lobule – area 5,7)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Higher association area for somesthetic senses
(area 40)
Supramarginal gyrus
(area 40)
Richly connected with
area 5 & 7
Lesion: (area 40)
Tactile agnosia
(Astereognosis)
Tactile aphasia
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Visual senses
1. Primary visual area
(area17)
2. Visual association area
(area 18 & 19)
3. Higher visual association
area (area 39)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Visual association area (area 18 &19)
Parastriate area (area
18)/ visual area-II and
Peristriate
area(area19)/visual area-
III
Function:
Area 18 & 19- occipital
eye field
(mediate conjugate
movements involuntarily)
18
19
19 18
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Auditory senses
1. Primary auditory area
(area 41)
2. Auditory association area
(area42)
3. Higher auditory
association area (area22)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Psychical cortex
Anterior part of temporal
lobe(temporal pole)
Function :
Memory (present & past)
Dreams
Hallucination (auditory &
visual)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
 Performed by left
cerebral hemisphere
(regardless of hand
preference)
 Hence left hemisphere-
dominant or talking brain
 Right hemisphere – non
dominant or mute brain
Speech function cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Dominant hemisphere has 4
speech centres (3 sensory &
1 motor centre)
Sensory speech area:
1. Area 22
(higher auditory association
area/ Wernicke’s area)
2. Area 39
(higher visual association
area)
3. Area 40
(higher association area for
somesthetic senses)
Speech function cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Motor speech centre:
4. Area 44 & 45 (Broca’s
area)
Speech centres (motor &
sensory) may be
transferred to right
hemisphere in child up to
6-8 years (in case of
cerebral injury)
Speech function cont…
45
44
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Area 22,39,40 – receives
input from hearing,vision
,touch &proprioception
Information processed in
area 22 (post.part)
Projected to Broca’s area
thro’ arcuate fasciculus
Sensory speech centre cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Lesions of speech centre
 Lesion involving speech
centre (dominant
hemisphere) – aphasia
2 types:
1. Sensory aphasia
2. Motor aphasia
Conduct aphasia – lesion
of arcuate fasciculus
(fluent/comprehension
intact /repetition of
spoken language is
extremely difficult)
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Main cerebral sulci:
1. Lateral sulcus (Sylvius)
• Stem & 3 rami
(posterior, ascending
& anterior)
2. Central sulcus
(Rolando)
3. Parieto-occipital sulcus
4. Calcarine sulcus
Summary
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Summary
Functional areas :-
1. Motor areas
2. Sensory areas
3. Psychical areas
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Motor areas :-
1. Primary motor area
2. Pre-motor area
3. Supplementary motor
area
4. Pre-frontal area
Summary cont…
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Summary cont…
Sensory areas:-
1. Primary sensory area
2. Secondary sensory
area (only for
somesthetic senses)
3. Sensory association
area
4. Higher association
area
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Summary cont…
Primary sensory areas:-
1. Somesthetic area
2. Visual area
3. Auditory area
©Dr.N.Mugunthan
Sulci,Gyri & Functional areas of cerebrum Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S

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Sulci,Gyri & Functional areas of cerebrum Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S

  • 2. Learning objectives 1. Sulci 2. Gyri 3. Functional areas a) Motor areas b) Sensory areas c) Psychical areas 4. Effects of lesions of functional areas ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 3. Cerebrum Presenting parts: Each cerebral hemisphere has • 3 poles • 3 surfaces • 3 borders • 6 lobes ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 4. 3 poles: 1. Frontal pole 2. Occipital pole 3. Temporal pole (primitive post.pole) Cerebrum cont… FP OPTP ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 5. 3 surfaces: 1. Superolateral surface 2. Medial surface 3. Inferior surface a) Orbital surface b) Tentorial surface Cerebrum cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 6. 3 borders: 1. Superomedial border 2. Inferolateral border (ant.1/3 - superciliary border) 3. Inferomedial border (ant.1/3-medial orbital border, middle 1/3 - hippocampal border, post 1/3 – medial occipital border) Cerebrum cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 7. 