The document discusses the anatomy of the face, including the muscles of facial expression and their functions. It describes the six groups of facial muscles and their actions, as well as the common facial expressions produced by certain muscle combinations. It also summarizes the cutaneous and motor innervation of the face, focusing on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and facial nerve (CN VII) as the main sources of sensory and motor innervation, respectively. Clinical implications of injuries to these nerves are mentioned.

1. FACE

2. FACE
Introduction
• The face is the anterior aspect of the head from the forehead to the
chin and from one ear to the other
Muscles of facial expression
• They are subcutaneous
They are grouped under the following six heads
1. Muscles of the scalp
 Occipitofrontalis: is a flat diagastric muscle with two
bellies(frontal and occipital bellies) which share a common
tendon called the epicranial aponeuroses
2. Muscles of the Auricle
 Aurcularis anterior
 Aurcularis superior
 Aurcularis posterior

5. 3. Muscles of the eyelids
 Orbicularis oculi
 Corrugator supercilli
 Levator palpebrae superioris
4. Muscles of the nose
 Procerus
 Tranverse part of nasalis muscle/ compressor naris
 Alar part of nasalis muscle/ dilator naris
 Depressor septi
5. Muscles surrounding the mouth
 orbicularis oris
 Zygomaticus major
 Zygomaticus minor
 Levator labii superioris alaeque

6.  Levator labii superioris
 Levator anguli oris
 Depressor anguli oris
 Depressor labii inferioris
 Mentalis
 Risorius
 Buccinator
6. Muscles of the neck
 platysma

12. Functional groups of facial muscles
OPENING
SPHINCTER
DILATORS
A} Palpebral fissure
Orbicularis oculi
1. Levator palpebral
superioris
2. frontalis part of
occipitofrontalis
B} Oral fissure
Orbicularis oris
All the muscles around the
mouth, except the
orbicularis oris and the
mentalis muscles
C} Nostrils
Compressor naris/ tranverse 1. Dilator naris/ alar part
part of nasalis muscle
of nasalis muscle
2. Depressor septi
3. Levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi

13. Common facial expression and the muscles producing them
• Surprise : frontalis
• Smiling and laughing : zygomaticus major
• Sadness : levator labii suprioris, levator anguli oris, depressor
labii superioris, depressor anguli oris
• Frowning: corrugator supercili and procerus
• Anger: dilator naris (alar part of nasilis), depressor septi
• Doubt: mentalis
• Grinning: risorius
• Closing of the mouth: orbicularis oris
• Whistling: buccinator, and orbicularis oris
• Tension and stress: platysma

15. Muscle
Orbital group
Function
Orbicularis
oculi
Closes the
eyelids gently
-Palpebral part
-Orbital part
Closes the
eyelids
forcefully
Corrugator
supercilii
Draws the
eyebrows
medially and
downward

16. Nasal group
NasalisTransverse part
Compresses
nasal aperture
-Alar part
Draws cartilage
downward and
laterally
opening nostril
Procerus
Draws down
medial angle of
eyebrows
producing
transverse
wrinkles over
bridge of nose
Depressor septi
Pulls nose
inferiorly

17. Oral group
Depressor anguli
oris
Depressor labii
inferioris
Mentalis
Risorius
Zygomaticus
major
Draws corner of
mouth down and
laterally
Draws lower lip
downward and
laterally
Raises and
protrudes lower
lip as it wrinkles
skin on chin
Retracts corner
of mouth, grining
Draws the corner
of the mouth
upward and
laterally

18. Zygomaticus
minor
Levator labii
superioris
Levator
labiisuperioris
alaeque nasi
Levator anguli
oris
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Draws the upper
lip upward
Raises upper lip;
helps
formnasolabial
furrow
Raises upper lip
and opens nostril
Raises corner of
mouth; helps form
nasolabial furrow
Closes lips;
protrudes lips,
osculation
(kissing)
Presses the cheek
against teeth;
compresses
distended cheeks,

19. Other muscles or groups
Anterior
auricular
Draws ear
upward and
forward
Superior
auricular
Elevates ear
Posterior
auricular
Draws ear
upward and
backward
Occipitofrontalis
-Frontal belly
Protracts scalp,
Wrinkles
forehead; raises
eyebrows
Draws scalp
backward
-Occipital belly

20. Nerves of the face
These include:
1. Cutaneous(sensory) innervation of the face is provided
primarily by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
2. Motor innervation to the face is from the facial nerve (CN
VII)
Cutaneous nerves of the face
 Trigeminal nerve ( main contribution)
 A small contribution from the cervical nerves
 The trigeminal nerve [V] divides into 3 major divisions namely:
• ophthalmic nerve[V1] exit through the supraorbital fissure
• maxillary nerve [V2] exit through the foramen rotundum
• mandibular nerve[V3] exit through the foramen ovale

