This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS) including key components such as hardware, software, data, people and methods. It describes how GIS stores geographic data in thematic layers that can be linked by location. Common data models include vector and raster, with vector storing points, lines and polygons as coordinates and raster using a grid of cells. GIS allows for querying and analyzing geographic data through functions like proximity analysis and overlay analysis to understand relationships between mapped features.

1. A REPORT
ON
SOFTWARE TESTING & SOFTWARE QUALITY
OF
GIS APPLICATION SOFTWARE
THEJU PAUL (B01HH571)
ICFAI BUSINESS SCHOOL
HYDERABAD
(2001-2003)

2. i
A REPORT
ON
SOFTWARE TESTING & SOFTWARE QUALITY
OF
GIS APPLICATION SOFTWARE
THEJU PAUL (B01HH571)
GEO RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Recognised by Dept. of Space, Govt. of India
G-5, EMERALD, Amrutha Hills, 6-3-713, Panjagutta-500 082.
Phone : +91-40-23410645, Email : info@georist.com
{ www.SQLStarIntl.com }

3. ii
A REPORT
ON
SOFTWARE TESTING & SOFTWARE QUALITY
OF
GIS APPLICATION SOFTWARE
By
Theju Paul (B01HH571)
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of
Masters in Business Administration (Information Technology & Systems)
of
ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad

4. iii
DECLARATION
I Theju Paul, hereby declare that this Project Report entitled “SOFTWARE
TESTING & SOFTWARE QUALITY OF GIS APPLICATION SOFTWARE”
submitted by me is partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Masters in
Business Administration (Information Technology & Systems) is of my own
and is not submitted to any institute or published any time before.
Place : Hyderabad
Date : July 12, 2003
(Theju Paul)

5. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my deep sense of gratitude to the management of Geo Resources Information Systems
And Technologies for providing me an opportunity to take up the project titled “SOFTWARE
TESTING & SOFTWARE QUALITY OF GIS APPLICATION SOFTWARE”, as a partial fulfillment
for the award of degree of Masters in Business Administration (Information Technology &
Systems).
I also thank our Faculty Guide Narayanan, project coordinator and other lecturers for their support
and guidance.
I am also thankful to the Associate Dean, for encouraging me throughout the MRP program.
I am grateful to Dr. R. Trinadha Raju, M.Sc., M.ILD(Belgium), M.E., Dr.Engg(Japan). Director for
his support and necessary facilities through out my project work.
Special thanks to my project guide Mr. Saleem Basha, for their kind and whole hearted cooperation
and guidance at every point of my need.
I also thank Mr. M. Madhusudhana Reddy and other employees of GeoRIST for extending their
helping hand at every stage of this project.
Finally, I thank all those who directly and indirectly helped me during the course of the MRP
program, without whose help this report would not have taken shape.
Place : Hyderabad
Date : July 12, 2003
(Theju Paul)

6. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT 2
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8
GIS SUBSYSTEM 9
COMPONENTS OF GIS 9
FUNCTIONALITY OF GIS 10
GEOGRAPHIC REFERENCES 11
GEO-SPATIAL DATA PROCESSING 14
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS 18
LOCATION OF THE PROJECT 29
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 34
SYSTEM ANALYSIS 35
OVERVIEW OF CURRENT SYSTEM 35
PROPOSED SYSTEM 36
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 36
GOAL OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 36
NEED OF COMPUTERIZATION 37
DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS 38
ZERO LEVEL 38
FIRST LEVEL 39
DATA DESIGN 40
SYSTEM DESIGN 44
DATA ONLY MODULE 44
IMAGE WITH DATA MODULE 47
REPORTS MODULE 54
SYSTEM TESTING 56
WINDOWS COMPLIANCE TESTING 62
SCREEN VALIDATION CHECKLIST 67
QUALITY ASSESSMENT 76

7. vi
ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET 77
PROJECT MANAGER INTERVIEWS 79
KEY PROCESS AREA CHECKLIST 87
RECOMMONDATION FOR QUALITY PROCESS 91
PROJECT MANAGEMENT POLICY 92
REQUIREMENT MANAGEMENT PROCESS 95
ESTIMATION PROCESS 96
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 101
APPENDIX 102

9. ABSTRACT
Project “Geo-Addressing Location System”, is developed for GeoRIST (Geo-
Resource Information System and Technologies). This project enables the user
to pronounce wide range of queries and to provide optimal rather customized
solutions.
The significance of this project is that it will equip the user with all the facilities in
tracking a particular or a collection of urban units in the map associated with
road network. The objective of the system is to locate a particular house even if
he/she is new to the city. Significantly, project will take care of the provision in
terms of information regarding different facilities in each colony. However it is a
user-friendly GIS, but unique feature of this system is that it can load any map
(shape file) and navigate between the features of the map. The Main page
contains necessary links to different switchboard forms that will guide the user to
different screens. Facility for report generation with simple but different queries
is unique to this system.
This project has been developed using Arc View GIS 3.2a, Visual Basic 6.0, Map
Objects 2.0, Microsoft-Access, Arc/Info 7.2.1, AutoCAD R-14. The connectivity
between the database and the application was established using ActiveX Data
Objects.
Lastly, application of Total Quality Management assessment for improving the
developing and maintaining software process. Quality improvement is not a very
easy task as per its relative simplicity. It is a difficult task – because, ultimately,
improvement means changing the behavior of Organization. Guidelines for
defining, deploying and improving processes will help Geo-RIST to approach
quality improvement more effectively

10. GEO RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Recognised by Dept. of Space, Govt. of India
G-5, EMERALD, Amrutha Hills, 6-3-713, Panjagutta-500 082.
Phone : +91-40-23410645, Email : info@georist.com
Director : Dr. R. Trinadha Raju
Project Guide : Mr Salem Basha
ABOUT GeoRIST
Geo Resources Information Systems and Technologies is Geographic Information
Systems application provider, offering its clients extremely reliable services. We
are a team of highly motivated, well-trained professionals, equipped with the
very latest in systems and technology.
Our Strengths
• Quality Focus
• Technical Skills
• Domain Expertise
• Understand Customer Requirements
• Well Defined Systems & Processes
• Experience in Managing Projects of any magnitude & complexity
• Global Market Presence and Understanding
Domain focus
• Geographic Information System (GIS)

11. INTRODUCTION
PROJECT TITLE
Software Testing & Software Quality of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Application.
OBJECTIVE
To Test various GIS application projects and develop good software engineering
practices that can further cater to Quality Improvement.
SCOPE
After studying requirements and testing the various GIS software application,
1. Develop a model for organizational improvement
2. Develop a guideline for evolving towards a culture of engineering excellence
3. To make a basis for measurement for reliable and consistent software
process assessment, software capability evaluations
To enable quality improvement is a management responsibility.
APPROACH
A. SOFTWARE TESTING
Needs Assessment - To examine existing systems to compare them against
the proposed solution and identify technology and service gaps before making
final recommendations. The primary needs include functionality, data conversion,
scheduling, application integration, testing, installation, training, and
documentation.

12. Cost vs. Benefit Analysis - To quantify the costs for the project, both for
implementation (data conversion, hardware, software, testing, installation,
training, implementation, and documentation) and for long-term operation,
maintenance, and upgrades. These costs are weighed against the benefits to
determine the optimum solution.
Transition Plan - To develop a plan to cover issues associated with the
transition from the client's traditional methods and systems to the new data
management solution. This transition plan also specifies how the solution will be
integrated into the client's IT infrastructure.
Conformance Testing - It determines that a product implementation of a
particular Implementation Specification fulfils all mandatory elements as specified
and that these elements are operable. Conformance testing may be more
stringent.
Interoperability Testing – It determines that a product implementation of an
Implementation Specification interoperates with other product implementations
of the same Implementation Specification, different but related Implementation
Specification, or within a particular computing environment.
GUI Testing Checklist
1. Windows Compliance Testing
• Command Buttons
• Drop Down List Boxes
• Combo Boxes
• List Boxes
• Application
• For Each Window in the Application
• Text Boxes
• Option (Radio Buttons)
• Check Boxes

13. 2. Tester’s Screen Validation Checklist
• General Conditions
• Specific Field Tests
• Date Field Checks
• Numeric Fields
• Alpha Field Checks
• Validation Conditions
• Navigation Conditions
• Usability Conditions
• Data Integrity Conditions
• Modes (Editable Read-only) Conditions
3. Other
• On every Screen
• Shortcut keys / Hot Keys
• Control Shortcut Keys
B. SOFTWARE QUALITY
To identify the current state of Capability Maturity Level.
To identify the desired state of Capability Maturity Level
And to reduce the gap between the current and the desired level by
• Plan
• Implement
• Institutionalize the key practices
• And further repeat until continuous optimization

14. Tasks related to Management, Organization & Software Engineering Team
during the five levels of Software Process Maturity
LEVEL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION ENGINEERING
5. Optimization Technology Change
Management
Process Change
Management
Defect Prevention
4. Managed Qualitative Software
Management
Software Quality
Management
3. Defined Integrated Software
Management
Intergroup Coordination
Organization Process Focus
Organization Process
Definition
Training Programs
Software Product Engg.
Peer Reviews
2. Repeatable Requirements Management
Software Project Planning
Software Project Tracking &
Oversight
Software Subcontract
Management
Software Quality Assurance
Software Configuration
Management
1.Initial Ad Hoc Processes

15. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
According to the International GIS Dictionary, GIS is a "computer system for
capturing, managing, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data
which is spatially referenced to the Earth." (R McDonnell & K Kemp. 1995.
International GIS Dictionary. Cambridge: Geo Information International). GIS
draws on several related disciplines.
What distinguishes GIS from other forms of information systems, such as
databases and spreadsheets, is that GIS deals with spatial information. GIS has
the capability to relate layers of data for the same points in space, combining,
analyzing and, finally, mapping out the results. Spatial information uses location
within a coordinate system as its reference base. The most common
representation of spatial information is a map on which the location of any point
could be gives using latitude and longitude, or local grid references such as the
National Grid.
Some applications of GIS are obvious, for example water supply companies use
GIS as a spatial database of pipes and manholes; local governments can use GIS
to manage and update property boundaries, emergency operations and
environmental resources. GIS may also be used to map out the provision of
services, such as health care and primary education, taking into account
population distribution and access to facilities. Increasingly, GIS is being used to
assist business in identifying their potential markets and maintaining a spatial
database of their customers.
In broad terms, A Geographical Information System could be defined as a
computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that
happen on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such
as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic

16. analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other
information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private
enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies.
GIS Subsystems
A GIS has four main functional subsystems, there are:
• A data input subsystem
• A data storage and retrieval subsystem
• A data manipulation and analysis subsystem and
• A data output and display subsystem.
Components of GIS
A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware, software, data, people
and Methods
Hardware: Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS
software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer
servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations.
Software: Software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze,
and display geographic information. Key software components are
• Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information
• A database management system (DBMS)
• Tools that support geographic query, analysis and visualization
• A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
Data: Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic
data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from a