6 lobes: 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe 5. Insular lobe (Island of Reil)[sperolateral surface] 6. Limbic lobe [medial surface] Cerebrum cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 8. Sulci & Gyri Main cerebral sulci: 1. Lateral sulcus (Sylvius) • Stem & 3 rami (posterior, ascending & anterior) 2. Central sulcus (Rolando) 3. Parieto-occipital sulcus 4. Calcarine sulcus ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 9. Frontal lobe: • Precentral sulcus • Precentral gyrus • Superior frontal sulci & • Inferior frontal sulci • Superior frontal gyrus • Middle frontal gyrus • Inferior frontal gyrus Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 10. • Anterior & ascending rami of lateral sulcus divides the inf.frontal gyri into 3 areas a) Pars orbitalis b) Pars triangularis c) Pars opercularis Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 11. Parietal lobe: • Postcentral sulcus • Postcentral gyrus • Intraparietal sulcus • Superior parietal lobule • Inferior parietal lobule Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 12. • The upturned ends of post.ramus of lateral sulcus, sup. & inf. temp.sulcus extends into inf.parietal lobule and divides it into 3 parts a) Supramarginal gyrus b) Angular gyrus c) Arcus temporo- occipitalis Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 13. Temporal lobe: • Superior temporal sulci & • Inferior temporal sulci • Superior temporal gyrus • Middle temporal gyrus • Inferior temporal gyrus • Sup. surface of sup.temporal gyrus has • 2 transverse temporal gyrus (ant. & post.) • Ant.transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus – primary auditory area) Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 14. Occipital lobe: • Lateral occipital sulcus • Superior & inferior occipital gyrus • Lunate sulcus • Calcarine sulcus Sulci & Gyri on superolateral surface cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 16. Sulci & Gyri on the medial surface • Callosal sulcus • Cingulate sulcus • Cingulate gyrus • Medial frontal gyrus • Paracentral lobule (higher centre for micturition & defecation) • Ant.& post. parolfactory sulcus • Paraterminal gyrus • Parolfactory gyrus ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 17. • Suprasplenial sulcus • Parieto-occipital sulcus • Calcarine sulcus • Cuneus • Precuneus Isthmus –narrow region between splenium & calcarine sulcus Sulci & Gyri on the medial surface cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 18. Orbital part: • Olfactory sulcus • Gyrus rectus • Orbital sulcus (H-shaped) • Medial orbital gyrus • Lateral orbital gyrus • Anterior orbital gyrus • Posterior orbital gyrus Sulci & Gyri on the inferior surface ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 19. Tentorial part: • Collateral sulcus (medial) • Occipito-temporal sulcus (lateral) • Medial occipito-temporal gyrus • Lateral occipito-temporal gyrus • Rhinal sulcus • Uncus • Parahippocampal gyrus • Lingual gyrus Sulci & Gyri on the inferior surface cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 20. Broadmann mapping 52 areas in cerebral cortex ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 21. Types of cortical functional areas 3 Types of functional areas 1. Motor areas 2. Sensory areas 3. Association areas ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 22. Primary motor area (area 4)  Precentral gyrus (superolateral surface)  Motor homunculus  Control voluntary movements of contralateral side ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 23. Effects of lesion – primary motor area Contralateral Flaccid paralysis –initially ↓DTR +Ve Babinski sign Moderate recovery of function ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 24. Pre-motor area (area 6 & 8) Area 6- skillful acts (programming of movements) Upper part of area 6 – writing centre  Area 8 also known as frontal eye field (regulates voluntary conjugate movements) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 25. Supplementary motor area  Continuation of area 6 on medial surface Function:  control complex movements  Elicits an urge to move Lesion :  Akinesia  UMN type paralysis (conjoint lesion of primary motor,premotor & supp.motor area) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 26. Pre-frontal area (areas 9 to 12)  In front of premotor area  Highly developed in human Functions:  Regulates the depth of feeling  Abstract thinking  Mature judgement  Foresight & tactfulness (Silent area of brain) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 27. Sensory areas 1. Primary sensory area 2. Secondary sensory area (only for