22. •



they are named according to their main areas of their termination
Eye…………………..ophthalmic divison
maxilla……………….Maxillary division
mandible……………..mandibular division
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
• superior division of the trigeminal nerve
• smallest of the three divisions of CN V
• Arises from the trigeminal ganglion as a wholly sensory nerve
• The ophthalmic nerve [V1] exits the skull through the superior
orbital fissure and enters the orbit
Branches
 Its branches that innervate the face include:
• supratrochlear nerve which leaves the orbit superiorly and supplies
the upper eyelid and forehead
• supraorbital nerve which leaves the orbit superiorly and supplies
the upper eyelid, forehead and scalp

24. • infratrochlear nerve: exits the orbit in the medial angle to innervate
the medial parts of both eyelids
• lacrimal nerve: exits the orbit in the lateral angle to innervate the
lacrimal gland and the lateral part of the upper eyelid
• external nasal nerve: supplies the anterior part of the nose
Maxillary nerve (CNV2)
• is the intermediate division of the trigeminal nerve
• arises from the trigeminal ganglion as a wholly sensory nerve
• leaves the cranium through the foramen rotundum in the base of the
greater wing of the sphenoid
• it enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure of the maxilla
Branches:
Branches that innervate the face include:
• a small zygomaticotemporal branch, which exits the
zygomaticotemporal foramen on the zygomatic bone and supplies the
anterior part of the temporal fossa

25. • a small zygomaticofacial branch, which exits the zygomaticfacial
foramen on the zygomatic bone and supplies the skin on the upper
part of the cheek
• the large infra-orbital nerve, which exits the maxilla through the
infra-orbital foramen and immediately divides into multiple
branches to supply the lower eyelid, side of the nose, and upper lip
Mandibular nerve
• the inferior and largest division of the trigeminal nerve
• formed by the union of sensory fibers from the sensory ganglion
and the motor root of CN V in the foramen ovale in the greater
wing of the sphenoid
• CN V3 has 3 sensory branches that supply the face
• It also supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication
 Note: CN V3 is the only division of CN V that carries motor fibers

28. Branches:
3 major cutaneous branches that supply the face are;
 Auricotemporal nerve: supplies the external acoustic meatus,
temporal region
 Buccal nerve: skin of the lower part of the cheek
 mental nerve: skin over chin
Cervical plexus
branches that supply that face:
• Anterior division of great auricular nerve : supply skin over the
mandible and over the parotid gland

29. Clinical anatomy
Lesions of the Trigeminal Nerve
Can affect;
• Corresponding anterior half of the scalp
• Face, except for an area around the angle of the
mandible, the cornea, and conjunctiva
• Mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and anterior part
of the tongue
• Paralysis of the muscles of mastication also occurs

30. 
•
•
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Motor innervation to the Face
The motor nerves of the face are;
the facial nerve to the muscles of facial expression
the motor root of the mandibular division of the trigerminal nerve
(CNV3) to the muscles of mastication which are;
masseter
temporal
Medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
Facial nerve (CN VII)
• The motor root of CN VII supplies the muscles of facial expression,
• The main trunk of CN VII which runs anteriorly is engulfed by the
parotid gland, in which it forms the parotid plexus

31. It gives rise to the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve:
1. temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. buccal
4. marginal mandibular
5. cervical
The names of the branches refer to the regions they supply
 Temporal branch of CNVII :
• emerges from the superior border of the parotid gland and crosses
the zygomatic arch to supply the;
• auricularis superior
• auricularis anterior
• frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis
• and,most important, the superior part of the orbicularis oculi

34. 
•

•

•
•

•
Zygomatic branch of CNVII: emerge from the
anterosuperior border of the parotid gland to supply the;
inferior part of the orbicularis oculi (supra orbital area), lateral
part of the nose and upper lip
Buccal branch of CN VII: emerge from the anterior border
of the parotid gland to supply the;
muscles of the upper lip (upper parts of orbicularis oris and
inferior fibers of levator labii superioris)
marginal mandibular branch of CN VII: emerge from the
anterior inferior border of the parotid gland to supply the;
risorius
muscles of the lower lip and chin
Cervical branch of CN VII: emerge from the inferior border
of the parotid gland to supply the;
platysma

35. •
•
•
•
CLINICAL ANATOMY
Injury to branches of the facial nerve causes paralysis of
the facial muscles (Bell palsy)
A lesion of the zygomatic branch of CN VII causes
paralysis, including loss of tonus of the orbicularis oculi in
the inferior eyelid
Paralysis of the buccal branch of CN VII causes paralysis
of the buccinator and superior portion of the orbicularis
oris and upper lip muscles
Paralysis of the marginal mandibular branch of CN VII
causes paralysis of the inferior portion of the orbicularis
oris and lower lip muscles
 Note: Because the branches of the facial nerve are superficial, they
are subject to injury by stab and gunshot wounds, cuts, and injury
at birth