17. commercial data provider. A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data
resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most organizations to organize and
maintain their data, to manage spatial data.
People: GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the
system and develop plans for applying it to real-world problems. GIS users range
from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use
it to help them perform their every day work.
Methods: A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and
business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each
organization.
How GIS Works
GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that
can be linked together by geography. This simple but extremely powerful and
versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving many real-world problems
ranging from tracking delivery vehicles, recording details of planning
applications and modeling
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Geographical References
Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic reference, such
as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate, or an implicit reference
such as an address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or
even road name. An automated process called geo-coding is used to create
explicit geographic references (multiple locations) from implicit references
(descriptions such as addresses). These geographic references allow you to

18. locate features, such as a business or forest stand, and events, such as an
earthquake, on the earth's surface for analysis.
Vector and Raster Models
Geographical Information Systems work with two fundamentally different types
of geographic models the "vector" model and the "raster" model. In the vector
model, information about points, lines, and polygons is encoded and stored as a
collection of x, y coordinates. A single x, y coordinate, can describe the location
of a point feature, such as a borehole. Linear features, such as roads and
rivers, can be stored as a closed loop of coordinates.
The vector model is extremely useful for describing discrete features, but less
useful for describing continuously varying features such as soil type or
accessibility costs for hospitals. The raster model has evolved to model such
continuous features. A raster image comprises a collection of grid cells rather
like a scanned map or picture. Both the vector and raster models for storing
geographic data have unique advantages and disadvantages. Modem GIS are
able to handle both models.
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Task Management: For small GIS projects it may be sufficient to store
geographic information as simple files. However, when data volumes become
large and the number of data users becomes more than a few, it is often best
to use a database management system (DBMS) to help store, organize, and
manage data. A DBMS is nothing more than computer software for managing a
database.

19. There are many different designs of DBMS, but in GIS the relational design has
been the most useful. In the relational design, data are stored conceptually as a
collection of tables. Common fields in different tables are used to link them
together.
This surprisingly simple design has been so widely used primarily because of its
flexibility and very wide deployment in applications both within and without
GIS.
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Query and Analysis
Once you have a functioning GIS containing your geographic information, you
can be to ask simple questions such as
Who owns the land parcel on the corner?
How far is it between two places?
Where is land zoned for industrial use?
And analytical questions such as
Where are all the sites suitable for building new houses?
What is the dominant soil type of Oak Forest?
If I build a new highway here, how will traffic be affected?
GIS provides both simple point-and-click query capabilities and sophisticated
analysis tools to provide timely information to managers and analysts alike. GIS
technology really comes into its own when used to analyze geographic data to
look for patterns and trends and to undertake "what if" scenarios. Modern GIS
have many powerful analytical tools, but two are especially important.
a) Proximity Analysis:
How many houses lie within 100 m of this water main?
What is the total number of customers within 10 km of this store?

20. What proportion of the alfalfa crop is within 500 m of the well?
To answer such questions, GIS technology uses a process called buffering
to determine the proximity relationship between features.
b) Overlay Analysis:
The integration of different data layers involves a process called overlay. At its
simplest, this could be a visual operation, but analytical operations require one
or more data layers to be joined physically. This overlay, or spatial join, can
integrated data on soils, slope, and vegetation, or land ownership with tax
assessment.
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Visualization: For many types of geographical operation the end result is best
visualized as a map or graph. Maps are very efficient at storing and
communicating geographic information. While cartographers have created maps
for millennia, GIS provides new and exciting tools to extend the art and science
of cartography. Map displays can be integrated with reports, three-dimensional
views, photographic images, and other output such as multimedia.
Geo-spatial data processing
There are several techniques for processing and analyzing Geo-spatial data in
GIS, some of these are explained below.
Data capture: A GIS cannot analyze the information in a map, if the data are
not already in digital from which the computer can recognize. Maps can be
digitized (hand-traced with at computer mouse) to collect the coordinates of the
maps features. Electronic scanning devices can also be used to convert map
lines and points to digital information.

21. Information retrieval: With a GIS we can point at a location, object, or area
on the screen and retrieve recorded information about it from the Database
Management System (DBMS) which holds the information about the map's
features.
Spatial measurements: GIS makes spatial measurements easy to perform.
Spatial measurements can be the distance between two points, the area of a
polygon or the length of a line or boundary. Calculations can be of a simple
nature, such as measuring areas on one map, or more complexes, such as
measuring overlapping areas on two or more maps.
Overlays (data integration): Overlaying is an important procedure in GIS
analysis Overlying involves superimposing two or more map layers to produce a
new map layer. Consider the following example: a new genetically engineered
variety of wheat grows well in dry environments, with long growing seasons
and alkaline soils. Given the availability of data on the length of the growing
season, moisture regime and soil alkalinity, where is the best place to plant the
wheat? The answer can be found be overlying (superimposing) several maps
showing (separately) water-budget, growing season length, soil pH, sodium
content, and so on. The GIS analysis can establish the locations where all the
favorable soil conditions coincide, as the places where the wheat will grow best.
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Spatial interpolation: A GIS can be used to estimate the characteristics of
terrain or ecological conditions from a limited number of field measurements.
For example, a rainfall map can be created from the interpolation of rainfall
point measurements taken at a number of different locations on a map.

22. Buffering and corridors: Buffers are used when the distance from a point or
line is important to measure. For example a classic use of GIS in earth sciences
involves estimating the damage caused by an earthquake, in terms of distance
belts away from the epicenter. If the influences of the earthquake are grouped
into four classes then the buffer around the epicenter that might look like a
map of semi-concentric zones of earthquake damage.
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Network analysis: GIS can handle complex network problems, such as road
network analysis. A GIS can work out travel times and the shortest path from A
to B. This facility can be build into more complicated models that might require
estimates of travel time, accessibility or impedance along a route system. An
example is how a road network can be used to calculate the risks of accidents.
There are, of course, other types of network analysis, involving stream
networks. For example, GIS could be used to model the flow of water through a
river system, to plan a flood warning system. Real time data, such as rain
gauges and river height alarms, may transmit by flood monitors. Data could be
received and passed to a GIS system to assess the hazard. If the amount and
intensity of rain exceeds a certain limit, determined by the GIS flood model for
the area, a flood protection plan could be put into operation with computer-
generated maps demarcating the vulnerable areas at any point in time.
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Registration and warping: Before they can be used in GIS, maps and
images should be geometrically rectified. The process begins by registering the

23. raw maps and images to known (control) coordinates. The registration record is
then used to warp (or geo-rectify) the map or image in need of rectification.
The later step is also known as rubber sheeting.
Map projection: Map projection is a fundamental aspect of mapmaking. A
map projection is essentially a geometric model that transforms the locations of
features on the Earth's surface to corresponding locations on a two-dimensional
map. It is impossible to project a spheroid perfectly onto a plane; but some
projections can preserve shape, while others preserve area, distance, or
direction. Different projections are used for different types of maps because
each projection is particularly appropriate for certain uses. For example, a
projection that preserves the shape of the continents may distort their relative
size.
Digital terrain analysis: GIS can build three dimensional models, where the
topography of a geographical location can be represented with an x, y, z data
model known as Digital Terrain (or Elevation) Model (DTM/DEM). The x and y
dimensions of a DTM represent the horizontal plane, and z represent spot
heights of the respective x, y coordinates. As illustrated in Figure 10, a DEM
array (grid cells) or a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) represents data.
The data sets derived from a Digital Terrain Model can be used to analyze
environmental phenomena or engineering projects that are influenced by
elevation, aspect or slope, as in forestry and stream sedimentation studies. The
visualization (display) power of the computer allows the terrain data to be
visualized in three dimensional from, often from any angle of view (this is
known as point-of-view analysis). For example, using a DTM, civil engineers can
assess how well a new structure (say, an open-cast mine) is screened by the
surrounding terrain, and estimate how much additional screening might be
needed to conceal the structure or reduce noise levels.

24. Global Positioning System (GPS) and GIS
GPS is a system of Earth-orbiting satellites, each providing precise time and
position information which enables GPS receiving devices to compute positions
on the Earth. Signals must be received from at least three satellites in order to
establish the receiver's position in latitude and longitude (or a national
coordinate system provided with the equipment). Measurement from a fourth
satellite is required to calculate altitude (height) position.

25. SOFTWARE OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW OF ARCVIEW
ArcView is the world's most popular desktop GIS and mapping software, with
more than 500,000 copies in use worldwide. ArcView provides data visualization,
query, analysis, and integration capabilities along with the ability to create and
edit geographic data. ArcView 8.x maintains the base functionality of ArcView 3.x
and adds a host of improvements driven by user requests. New features include
a catalog for browsing and managing data, on-the-fly coordinate and datum
projection, metadata creation, customization with built-in VBA, new editor tools,
support for static annotation, enhanced cartographic tools, direct access to
Internet data, and much more. ArcView 8.x is an exceptional stand-alone GIS as
well as the entry point to ArcGIS, an integrated and scalable family of GIS
software products. ArcGIS consists of ArcView, ArcEditor, ArcInfo, ArcIMS, and
ArcSDE. ArcGIS extends ArcView by providing multi-user editing, advanced
analysis, Internet services, and high performance spatial database services.
ArcView is a powerful, easy-to-use tool that brings geographic information to the
desktop, ArcView gives the power to visualize, explore, query and analyze data
spatially.
ArcView comes with a useful set of ready-to-use data. Additional geographic data
sets are available from ESRI and from various third parties to suit almost any
requirement you might have. Plus, if an organization uses ARC/INFO data, it will
immediately be able to use ArcView to access all these resources, including
vector coverages, map libraries, grids, images and event data.

26. Working Spatially
ArcView can be used by anyone who wants to work spatially. A key feature of
ArcView is that it's easy to load tabular data, such a dBase files and data from
database servers, into ArcView so that we can display, query, summarize, and
organize this data geographically.
In no time we'll be working with data in a completely new way, seeing patterns
we couldn't see before, understanding geographical relationships that were
previously hidden, gaining new insights...and achieving new results for the
organization.
Views
With ArcView we work with geographic data in interactive maps called views.
Every view features Arc View’s unique geographic 'Table of Contents'. Making it
easy to understand and control what's displayed. GIS has never been simpler.
Tables
Working with tabular data in Arc View’s tables puts us in control. Click on
features on a view, and their records highlight in the table showing us their
attributes. Select records in the table and the features they represent highlight
on the view. Arc View’s tables also have a full range of features for obtaining
summary statistics, sorting and querying.