somesthetic senses) 3. Sensory association area 4. Higher association area ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 28. Primary sensory area 1. Somesthetic area 2. Visual area 3. Auditory area ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 29. Somesthetic area Primary somesthetic area (area 3,1,2)  Located in post central gyrus (superolateral surface)  Functions: o Localises,analyses & discriminates different modalities of cutaneous senses (touch,pressure,position & vibration senses) o Sensory homunculus (sensation are somatotopically arranged) o Lower part of post central gyrus – taste centre (area43) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 30. Paracentral lobule – receives sense of distension of bladder & rectum Primary somesthetic area – functions cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 31. Secondary somesthetic area (supplementary) Upper lip of posterior ramus of lateral sulcus (lower part of pre & post central gyrus) Functions: Receives pain sensation Other modalities of cutaneous sensation ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 32. Somesthetic association area (area 5,7) Behind the post central gyrus (superior parietal lobule – area 5,7) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 33. Higher association area for somesthetic senses (area 40) Supramarginal gyrus (area 40) Richly connected with area 5 & 7 Lesion: (area 40) Tactile agnosia (Astereognosis) Tactile aphasia ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 34. Visual senses 1. Primary visual area (area17) 2. Visual association area (area 18 & 19) 3. Higher visual association area (area 39) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 35. Visual association area (area 18 &19) Parastriate area (area 18)/ visual area-II and Peristriate area(area19)/visual area- III Function: Area 18 & 19- occipital eye field (mediate conjugate movements involuntarily) 18 19 19 18 ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 36. Auditory senses 1. Primary auditory area (area 41) 2. Auditory association area (area42) 3. Higher auditory association area (area22) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 37. Psychical cortex Anterior part of temporal lobe(temporal pole) Function : Memory (present & past) Dreams Hallucination (auditory & visual) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 38.  Performed by left cerebral hemisphere (regardless of hand preference)  Hence left hemisphere- dominant or talking brain  Right hemisphere – non dominant or mute brain Speech function cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 39. Dominant hemisphere has 4 speech centres (3 sensory & 1 motor centre) Sensory speech area: 1. Area 22 (higher auditory association area/ Wernicke’s area) 2. Area 39 (higher visual association area) 3. Area 40 (higher association area for somesthetic senses) Speech function cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 40. Motor speech centre: 4. Area 44 & 45 (Broca’s area) Speech centres (motor & sensory) may be transferred to right hemisphere in child up to 6-8 years (in case of cerebral injury) Speech function cont… 45 44 ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 41. Area 22,39,40 – receives input from hearing,vision ,touch &proprioception Information processed in area 22 (post.part) Projected to Broca’s area thro’ arcuate fasciculus Sensory speech centre cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 42. Lesions of speech centre  Lesion involving speech centre (dominant hemisphere) – aphasia 2 types: 1. Sensory aphasia 2. Motor aphasia Conduct aphasia – lesion of arcuate fasciculus (fluent/comprehension intact /repetition of spoken language is extremely difficult) ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 43. Main cerebral sulci: 1. Lateral sulcus (Sylvius) • Stem & 3 rami (posterior, ascending & anterior) 2. Central sulcus (Rolando) 3. Parieto-occipital sulcus 4. Calcarine sulcus Summary ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 44. Summary Functional areas :- 1. Motor areas 2. Sensory areas 3. Psychical areas ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 45. Motor areas :- 1. Primary motor area 2. Pre-motor area 3. Supplementary motor area 4. Pre-frontal area Summary cont… ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 46. Summary cont… Sensory areas:- 1. Primary sensory area 2. Secondary sensory area (only for somesthetic senses) 3. Sensory association area 4. Higher association area ©Dr.N.Mugunthan
  • 47. Summary cont… Primary sensory areas:- 1. Somesthetic area 2. Visual area 3. Auditory area ©Dr.N.Mugunthan