27. OVERVIEW OF VISUAL BASIC 6.0
This provides you with a complete set of tools to simplify rapid application
development and can create complex application, which can be put on the web
some of important tool Visual Basic supports
Data access features allow you to create databases and front-end applications
for most popular formats, including Microsoft SQL server Oracle and other
enterprise-level databases.
Active X technologies allow you to use the functionality provided by other
applications, such as Microsoft Word Processor, Microsoft / excel spreadsheet,
and other Windows applications. You can even automate applications and object
created using the professional or Enterprise editions of visual basic
Internet capabilities make it easy to provide access do documents
applications across the Internet from within you application.
DATA REPORT:
A report is an effective way to represent data in a printed format. You can
display the information the way you want to see it. You create the report using
graphical objects called Data Report seigneur controls. Data Report designer
controls include: a data-bound text box control, a function control that displays
calculated figures, an image control for inserting graphics, labels that displays
captions, And a line and a shape control that graphically organizes the data. Note
although the data Report designer controls are similar to Visual Basic intrinsic
controls, data report designer controls have a limited subset of features. When
the data report designer is added to a project, The Visual Basic Toolbox on a
new tab named data Report and can be used only in the Microsoft Data Report.

28. OVERVIEW OF MS ACCES
Databases: What they are and how they work
A database is a collection of information related to a particular subject or
purpose, such as tracking customer orders or maintaining a music collection. If
your database isn't stored on a computer, or only parts of it are, you may be
tracking information from a variety of sources that you have to coordinate and
organize yourself. Using Microsoft Access, you can manage all your information
from a single database file. Within the file, divide your data into separate storage
containers called tables; view, add, and update table data using online forms;
fine and retrieve just the data you want using queries; and analyze or print data
in a specific layout using reports.
Microsoft Access 97 includes DAO objects, methods, and properties that replace
those in versions 1.x, 2.0, and 7.0 while the code in Microsoft Access 97 is
compatible with all previous DAO code
DATABASE DESIGNING: -
Almost all information system is developed with the use of database that spans
multiple applications. Because of the importance of database, their design is
established and mentioned by a database administrator. The database are
established and monitored by a database administrator. The databases are
designed on the bases of
1. Data needed for the system.
2. Action that affects the databases (Retrievals).

29. OVERVIEW OF MAP OBJECTS
Map objects application can support on-the - fly projection to a common
coordinate system. Eight new objects are available for coordinate system
manipulation, allowing geographical transformations, and output of data to a
specified coordinate system. New methods are available for the management of
ARC/INFO and shape file projection metadata.
Completely updated geocoding engine, offering fast flexible address matching
including reject processing, match quality management and batch address
matching capabilities.
Each shape object now has the ability to perform Buffer, Difference, and
Intersect, union and Exclusive or operations with other shapes.
Map objects now supports, without conversion, the display of DXF and DWG,
CAD files and VRF data. The image formats ADRG, ASRP, CADRG, CIB, CRP,
GeoTIFF, JFIF, NITF And SVF are now supported. The high compression rate
MrSID format can also be displayed using Map Objects.. In addition, TIFF with
LZW compression and GIF images can be displayed subject to licensing.
Database access and attribute handling have been extended, with extra
spatial and attribute filtering capabilities. Map objects applications now have
improved access to the Spatial Database Engine (SDE) API. Error reporting
capabilities have also been expanded for SDE connections, and the connection to
SDE now offers transaction functionality.
New functions and methods offer linear referencing capabilities and a new Event
Rendered Object aids the display of event information.

30. Enhanced GPS Management: Tracking functionality is now also supported for
Lines, Polygons, Ellipses and Rectangles, with new functionality to improve
tracking activities.
What is Map Objects?
Map objects is a set of mapping software components that let you add maps to
your applications.
You can combine Map Objects with components from other vendors, such as
graphing, multimedia, and database objects. The applications you build can be
tailored for the specific requirements of your end-users.
Map Objects comprises an ActiveX control (OCX) called the Map control and a
set of over forty-five ActiveX Automation objects. It is for use in industry
standard windows programming environments.
Programs built with Map Objects will run on Windows 9x and Windows NT 4 or
higher.
We can implement these and other functions in programs built with Map Objects:
• Display a map with multiple map layers, such as roads, streams and
boundaries.
• Pan and zoom throughout a map.
• Draw graphic features such as points, lines, ellipses, rectangles and polygons.
• Draw descriptive text.
• Identify features on a map by pointing at them.
• Select features along lines and inside boxes, areas, polygons, and circles.
• Select features within a specified distance of other features.

31. • Select features with an SQL expression.
• Calculate basic statistics on selected features.
• Query and update attribute data associated with selected features.
• Render features with thematic methods such as value maps, class breaks, dot
density, charts, and events or by Z values.
• Label features with text from field values.
• Create new shape files.
• Draw images from aerial photography or satellite imagery.
• Dynamically display real-time or time-series data.
• Type in an address and find a location on a map.
• Project our data into different co-ordinate systems.
ESRI shape files use a simple, non-topological format for storing the geometric
location and attribute information of geographic features. Shape files can be
created using the following general methods.
Exporting any data source to a shape file using ARC/INFO, PC ARC/INFO, Spatial
Database Engine TM (SDETM), Arc View, GIS or Business MAPTM software can
create shape files.

32. METHODOLOGY
In achieving the objectives of the project, methodologies applied is as followed:
1. Identify the scope of work and study area, discuss about needs and
expectations of in GIS application in the field of housing location
2. Investigate and acquire secondary data especially maps, aerial
photographs of the selected area and other related spatial data.
Topographic maps at the scale of 1:50,000 were used to locate the area
and to delineate boundary for purchasing aerial photographs. Aerial
photographs at the scale of 1:15,000 were purchased.
3. Investigate the basic computer facilities, and database.
4. Field visits to various areas in Yousfguda to select areas for the pilot
project. It was finally decided to select four colonies in Yousfguda as the
area for the pilot project.
5. Investigate and acquire GIS software and GPS to be used in the pilot
project.
6. Interpret aerial photos. Aerial photos of Yousfguda at the scale of
1:15,000 and 1:4,000 were interpreted. Information extracted from aerial
photo interpretation included land use, household location, road network,
and significant places and water body.
7. Conduct a ground truth survey using GPS for checking, verification and
updating data. This was to check the correctness of aerial photo
interpretation and to update data. Aerial photos were geocoded using GPS
technology and manual differential GPS (DGPS).
8. Conduct survey-using questionnaires in every household.
9. Digitize and edit data [build-up GIS database] using GIS software.
Arc/Info and ArcView were used for data input. Several layers were
created for GIS database such as land use map, road map, and location of
houses.

33. 10. Link Ms Access non-spatial to the spatial database. Some common fields
for linking non-spatial to spatial database were created.
11. Conduct system testing.

34. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT
Hyderabad has been the capital of Andhra Pradesh since 1956, located
17º22`N Latitude and 78º 27` E Longitude. Its average altitude is 1778 feet
above the MSL. It is the 6th
largest metropolises of India. Agglomerated area
727 Sq.Km. Hyderabad has humble beginning dated back Qutab shahi
kings(1591-1687). The Kakatiyas were first to establish their dynasty in the 12th
century. The 17th
century started with the Nizam’s rule. On 13th
September
1949 Hyderabad State merged with union of India.
Average temperature range minimum 11.6 to maximum 42. The daily maximum
temperature varies 21ºC in December and 38ºC in April. During April to October
through the temperature advantage of its altitude the climate is salubrious and
pleasant.
The average daily maximum and minimum humidity are 72% and 47%
respectively while the total rainfall is about 28.42 inches. Most of the rainfall is
from southwestern lies. The prevailing wind direction during December to
February is SE with an average speed of 6.3 miles per hour. Average annual
mean wind speed is 5.6 miles per hour. Geologically the city comprises with pink
and gray granites.
Hyderabad Metropolitan area extend over an area of 156238.9 acres (243.97
Sq. miles or 632.06 Sq. Km) the urban agglomeration according to 1991 senses
cover an area of 1,79,506 acres (280.48 Sq. miles or 726.64 Sq. Km).
Present Trends
The city is rapidly transformed into Multinational in nature as it gain the
prominence as a center for services. It is note worthy for its specialized IT,
defense, pharmaceutical, bio-tech, advanced educational and medical facilities.

35. Regionally, Hyderabad lies on the convergence of national highways, railways &
Airways, which link it with all the major cities of the nation as the state. Two
national highways (NH9 & NH7) connect Hyderabad with Bombay and
Vijayawada, leading to Chennai, Calcutta and Bangalore cities respectively. Both
the national highways pass through the city intersecting with in the central
area. Apart from these above five state highways connect Hyderabad with all
district headquarters of the state.
Methodology
Although it sounds any other spatial Information database but value addition in
terms of cohesive system integration adopted for accessing database into a
user attractive interface. The input data into Arc/info processed on a 7.2.1
version based on NT platform gave rise the Arc coverage and it has been
edited and built for an accuracy appropriated for attempting linkage parameters
and their analysis often associated with pre-plot (Arc Plot) procedures.
As this system has a good range of application and accuracy in tune of ~100%
warranted an input of that nature. AutoCAD 2000 proved to be an excellent
environment to meet this end. Processed product has been re-checked time
and again for its assimilation features. Problems often arise when the image is
concentrated with canopy in and around major built-up area and also often
erratic rather haphazard building construction practices made digitization an
Hercules task. Again, overlapping of shadow from high-rise buildings on a
small building found to be difficult task and warranted field verification. Field
verification in between digital conversion phase become a regular phenomena,
particularly with linear features (roads etc.) as many lanes undergone
encroachments and they in turn pose problem for delineation of the extent.
However the resolution is high but distinction of tonal variance in identifying
features such as degree of cementation of the road and small lanes incurred

36. time and effort. Color variation has not represented properly in the image as
often it is the case that newly colored building shown with pale tone and this
may attributed to the change in solar angle.
Using an identical outlay separate layers for point features, line features and
polygon features and their combinations that varies with type and degree. Each
layer has been identified by specific name and color. The following are the
layers created for input.
• Roads
• Dividers
• Houses
• Boundary-Colony
• Government assets
• Layout boundary
Cross correlation of the digitized features with ground truth made the final layer
a ready to export for further processing in GIS environment. Arc/INFO is
employed here to feature editing and creation of an Item for naming the codes
of colonies as a single entity for query purpose. Prior to creation of code it was
necessary to give unique ID for each polygon. Data attribution can be done in
this phase but our study preferred MS-Access as a back-end database operation
for the customized visual environment. Coding with Item number that has
been recalled into name (Colony Names) i.e.
Road Dividers 50(code)
Roads 75
AP Transco Office 100
AG Colony 200
Visakhapuri Colony 300

37. Sidhardhanagar 400
Kalyannagar 500
Lakshminagar 600
Vengalraonagar 700
Erragadda 800
E.S.I 900
Park 1500
Projection of the map has involved a process of conversion as the (original
IKONOS image registered in UTM projection and WGS 84 Coordinate) Indian
projection practice is Polyconic Everest.
The digital layout got it transpired through a ArcView Project file and printed on
A0 size as a field verification cum incorporation sheet. It helped in narrowing
errors in collection and their rectification. In total it act as a proof reading
process as well as registering individual units with their comprehensive details
(collateral data).
e.g.
Serial Number SLNO
Division Number DIVNO
Poling Station Number PSNO
House Number HOUSENO
Extra Separation House Number XTRASPHNO
House Owner’s Name FMNAME
Relation’s Name with House Owner RLFMNAME
Voter ID Card Number IDCARDNO
Gender SEX
Age AGE
House ID. (by Study group) HOUSEID

38. Back in the laboratory, data has been processed and formulated into a set of
sheets that may feed into system using MS Access where an efficient rapport
could be established with that of Arc/Info but it made accessible as a
component of V.B (ADO ACTIVEX Data Object). The advantage has been that
this database can be modified rather manipulated using SQL statements and
Macros.
Again the entire data has been compiled and reframed into 6 tables. One
Master table known as COLONY and five Child Tables with notation ATTRTAB,
COLINFO, HSINFO, ATTRIBUTE and FACILITIES respectively.

39. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
• HARDWARE:
PROCESSOR : Pentium III @ 800 MHz
HARD DISK CAPACITY : 20 GB
FLOPPY DRIVE : 1.44 MB
RAM CAPACITY : 128 MB
MONITOR : VGA
• SOFTWARE :
FRONT END : Visual Basic 6.0
BACK END : Microsoft - Access
TOOLS : AutoCAD R14, Arc/Info7.2.1, MAP
OBJECTS 2.0,
OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 9x, 2000, ME, NT 4.0

40. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
A. Overview Of Current Of System
The current available systems that are being developed in Arc/Info and
presented in Arc View. As the software involved costs significant amount
and also requires technical personnel for quarry analysis and operations. In
sum, user must have the knowledge about this system for performing tasks.
Item support is a big process for query. Moreover, output generation is not
very friendly to user.
(i) Time delay: Information related to all transactions is stored in different
tables as large number of record sets. Hence it takes huge time for
preparing formats in response to quarries based on the information towards
a particular parcel (house item).
(ii) Redundancy: As the data involves different tables, there is a
complication and duplication in updating / creating of database and it
causes redundancy.
(iii) Accuracy: since data is compiled at different sections, data validation
becomes more difficult and this may affect accuracy.
(iv) Reports: As various reports tabulated manually, data required for
attribution takes considerable time and also data attribution during process
is a constraint.

41. B. Proposed System
Proposed system is an effective and easy to use tool. As an interface, it
allows storing large amount of data and manipulation. This is developed
mainly to cater the needs of non-technical user and to provide visual
environment. It is very easy to evaluate and to get understand. If we need
to perform, need not bother about common mistakes during data entry.
User got liberated from set of rules and field limitations associate with
common data validation.
C. Advantages Of The New Proposed System
• Quick access to information even in run time is possible because of
software and hardware capabilities.
• The system is user friendly as it provides tree view controls, customized
text boxes, and menus.
• Reports generation in specific formats.
D. Goals Of New System
• To save time through faster results.
• The reports needed by the officials for analysis and for decision makers
be made readily available.
• To overcome errors in the existing system.
• To improve management of permanent information i.e. database
management through edit, manipulate and format in effective mode.
• Tangible and intangible cost saving.

42. E. Need for computerization
For an efficient information flow, the system must be
1) QUICK: Information provided should truly represent current situation and in
order to ensure that decisions taken based on this information has logical
conclusion and in no way suffer from time lags.
2) ACCURATE: Information provided regarding input parameters should be
unambiguous and that all computations involved are free from errors.
3) COMPREHENSIVE: It must be able to provide information in enough detail
to ensure that analysis and decision- making is optimal.
4) OPTIMAL COST: An important aspect is that cost of maintaining the system
must be low and expected savings to be projected by implementing the
system.

43. DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS
ZERO LEVEL :
MASTER
DATABASE
USER
GEO-ADDRESSING
LOCATION SYSTEM REPORTS
&
SCREENS
QUERY
USER

44. FIRST LEVEL :
IMAGE
DATABASE
LOGIN 1.0
DATA ONLY
MASTER
DATABASE
A
2.0
IMAGE WITH
DATA
USER
4.0
HELP FILE
3.0
REPORTSA SCREENS

45. DATA DESIGN - LOGICAL STRUCTURES
HSINFO TABLE
(Contain information about the every house which will fall into the coverage area)
Field Name Data Type Field Size Decimal Places Indexed
sno AutoNumber Long Integer - Primary key
psno Number Long Integer Auto No
houseno Text 20 - Yes (Duplicates OK)
xtrasphno Text 1 - No
fmname Text 30 - No
rlnfmnm Text 30 - No
idcardno Text 17 - Yes (Duplicates OK)
partlinkno Number Double Auto No
sex Text 1 - No
age Number Double Auto No
slno Number Double Auto No
houseid Number Long Integer Auto Yes (Duplicates OK)
ATTRIBUTE TABLE
(Contains the data of the image)
Field Name Data Type Field Size Decimal Places Indexed
AREA Number Double Auto No
PERIMETER Number Double Auto No
NANDA_ Number Double Auto No
NANDA_ID Number Double Auto Yes (Duplicates OK)
CODE Number Double Auto Yes (Duplicates OK)
HOUSEID Number Long Integer Auto Primary Key

46. COLONY TABLE
( Contain data helps to connect with shape files)
Field Name Data Type Field Size Decimal Places Indexed
colid Number Long Integer Auto Primary Key
colname Text 50 - No
divname Text 50 - No
LOGIN TABLE
(Contain userid and the permissions)
Field Name Data Type Field Size Decimal Places Indexed
LOGINID Text 50 - Primary key
PASSWORD Text 50 - No
PERMISSIONS Text 50 - No
ATTRTAB TABLE
(Contain latitude & longitude)
Field Name Data Type Field Size Decimal Places Indexed
COLID Number Long Integer Auto Primary Key
SHPID Number Long Integer Auto Yes (Duplicates OK)
XCORD Number Double Auto No
YCORD Number Double Auto No
CENTERHID Number Long Integer Auto Yes (Duplicates OK)
ZOOMTIMES Number Long Integer Auto No

47. FACILITIES TABLE
(Contains information about the house numbers, number and location of hospitals, Supermarkets,
etc.)
Field Name Data Type Field Size Decimal Places Indexed
HOUSENO Text 50 - No
FACILITIES Text 50 - No
NAMEOFORG Text 50 - No
DETAILS Text 50 - No
COLINFO TABLE
(Contain the information about the colony which helps us to know the flexibility of the colony)
Field Name Data Type Field Size Decimal Places Indexed
CPLID Number Long Integer Auto Primary key
MAXRENT Number Long Integer Auto No
MINRENT Number Long Integer Auto No
AVGRENT Number Long Integer Auto No
WATERFACILITY Text 50 - No
NOOFEDUINT Number Long Integer Auto No
NOOFSPRMRKT Number Long Integer Auto No
TRANSTORTATION Text 50 - No
HOSPITALS Number Long Integer Auto No

49. SYSTEM DESIGN
The project titled “GEO-ADDRESSING LOCATION SYSTEM” is the collection of
four modules
A. DATA ONLY
B. IMAGE WITH DATA
C. REPORTS
D. HELP FILE
A. DATA ONLY MODULE
This module consists of four sub-modules
• Data for particular COLONY
• Finding the house by HOUSE NO
• Knowing the House information for particular owner name
• Updating the DATA
Data for particular COLONY:
In this we have to provide the name of the colony or a part of it. This module
will generate the information about all the houses in that colony.
Select fields:
By using this menu we can select or deselect the fields that what we want to
view. By default it will display all the fields. If the data is exceeding the screen
width if we click on the particular record that record will come as the tool tip of
the mouse pointer.

50. Format
By making use of format menu we can change the apperance of the screen. In
this we can change the style of the text in the list box that shows the records of
the colony, the size of the text and we can change the foreground color of the
list box. By using this menu we can make the project more interactively.
Finding the house by HOUSE NO
As per as the name of the module in this we can find a particular house or
collections of houses by provide complete house number or the part of it. As
specified in the previous sub module this is also having the menus called select
fields and format the text. Other than that this module contain a new menu
named Filter.
Filter
Using this menu we can pass a new query in such a way that we can filter the
resultant data obtained due to the previous query. In this we can filter through
two different fields they are colony name and house owner name.
If we filtered through the colony name it will show the data of the house(s) that
will be in that colony and having the house number that is provided in the text
box. On the other hand if we filtered on the basis of house owner in will display
the house(s) that satisfies both the owner name and the house number.
Knowing the House information for particular owner name
In this sub module we can retrieve the information of a house if the user knows
the name of the owner or a part of his name. This module is wildly useful for
those who will new to the city or the location. In this module user can change
the way of presenting the data by selecting the filed or changing the format of
the records list box. To provide the name of the owner of a house we have to
switch between the options like

51. Start with
By selecting this option we can provide the initial or the first name of the user
we can get the information of the house for those the name of the house owner
will start with that. Suppose the user is not sure about the name of the house
owner the name will be ‘Srikanth Karma’ or ‘Srinivas Karma’. Then the user will
select this option and he/she will provide the input as ‘Sri’ and this project will
provide the information of the house where the owner name will begins with
‘Sri’.
Anywhere
This is the much better option if the user knows the part of the house owners’
name. This widely applicable in case of the friends he/she may know the middle
or last name of the owner. In the above example if the user select anywhere
option he/she can give the input as ‘Sri’ or ‘Karma’.
Whole
As per the name given to this option it is obvious that the user can use this
option if he/she is sure about the house owners’ name. In the base example for
this option he/she will provide the input as ‘Srikanth Karma’. For any options in
this module the input of the name are of any case irrespective of the name in the
database the system will convert both the input and the data in the records are
converted into upper case (temporarily) while it is searching for the record.
Updating the DATA
This is the module in which only the administrator can enter into it. For this
admin has to enter his/her login and password by checking those parameters
with the database the system will access to the administrator. In this we can

52. Navigation
We can navigate the data in this module by clicking on the buttons named move
first (|<), move last (>|), move next (>) and move previous (<). This option is
useful if the administrator wants to view all the records in the database. While
navigation administrator can update the data of any record by using the editing
option.
Search
This is the most useful option if the administrator wants to view the information
about a particular house. By starting with this record the administrator can
navigate as usual. As specified in navigate in this also administrator can edit the
records.
Edit
Editing records is the main objective of this sub module. To enter into the edit
mode administrator has to click on the ‘EDIT’ button. Until admin has to enter
into the edit mode he/she cannot change data in any textboxes, which contains
the retrieved data from the database. He/she can enter only in the textbox
related to the house number that is the key for searching the particular house.
By entering into edit mode user can change data in the respective field. He/she
can save or ignore the changes by clicking the respective buttons.
B. IMAGE WITH DATA MODULE
This module is sub categorized into six sub modules
• Viewing the COLONY
• Locate the house by HOUSE NUMBER
• Locate the house by OWNER NAME
• Getting the information of HOUSE by CLICK

53. • Required CATEGORIES
• Load new SHAPE FILES
Viewing the COLONY
This is the module in which user can see his/her required colony from the list of
colonies available in the combo box. Other than colonies user can identify all the
parks, road dividers etc., in the map. The another most useful feature in this
module is for any colony or parks or anything else user can know the available
road network for the map. In this we will be having three images.
Raster Image
This is the image in which user can see the real image that has been taken by
the satellite and mosaic by using ARDAS IMAGINE. User can zoom in and zoom
out this image by clicking on the respective buttons. After that user can pan
through out the image by using vertical and horizontal scroll bars. By the
reference of this user can easily understand the map, which has been developed
on the basis of this raster image.
Thumbnail Image
In this user can see the entire map of the study area. Whenever user selected a
particular colony first it will get selected in this thumbnail image. In this image
system will also highlight the road connection available for the colony and in the
colony. By seeing this image user can get the clear idea about the colony where
it is located. In this user cannot zoom the map since it is the overall view of the
map to know the position not to know the in and out of the colony.
Main Image
As specified above thumbnail will give the location of the colony in the map.
Where as in this it will give the zoomed map of the colony, which shows all the
houses and roads inside the particular colony. By using the data available in the

54. database system can identify the center of the colony. The map will be zoomed
depending on the zooming factor and this main image will show only the colony
in a zoom way.
The another useful option available in this is user can see the data of a particular
colony by clicking show data button. The another window will open and shows
all the details of the houses available in that colony.
Locate the house by HOUSE NUMBER
This is useful if the user know the complete house number or a part of it. By
input the house number in the text box user can switch between three options.
They are Start with, Anywhere, Whole. These switching option will work in
the same way as explained in the find by house number sub module in data only
module. In this we will be having two image windows one for thumbnail
windows and main window.
Whole
This is the unique option available in this system. By selecting this option and
search for a house by providing the house number the main window will make
that particular house as a center point for the map. The system will zoom in the
main window in such a way that the user will able to know the location of the
house and the road network for that house. Any have in the thumbnail window
user can see the location of the house in the entire map.
By selecting Start with and anywhere options
If the user select any of above two options system will show all the houses those
are satisfying the condition in the test box. The user has to zoom in or zoom out
the map manually. Since it is hard to find the center if the condition satisfies
more than one polygon.

55. Click on main window
By clicking on the main window after search for a house(s) the system will open
a small frame at the right side of the window and show the details on the first
house that satisfies the give query. We can see the details on the other houses
those are satisfying the condition my clicking on the navigation buttons.
To view the details of all the houses those are highlighted in the map user have
to click the show data button. The details of all such houses will be appearing
in the new window.
Locate the house by OWNER NAME
This is useful for those users who know the house owner name or a part of the
owner name. In this also user can switch between three options named start
with, anywhere, whole.
In case of whole dislike as above even we select the whole option the user has
to zoom the main window manually. Since the house may not be one for the
house owner of the same name which in not possible in case of giving the input
as the house number.
Show data
Sometimes it is necessary to see all the details of houses for those the name of
the house owner is same in such cases we can view those details by clicking on
the show data button. In the window in which we will see the details in that we
can change the appearance of that window and select the required fields. To
return back to the window user has to click on the show image button.

56. Zoom in and Zoom out
These two are the buttons associated to the main window. By clicking on the
respective buttons we can zoom the windows. And we can see the enlarged
windows by using the scrollbars provided to the main window.
Search
To search for a particular house(s) by using the name of the house owner user
has to select any one of the options and user has to click the search button.
Even though if the user will not select the option the system will default consider
the option selected as the start with option and searching will be perform
depending on that.
Getting the information of HOUSE by CLICK
As per the title given to this module it is clear that user can retrieve the
information of the house by clicking on the map. In this we will be having two
image windows
Raster Image
This is the ‘. Tiff’ format image which will be added as an image layer to the map
object. This is the real image we also call it as a spatial data that has been taken
by the satellite named IKONOS. This has been manipulated by changing the
colors of the image by means of which everyone can understand. In this we can
see the reference point of the map by moving the mouse on the main map the
reference pointer on the raster image will place on this.
Main Image/ Map
This is the another window in which contains the ‘. Shp’ file as the shape layer.
This shape file contains the map developed based on the raster image for my
study area. Shape file is the combination of both image and the data embedded
into a single file.

57. Mouse Move
By moving the mouse on the map wherever the mouse is placed the information
of the house and area occupied by the house will be appear at the bottom of the
screen. If the house under the mouse pointer is the apartment than it will display
the data in the first record connected with that apartment. Even though if it is
not a residential area it will show the area occupied by that particular polygon.
Mouse Click
After the mouse is move to a particular house it show only the fields like house
number, area occupied colony name. If the user requires all the information
about a particular house user has to click on the house. It will open a new
window containing all the information about the house. If it is a apartment we
can navigate between the records by using navigation controls.
Required CATEGORIES
This module is more useful for those who are searching for the new house to
buy or for rent. In the database we will be having details of all the facilities
available in every colony. The user has to select the required facilities from the
combo box and by click the search button he can find the colonies those are
having the required facilities.
User can select the facilities like maximum, minimum and average house rents,
number of educational institutions, hospitals, and supermarkets, and the grade
of transportation and water facility. User can search for a particular facility or a
combination of the facilities.
The list of colonies having the required facilities will be highlighted in the map
and the names on the colonies will display in the list box.

58. Load new SHAPE FILES
This is the most useful module for those who want to present their GIS projects
even though they do not have the Arc/View software that is highly expensive. As
specified above shape file is a combination of image and data. In the shape file
we will call every object as the polygon.
New shape file
By clicking on this button user can click load any shape file by using the open
dialog box. After the user selected the shape file to be loaded the system will
clear the current theme on the map object control. Then the newly selected
shape file will be added as the layer to the control. The record source will also
shift from the old file to the new shape file.
Navigation
User can navigate between the polygons of the shape file by using the
navigation button. As soon as the user navigates the polygons the current
polygon will be highlight automatically and the data for that polygon along with
the field names will display in a specified frame.
Search
User can move to the particular polygon by using the search option. In this user
can select any filed in the shape file and by providing the value for the specific
field user can get the information of the polygon in the specific frame and the
resultant polygon will highlight in the shape file.
Mouse Click
By clicking with the mouse on any part of the shape file we can retrieve the
information for that polygon and the information will display in the frame locates
at the right side of the screen.

59. Save as JPEG
We can save the shape file as the jpeg (. jpg) file by clicking on this button. It is
possible to save the file as jpeg along with the selected features those are
highlighted in the layer.
Zoom
We can zoom in and zoom out any shape file that is currently loaded by clicking
on the respective buttons.
C. REPORTS MODULE
This module is contains three reports
• Report for a particular colony
• Report on number of houses & persons
• Report for particular age groups
Report for a particular colony
In this report user has to provide the name of the colony as the input to it. The
input is not case sensitive. This will generate the report containing all the
information like division name, owner name, relation name, sex, age etc.
At the end of the report it will also print the number of records that are
available in that colony.
Report on number of houses & persons
This is the most useful report for the election survey or for revenue department.
In this user got to input the colony name. This module will generate the report
containing colony name, division name, house number and number of people in

60. that house. This can be calculated by calculating the number of time the same
house number has been repeated.
At the end of the report it will print the total number of houses in the colony and
the total number of people in that colony.
Report for particular age groups
This report will generate all the records in the database for those who are having
the ages in between a particular range. In this user has to enter the range of the
age (eg. <22-30>), where a report will be displayed using entire records and by
compiling a record for the age range that a query has been put forward.

61. SYSTEM TESTING
The objective of the system testing is to establish that all individual programs are
working as expected, and that program link together to meet the requirements
specified to computer system. Moreover to make sure that the associated
processes and procedures sustainable to the system.
In the initial phase of the system testing, the conditions are tested, the data is
generated, schedule of expected results are produced and then the computer-
produced results are compared with that of expected results. Only after the
system analyst got satisfied the working, system will be handed over for testing.
During testing procedure, the system will be used experimentally to ensure that
the software does not fail, i.e., it will run according to the specifications and in a
way that user expects its performance. Special test data created as input for
processing and the results are examined to locate unexpected results. A limited
number of users are also allowed to use system. So that analyst can see whether
trial run goes in expected lines. It is always preferred to find these surprises
before the organization implements the system and depends on it.
Parallel running is often regarded as the final phase of system testing. Since the
parallel operation of two systems is very demanding in terms of user resources it
should be embarked on only if the user is satisfied with the result of testing. It
should not be started if problems are known to exits.
Processes in building information systems
There are a number of activities or processes that are associated with building
information systems. Foremost is the development process, which is what is
actually done to build a system. But there are other things, which go on as well,
such as the management process. It is mainly concerned with organizing the
work, ensuring that adequate resources are made available, and monitoring the

62. process of the work. There are also supporting processes, which provide
developers with computers, manage documents, and facilitate communications
between people working in teams on projects.
Keeping tracking of design documents
Documentation plays a major role in communication processes. Documents
describe the status of tasks and must be distributed quickly to those team
members that are affected by these tasks. Documents include the system
specifications themselves, as well as designs of specific parts, test specifications
and the actual programs. All these documents are related, but they can also
change during the development process. Special care must be taken to prevent
errors arising because team members do not have the latest documents.
Finding problems using internal considerations
Complex systems are broken into smaller parts, which are used in later stages to
guide detailed analysis and design. The project testing is to remove all such
deficiencies. Deficiencies are often found in the course of action or by examining
documents about system performances. During initial analysis, deficiencies such
as following have to be taken care of.
• Missing functions,
• Unsatisfactory performances
• Excessively costly operations
Evaluating the Project Proposal
Three things must be done to establish feasibility
First, it is necessary to check that the project is technically feasible. Does the
organization have the technology to and skills necessary to carry out the project.

63. Second, checking the operational feasibility of the project. This can be done
consulting the system users to see if the proposed solution satisfies user
objectives and can be fitted into current system.
Third, checking of the projects economic feasibility. It must be determined
whether it is worthwhile to proceed with the project at all, or whether the
benefits obtained form the new system are not worth the cost
Cost-benefit analysis
Cost benefit analysis usually includes two steps:
Producing the estimates of costs and benefits, and determining whether the
project is worthwhile once these costs are ascertained.
1. Producing cost and benefits
Cost benefit analysis always have two items : tangible and intangible items.
Some tangible items are
• Equipment costs for the new system : Various items of computing equipment,
as well as items such as accommodation costs and furniture, are included
here.
• Personnel cost : These include personnel needed to develop the new system
and those who will subsequently run the system when it is established.
Analysts, designers and programmers will need to build the system. Also
included are any costs incurred to train system users
• Conversion Costs : the costs of designing new forms and procedures and of
the possible parallel running of the existing and new systems are also
included.
• Training cost : These include the cost of training users of the new system, as
well as developers who may be required to use new technology.

64. Intangible items such as benefits of the projects. Measurements of these benefits
are not direct but are based on estimates of what can happen when a new
system is introduced in the market.
2. Determine whether a project is worthwhile
This is done by two methods – The payback method or the present value
method
The payback method : it defines the time required to recover the money spend
on a project. Benefits are occurred after the recovery of the whole money spend
on the project.
The Present value method - This method works backwards. First, the project
benefits are estimated for each year from today. Then compute the present
value of these savings. If the project cost exceeds the present value, then it is
not worthwhile.
Present value X (1+r/100)n
= Benefits at year n
The Role of requirement analysis
Requirement analysis must ultimately result in specifications which
unambiguously describes what has to be built
Describe how it will
be implemented
SYSTEM
ENGINEERING
Implement
-ation
REQUIREMENT
ENGINEERING
System
specifica
-tions
Conceptual
solution
Describe what
is needed
Business
Process

65. System testing
System testing is recognized as an important part of quality assurance. A test
plan is developed in parallel with system design. The test plan is then used to
develop test cases that are used in system testing. Testing proceeds through a
number of steps. First, individual program modules are tested by their
developers. Once individual modules are tested, the next step is to test whether
they can be integrated. This is know as integration testing.. Then lastly, the
entire system is tested.
System
Design
Module
development and
testing
Integration
testing
System
Testing
Develop test
cases
Develop test
plans
UNIT TESTING
In this testing we will test each module individually and integrated the overall
system. Unit testing focuses verification efforts on smallest units of software
design in the module. This is also known as “MODULE” testing. The modules of
the system tested separately. This system is carried out during the programming
stage itself. In this testing step, each module is found to be working satisfactorily
to the expected output from the module. There will be some validation checks
for fields also. It is easy to debug the system.
INTEGRATED TESTING
The loss of data across the interface is tested in the integrated testing. This
testing mainly finds out the effect of the output given by one module over the
other.

66. OUTPUT TESTING
After performing all the necessary validations, every module is tested for its
output and we call it as output testing. This test validates the user requirements
with that of the output generated by the module. The output format was found
to be correct as the format, which was designed on user requirements.
By performing this test I ensured the correctness of the data flow across
different modules.
USER ACCEPTANCE TESTING
Approval of the project by the user is major factor for the success of any system.
The system under consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly
keeping in touch with prospective system user at the time of development and
making changes whenever required.

67. TEST CASES
1. Windows Compliance
Windows Compliance Testing
For Each Application
• Start Application by Double Clicking on its ICON. The Loading message should
show the application name, version number, and a bigger pictorial
representation of the icon.
• The main window of the application should have the same caption as the
caption of the icon in Program Manager.
• Closing the application should result in an "Are you Sure" message box
• Attempt to start application twice. This should not be allowed - you should be
returned to main Window
• Try to start the application twice as it is loading.
• On each window, if the application is busy, then the hourglass should be
displayed. If there is no hourglass (e.g. alpha access inquiries) then some
inquiry in progress message should be displayed.
• All screens should have a Help button, F1 should work doing the same.
For Each Window in the Application
• If Window has a minimize Button, click it.
• Window should return to an icon on the bottom of the screen. This icon
should correspond to the Original Icon under Program Manager.
• Double Click the Icon to return the Window to its original size.
• The window caption for every application should have the name of the
application and the window name - especially the error messages. These
should be checked for spelling, English and clarity, especially on the top of the
screen. Check does the title of the window make sense.

68. • Check all text on window for Spelling/Tense and Grammar
• Use TAB to move focus around the Window. Use SHIFT+TAB to move focus
backwards.
• Tab order should be left to right, and Up to Down within a group box on the
screen. All controls should get focus - indicated by dotted box, or cursor.
Tabbing to an entry field with text in it should highlight the entire text in the
field.
• The text in the Micro Help line should change - Check for spelling, clarity and
non-updateable etc.
• If a field is disabled (grayed) then it should not get focus. It should not be
possible to select them with either the mouse or by using TAB. Try this for
every grayed control.
• Never updateable fields should be displayed with black text on a grey
background with a black label.
• All text should be left justified, followed by a colon tight to it.
• In a field that may or may not be updateable, the label text and contents
changes from black to gray depending on the current status.
• List boxes are always white backgrounds with black text whether they are
disabled or not. All others are gray.
• In general, do not use goto screens, use gosub, i.e. if a button causes
another screen to be displayed, the screen should not hide the first screen,
with the exception of tab in 2.0
• When returning return to the first screen cleanly i.e. no other
screens/applications should appear.
• In general, double clicking is not essential. In general, everything can be
done using both the mouse and the keyboard.
• All tab buttons should have a distinct letter.

69. Text Boxes
• Move the Mouse Cursor over all enterable Text Boxes. Cursor should change
from arrow to Insert Bar. If it doesn't then the text in the box should be grey
or non-updateable. Refer to previous page.
• Enter text into Box
• Try to overflow the text by typing to many characters - should be stopped
Check the field width with capitals W.
• Enter invalid characters - Letters in amount fields, try strange characters like
+ , - * etc. in All fields.
• SHIFT and Arrow should Select Characters. Selection should also be possible
with mouse. Double
• Click should select all text in box.
Option (Radio Buttons)
• Left and Right arrows should move 'ON' Selection. So should Up and Down..
Select with mouse by clicking.
Check Boxes
• Clicking with the mouse on the box, or on the text should SET/UNSET the
box. SPACE should do the same
Command Buttons
• If Command Button leads to another Screen, and if the user can enter or
change details on the other screen then the Text on the button should be
followed by three dots.
• All Buttons except for OK and Cancel should have a letter Access to them.
This is indicated by a letter underlined in the button text. The button should be
activated by pressing ALT+Letter. Make sure there is no duplication.
• Click each button once with the mouse - This should activate
• Tab to each button - Press SPACE - This should activate

70. • Tab to each button - Press RETURN - This should activate
• The above are VERY IMPORTANT, and should be done for EVERY command
Button.
• Tab to another type of control (not a command button). One button on the
screen should be default (indicated by a thick black border). Pressing Return in
ANY no command button control should activate it.
• If there is a Cancel Button on the screen , then pressing <Esc> should
activate it.
• If pressing the Command button results in uncorrectable data e.g. closing an
action step, there should be a message phrased positively with Yes/No
answers where Yes results in the completion of the action.
Drop Down List Boxes
• Pressing the Arrow should give list of options. This List may be scrollable. You
should not be able to type text in the box.
• Pressing a letter should bring you to the first item in the list with that start
with that letter. Pressing
• ‘Ctrl - F4’ should open/drop down the list box.
• Spacing should be compatible with the existing windows spacing (word etc.).
Items should be in alphabetical order with the exception of blank/none which
is at the top or the bottom of the list box.
• Drop down with the item selected should be display the list with the selected
item on the top.
• Make sure only one space appears, shouldn't have a blank line at the bottom.
Combo Boxes
• Should allow text to be entered. Clicking Arrow should allow user to choose
from list

71. List Boxes
• Should allow a single selection to be chosen, by clicking with the mouse, or
using the Up and Down Arrow keys.
• Pressing a letter should take you to the first item in the list starting with that
letter.
• If there is a 'View' or 'Open' button beside the list box then double clicking on
a line in the List Box, should act in the same way as selecting and item in the
list box, then clicking the command button.
• Force the scroll bar to appear, make sure all the data can be seen in the box.

72. 2. Screen Validation Checklist
AESTHETIC CONDITIONS:
1) Is the general screen background the correct colour?
2) Are the field prompts the correct colour?
3) Are the field backgrounds the correct colour?
4) In read-only mode, are the field prompts the correct colour?
5) In read-only mode, are the field backgrounds the correct colour?
6) Are all the screen prompts specified in the correct screen font?
7) Is the text in all fields specified in the correct screen font?
8) Are all the field prompts aligned perfectly on the screen?
9) Are all the field edit boxes aligned perfectly on the screen?
10)Are all groupboxes aligned correctly on the screen?
11)Should the screen be resizable?
12)Should the screen be minimisable?
13)Are all the field prompts spelt correctly?
14)Are all character or alpha-numeric fields left justified? This is the default
unless otherwise specified.
15)Are all numeric fields right justified? This is the default unless otherwise
specified.
16)Is all the microhelp text spelt correctly on this screen?
17)Is all the error message text spelt correctly on this screen?
18)Is all user input captured in UPPER case or lower case consistently?
19)Where the database requires a value (other than null) then this should be
defaulted into fields. The user must either enter an alternative valid value or
leave the default value intact.
20)Assure that all windows have a consistent look and feel.
21)Assure that all dialog boxes have a consistent look and feel.

73. VALIDATION CONDITIONS:
1) Does a failure of validation on every field cause a sensible user error
message?
2) Is the user required to fix entries which have failed validation tests?
3) Have any fields got multiple validation rules and if so are all rules being
applied?
4) If the user enters an invalid value and clicks on the OK button (i.e. does not
TAB off the field) is the invalid entry identified and highlighted correctly with
an error message.?
5) Is validation consistently applied at screen level unless specifically required at
field level?
6) For all numeric fields check whether negative numbers can and should be
able to be entered.
7) For all numeric fields check the minimum and maximum values and also some
mid-range values allowable?
8) For all character/alphanumeric fields check the field to ensure that there is a
character limit specified and that this limit is exactly correct for the specified
database size?
9) Do all mandatory fields require user input?
10)If any of the database columns don’t allow null values then the corresponding
screen fields must be mandatory. (If any field which initially was mandatory
has become optional then check whether null values are allowed in this field.)
NAVIGATION CONDITIONS:
1) Can the screen be accessed correctly from the menu?
2) Can the screen be accessed correctly from the toolbar?
3) Can the screen be accessed correctly by double clicking on a list control on
the previous screen?
4) Can all screens accessible via buttons on this screen be accessed correctly?

74. 5) Can all screens accessible by double clicking on a list control be accessed
correctly?
6) Is the screen modal. i.e. Is the user prevented from accessing other functions
when this screen is active and is this correct?
7) Can a number of instances of this screen be opened at the same time and is
this correct?
USABILITY CONDITIONS:
1) Are all the dropdowns on this screen sorted correctly? Alphabetic sorting is
the default unless otherwise specified.
2) Is all date entry required in the correct format?
3) Have all pushbuttons on the screen been given appropriate Shortcut keys?
4) Do the Shortcut keys work correctly?
5) Have the menu options which apply to your screen got fast keys associated
and should they have?
6) Does the Tab Order specified on the screen go in sequence from Top Left to
bottom right? This is the default unless otherwise specified.
7) Are all read-only fields avoided in the TAB sequence?
8) Are all disabled fields avoided in the TAB sequence?
9) Can the cursor be placed in the microhelp text box by clicking on the text box
with the mouse?
10)Can the cursor be placed in read-only fields by clicking in the field with the
mouse?
11)Is the cursor positioned in the first input field or control when the screen is
opened?
12)Is there a default button specified on the screen?
13)Does the default button work correctly?
14)When an error message occurs does the focus return to the field in error
when the user cancels it?

75. 15)When the user Alt+Tab’s to another application does this have any impact on
the screen upon return to The application?
16)Do all the fields edit boxes indicate the number of characters they will hold by
there length? e.g. a 30 character field should be a lot longer
DATA INTEGRITY CONDITIONS:
1) Is the data saved when double clicking on the close box closes the window?
2) Check the maximum field lengths to ensure that there are no truncated
characters?
3) Where the database requires a value (other than null) then this should be a
defaulted into field. The user must either enter an alternative valid value or
leave the default value intact.
4) Check maximum and minimum field values for numeric fields?
5) If numeric fields accept negative values can these be stored correctly on the
database and does it make sense for the field to accept negative numbers?
6) If a set of radio buttons represent a fixed set of values such as A, B and C
then what happens if a blank value is retrieved from the database? (In some
situations rows can be created on the database by other functions which are
not screen based and thus the required initial values can be incorrect.)
7) If a particular set of data is saved to the database check that each value gets
saved fully to the database. i.e. Beware of truncation (of strings) and
rounding of numeric values.
MODES (EDITABLE READ-ONLY) CONDITIONS:
1) Are the screen and field colours adjusted correctly for read-only mode?
2) Should a read-only mode be provided for this screen?
3) Are all fields and controls disabled in read-only mode?
4) Can the screen be accessed from the previous screen/menu/toolbar in read
only mode?
5) Can all screens available from this screen be accessed in read-only mode?

76. 6) Check that no validation is performed in read-only mode.
GENERAL CONDITIONS:
1) Assure the existence of the "Help" menu.
2) Assure that the proper commands and options are in each menu.
3) Assure that all buttons on all tool bars have a corresponding key commands.
4) Assure that each menu command has an alternative(hot-key) key sequence
which will invoke it where appropriate.
5) In drop down list boxes, ensure that the names are not abbreviations / cut
short
6) In drop down list boxes, assure that the list and each entry in the list can be
accessed via appropriate key / hot key combinations.
7) Ensure that duplicate hot keys do not exist on each screen
8) Ensure the proper usage of the escape key (which is to undo any changes
that have been made) and generates a caution message “Changes will be lost
– Continue yes/no”
9) Assure that the cancel button functions the same as the escape key.
10)Assure that the Cancel butt on operates as a Close button when changes
have be made that cannot be undone.
11)Assure that only command buttons which are used by a particular window, or
in a particular dialog box, are present. - i.e make sure they don’t work on the
screen behind the current screen.
12)When a command button is used sometimes and not at other times, assure
that it is grayed out when it should not be used.
13)Assure that OK and Cancel buttons are grouped separately from other
command buttons.
14)Assure that command button names are not abbreviations.
15)Assure that all field labels/names are not technical labels, but rather are
names meaningful to system users.

77. 16)Assure that command buttons are all of similar size and shape, and same font
& font size.
17)Assure that each command button can be accessed via a hot key
combination.
18)Assure that command buttons in the same window/dialog box do not have
duplicate hot keys.
19)Assure that each window/dialog box has a clearly marked default value
(command button, or other object) which is invoked when the Enter key is
pressed - and NOT the Cancel or Close button
20)Assure that focus is set to an object/button which makes sense according to
the function of the window/dialog box.
21)Assure that all option buttons (and radio buttons) names are not
abbreviations.
22)Assure that option button names are not technical labels, but rather are
names meaningful to system users.
23)If hot keys are used to access option buttons, assure that duplicate hot keys
do not exist in the same window/dialog box.
24)Assure that option box names are not abbreviations.
25)Assure that option boxes, option buttons, and command buttons are logically
grouped together in clearly demarcated areas “Group Box”
26)Assure that the Tab key sequence which traverses the screens does so in a
logical way.
27)Assure consistency of mouse actions across windows.
28)Assure that the color red is not used to highlight active objects (many
individuals are red-green color blind).
29)Assure that the user will have control of the desktop with respect to general
color and highlighting (the application should not dictate the desktop
background characteristics).
30)Assure that the screen/window does not have a cluttered appearance
31)Ctrl + F6 opens next tab within tabbed window

78. 32)Shift + Ctrl + F6 opens previous tab within tabbed window
33)Tabbing will open next tab within tabbed window if on last field of current tab
34)Tabbing will go onto the 'Continue' button if on last field of last tab within
tabbed window
35)Tabbing will go onto the next editable field in the window
36)Banner style & size & display exact same as existing windows
37)If 8 or less options in a list box, display all options on open of list box - should
be no need to scroll
38)Errors on continue will cause user to be returned to the tab and the focus
should be on the field causing the error. (i.e the tab is opened, highlighting
the field with the error on it)
39)Pressing continue while on the first tab of a tabbed window (assuming all
fields filled correctly) will not open all the tabs.
40)On open of tab focus will be on first editable field
41)All fonts to be the same
42)Alt+F4 will close the tabbed window and return you to main screen or
previous screen (as appropriate), generating "changes will be lost" message if
necessary.
43)Micro help text for every enabled field & button
44)Ensure all fields are disabled in read-only mode
45)Progress messages on load of tabbed screens
46)Return operates continue
47)If retrieve on load of tabbed window fails window should not open
Specific Field Tests
Date Field Checks
• Assure that leap years are validated correctly & do not cause
errors/miscalculations
• Assure that month code 00 and 13 are validated correctly & do not cause
errors/miscalculations

79. • Assure that 00 and 13 are reported as errors
• Assure that day values 00 and 32 are validated correctly & do not cause
errors/miscalculations
• Assure that Feb. 28, 29, 30 are validated correctly & do not cause errors/
miscalculations
• Assure that Feb. 30 is reported as an error
• Assure that century change is validated correctly & does not cause errors/
miscalculations.
• Assure that out of cycle dates are validated correctly & do not cause
errors/miscalculations
Numeric Fields
• Assure that lowest and highest values are handled correctly
• Assure that invalid values are logged and reported
• Assure that valid values are handles by the correct procedure
• Assure that numeric fields with a blank in position 1 are processed or
reported as an error
• Assure that fields with a blank in the last position are processed or reported
as an error
• Assure that both + and - values are correctly processed
• Assure that division by zero does not occur
• Include value zero in all calculations
• Include at least one in-range value
• Include maximum and minimum range values
• Include out of range values above the maximum and below the minimum
• Assure that upper and lower values in ranges are handled correctly
Alpha Field Checks
• Use blank and non-blank data
• Include lowest and highest values
• Include invalid characters & symbols

80. • Include valid characters
• Include data items with first position blank
• Include data items with last position blank
CONTROL SHORT KEYS
Recommended CTRL+Letter Shortcuts
Key Function
CTRL+Z Undo
CTRL+X Cut
CTRL+C Copy
CTRL+V Paste
Key Function
CTRL+N New
CTRL+O Open
CTRL+P Print
CTRL+S Save
CTRL+B Bold
CTRL+I Italic

81. QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Several techniques and methods are available to identify the strengths and
weaknesses. These techniques do not guarantee that they will meet the need of
the organization. These techniques can be a starting point that you could adapt
to suit your need.
• CMM - based appraisal method
• Interim Profile appraisal method
• Assumption Workshop
• Overview Workshop
• Project manager interviews
• Great Performance method
• Good Performance Method
• Key Process Area Checklists

82. ASSUMPTION WORKSHEET
Culture can be defined as a pattern of shared basic assumption that the people
in an organization have learned as they have solved the problems of relating to
the outside world and of learning to work together. These assumptions lead to
solutions that work well enough to be considered valid, so the organization
considers the assumptions to be valid. These assumptions are taught to new
members as the correct way to think, feel and behave in relation to those
problems.
Culture change can be defined as a change in the pattern of shared basic
assumptions or an expansion to include new-shared basic assumption that lead
to improvements. The following worksheet provides a method for examining
organizations assumptions in relationship to some of the assumptions underlying
the key practice of the Quality Check.
Assumptions Worksheet
Consider each assumption in relationship to the organization
(Rating: 1 = Not at all Valid; 2 = Somewhat Valid; 3 = Completely Valid)
Assumptions Description Valid?
(1,2,3)
Assumption 1 Engineering discipline is required to built quality into
products of large size and complexity
2
Assumption 2 One person can’t track all the details, and error detection
is more probable when the work is examined by more
than one person
2
Assumption 3 Our success rate is dependent on other groups and
customers
1
Assumption 4 The organization uses process definition to transmit the 2

83. culture’s quality values
Assumption 5 The projects use process definition to incorporate the
culture’s quality values.
1
Assumption 6 Process makes a difference in the quality of the activities
and the quality of the products
1
Assumption 7 Surviving in a business world that is constantly changing
requires constant adaptation and learning.
2

84. PROJECT MANAGER INTERVIEWS
This questionnaire is a chance to reflect each project managers about the actual
practices during the development process. A typical use of this technique is to
gather questionnaire responses monthly for about three- six months.
Instructions
Yes Answer “Yes” if you can identify that this is in place. Provide
supporting evidences in form of documents, project plans
No Answer “No” if you can identify that something needs to be done
to get this in place.
Don’t Know Answer “Don’t Know” if you don’t have enough information
Not
Applicable
Answer “Not Applicable” if the question is not related to the
project.

85. PROJECT MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Project: Geo-Addressing Location System
Requirement Management
# Question Response
RM 1 Does the project use documented requirements as a
baseline for software engineering and management use?
Yes
RM 2 As the requirements change, does the project make
necessary adjustments to project plans, deliverables and
activities?
No
RM 3 Does the project follow a written organizational policy for
managing requirements?
No
RM 4 Are the people in the project who manage requirements
trained in the procedures for managing requirements?
Yes
RM 5 Does the project track the status of the requirement
management activities with measurements?
No
RM 6 Are the requirement management activities on the project
subject to SQA reviews?
NA

86. PROJECT MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Project: Geo-Addressing Location System
Software Project Planning
# Question Response
PP 1 Are estimates documented for use in planning and tracking
the project?
Yes
PP 2 Does the project plan documents the activates and the
commitments for the project?
No
PP 3 Are all affected groups and individuals involved in
commitments agreements related to the project?
Yes
PP 4 Does the project follow a written organizational policy for
project?
No
PP 5 Are adequate resources provided for planning the projects Yes
PP 6 Does the project track the status if the project planning
activities with measurements?
No
PP 7 Does the project manager reviews the project planning
activities on both a periodic and an events-driven basis?
No

87. PROJECT MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Project: Geo-Addressing Location System
Software Project Tracking and Oversight
# Question Response
PT 1 Are The projects actual results compared with the
estimated in the project plans
Yes
PT 2 Is corrective actions taken when actual results differ
significantly from the project plan?
Yes
PT 3 Are commitment changes negotiated with all affected
groups and individuals?
NA
PT 4 Does the project follow a written organizational policy for
project tracking and project reviews
No
PT 5 Is someone on the project assigned specific responsibilities
for project tracking?
Yes
PT 6 Does the project track the status of the project tracking
and reviews with measurements?
No
PT 7 Does senior management review the project tracking and
review activities and results on a periodic basis?
No

88. PROJECT MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Project: Geo-Addressing Location System
Software Quality Assurance
# Question Response
QA 1 Are SQA activities planned for the project? No
QA 2 Do SQA activities provide objective verifications? No
QA 3 Are audit result provided to those who performed the work
and to those who are responsible for the work?
No
QA 4 Does senior management receive and address issues of
noncompliance that are not resolved within the project?
Yes
QA 5 Does the project follow a written organization policy for
implementing SQA activities?
No
QA 6 Does the project track the cost and schedule status of the
SQA activities with measurements?
No
QA 7 Are SQA activities and results reviewed with senior
management on a periodic basis?
No

89. PROJECT MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Project: Geo-Addressing Location System
Software Subcontract Management
# Question Response
SM 1 Does the project use a documented procedure for selecting
subcontractors based on their ability to perform the work?
Yes
SM 2 Are change to subcontracts made with the agreement of
both the prime contractor and the subcontracts?
Yes
SM 3 Are periodic technical interchanges held with subcontracts? Yes
SM 4 Are the results and performance of the subcontract tracked
against commitments?
Yes
SM 5 Does the project follow a written organizational policy for
managing subcontracts
No
SM 6 Are the people responsible for managing software
subcontracts trained in managing subcontracts?
Yes
SM 7 Are measurements used to determine the status of
software subcontract management activities?
No
SM 8 Are the software subcontract activities reviewed with the
project manager on a periodic and event-driven basis?
Yes

90. PROJECT MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Project: Geo-Addressing Location System
Peer Reviews
# Question Response
PR 1 Are inspection planned for the project? Yes
PR 2 Does the project track defect until they are removed? Yes
PR 3 Does the project follow a written organization policy for
performing
No
PR 4 Do participants of inspections receive the training require to
perform their roles?
No
PR 5 Does the project track the status of the inspection
activities?
Yes
PR 6 Are inspection activities and deliverables subject to SQA
review and audit?
No
PR 7 Are inspection activities reviewed with senior management
on a periodic basis?
Yes

91. CONCLUSION BASED ON PROJECT
MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Project : Geo-Addressing Location System
Total Questions 42
Months June July * August *
Yes or NA 21 26 29
Percent Yes or NA 50 % 62 % 69 %
* Hypothetically Calculated
Result Chart
Project Manager Interview (June-Aug)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
June July Aug
Percent of Questions Answered Yes or N.A.

92. KEY PROCESS AREA CHECKLIST
This checklist is intended to focus senior management attention on Key Process
areas in relation to business goals
1. Review and gather responses to the checklists as part of a quarterly review
meeting with senior management
2. Identify the priorities indicated for areas rating the highest impact and
highest urgency
3. Assign responsibility for investigating specific actions to address issues in
those areas
4. Review the feasibility of the actions and initiate appropriate actions
Key Process Area Checklists
Instructions
1. Are we satisfied with our current performances? (Yes / No)
2. What is the negative impact on the achievement of our business goals?
(High / Medium / Low)
3. What is the urgency for us to take action to address the relevant issues?
(High / Medium / Low)
KEY
PROCESS
AREA
PURPOSE 1 2 3
Requirements
Management
Establishing and maintaining a common
understanding between the customers ant
the project of the customer’s requirement
that will be addressed
Yes
Software
Project
Establishing reasonable plans for
engineering tasks and for managing the
No L L

93. Planning project, developing estimates, establishing
commitments and defining the plans
Software
Project
Tracking &
Oversight
Providing adequate visibility into actual
process so that management can take
effective actions when the project’s
performance deviates significantly from
plan
Yes
Software
subcontract
management
Selecting qualified subcontractors and
managing them effectively
Yes
Software
Quality
Assurances
Providing management with appropriate
visibility through reviews and audits of
products throughout the life cycle,
systematically controlling changes to the
configurations
No M M
Organization
Process Focus
Establishing organizational responsibilities
for activities to assess, develop, maintain
and improve processes that improve the
organization’s process capabilities
No L L
Organization
Process
Definition
Developing and maintaining process-
related documentation and data that
improve performance across projects and
provide a basis for cumulative long-term
benefits to the organization
No L L
Training
Programs
Developing the skill knowledge of
individual so that they can perform their
roles effectively and efficiently, identifying
and procuring needed training.
No M M
Integrated Integrating the engineering and No L L

94. Software
Management
management activities into a coherent,
defined process, and managing the project
using this defined process
Software
Product
Engineering
Consistently performing a well-defined
engineering process that integrates all
activities to produce correct, consisting
products effectively and efficiently
Yes
Intergroup
Coordination
Establishing participation with other
engineering groups to establish
requirements, plan and manage technical
working interfaces, and conduct regular
reviews and technical interchanges
Yes
Peer Reviews Removing defects from work products
early and efficiently and as a side effect, to
better understand the products and the
defects that might be prevented
No M L
Quantitative
process
management
Controlling the process performance of the
project, identifying the special causes of
variation in a measurable stable process,
and correcting the circumstances leading
to the transient variation
No L L
Software
Quality
Management
Developing a quantitative understanding of
the quality of the project’s products and
achieving specific quality goals
No M L
Defect
prevention
Identifying causes of defects and
preventing them from recurring
Yes
Technology Identifying beneficial new technologies, No L L

95. change
management
tools, methods, and process and
transferring then into the organization in
an orderly manner
Process
change
management
Continually improving the process,
incremental improvements, and innovation
improvements and providing then to the
entire organization
No L L

96. RECOMMODATIONS FOR QUALITY PROCESS
The following processes are early steps towards addressing the key process
area. These processes are to be implemented and should be continuously
monitored for process improvement as per Quality guidelines.

97. PROJECT MANAGEMENT POLICY
Requirement management
1. The requirements are documented
2. The requirements are reviewed by managers and affected groups
3. When requirements change, project plan, deliverables, and activities are also
changed
Software Project Planning
1. The requirements and estimates are the basis of project plan
2. Commitments are negotiated among the project manager, director, and
mangers of the affected groups.
3. Interdependencies with the other business units are negotiated and
documented
4. Affected groups reviews projects plans and estimates
5. The director reviews all commitments made external to the business unit.
6. The project plans are documented, managed and controlled
Software Process Tacking & Oversight
1. The project plans are the basis for project tracking and are maintained to
current status
2. The project manager is kept informed of the project status and issues
3. Corrective actions are taken when the project plan is not being achieved,
either by adjustments performances or by adjusting the plans
4. Changes to commitments are renegotiated with all affected parties.
Software Quality Assurance
1. The SQA functions is performed on all projects

98. 2. Those performing SQA activities are independent of the project’s
management reporting chain.
3. The director and managers periodically review SQA activities and results
Software Configuration Management
1. SCM responsible is explicitly assigned
2. SCM is implemented throughout the lifecycle
3. The projects have the ability to store the elements under SCM
4. The software baselines and SCM activities are audited on a periodic basis.

99. PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES OVERVIEW
The Project Management Processes work together to form a management
system towards meeting the commitments. Everyone has a role to perform in
these processes.
ROLE RESPONSIBILITIES
Director Head of the business unit
Approval authority for all commitments outside business unit
Departments
Manager
Directly reports the director
Owner of the departmental resources with approval
authority for delegation of resources
Project Manager Usually a team leader assigned to a project
Responsible for project management activities like planning,
and tracking
Project Team
Leader
Software engineer assigned to a project
Responsible to completing project tasks, providing inputs to
plans and providing status.
Program Manager Staff to director
Responsible for tracking commitments and providing the
marketing perspective

100. REQUIREMENT MANAGEMENT PROCESS
The objective is
• To ensure that requirements for the product are defined and understood
• To ensure that requirements are met.
Checklists for the requirement Specifications are
• Marketing
• Functionality
• Performances
• Reliability and Availability
• Serviceability (Server Architecture)
• Migration
• Coexistence
• Installability
• Environmental
• Internationalization
• Configurability
• Professional Services
• Support
• Architecture Compliance
• Interdependency
• Platform Requirements
Product Attribute
• Security
• Portability
• Interoperability
• Extensibility
• Warnings/ Error Handling
• Recovery
• Standard Conformance

101. ESTIMATION PROCESS
The estimation process provides a framework for
• When estimate should be done
• Who should be involved?
• What data should be used to input to the estimates?
Estimation Factor Checklist
A Skill / Experience
What is the skill mix of the team with regard to :
• Experience in the same type of application
• Experience with the programming language
• Experience with the platform / Environment
• Design / Design Analysis Capabilities
• Programming / Debugging Capabilities
• Testing Capabilities
Expert / Average / Novice
1 2 3 4 5
B Desired Quality Levels
How will that effect productivity with regard to :
• Design and Code details level
• Use if inspections or reviews
• Rigor of testing
• Performances, memory or stress testing
Less / Same / More
1 2 3 4 5
C Product Complexity
How will that affect productivity with regards to
• Design and code detail level
• Use of inspections or reviews
Less / Same / More
1 2 3 4 5
D Process / Tool Changes Less / Same / More

102. How will that affect productivity with regards to
Are the process well defined
Is there a learning curve to account for new
processes/ tools
Are the tools stable / reliable?
Do you expect the processes / tools to be less
many time consuming?
1 2 3 4 5
E Project Management
Rate the impact on productivity of :
Teamwork Skills /Leadership Skills
Meeting / Project Management Task – size and
location of team
External assignments / Training
Requirements Stability
How much definition and rework expected
How accessible is the customer for clarifying
requirements
Low / Average /High
1 2 3 4 5

103. NEW PROJECT QUESTIONS
1. Communicator and Information
What will be done to ensure communicator and definition of the project
(internally? with interdependencies? with marketing and clients?)?
2. Software Life Cycle
What will the overall sequence of events or milestones for the project be?
3. Program Statement and Requirements
How will you know “what is in and what is out” for requirements and features?
If requirements change, how will this be communicated?
4. Requirements Verification and Release Criteria
How will you determine a requirement has been met or a feature has been
completed?
How will you determine the product is ready?
5. Design and Design Verification
How will product functions be designed?
How will the designs be evaluated?
How will design errors be identified and removed?
6. Code and Code Verification
How will the software cod be developed?
How will the code be evaluated and how will defects de discovered?
If multiple evaluation methods are use, what selection criteria will be used?
How will software defects be identified and remove?

104. 7. Integration and Qualification
How will the software be integrated and tested
How will the testing be planned?
How will defects be handled? Deciding who gets to fix the defect ?
8. Preparation for Support
How will regression test be developed and maintained
How will test results be reported and to whom?
What information will be available to those who will maintain or interface with
the product in the future ?
9. Packaging and Delivery
How will use documentation de designed and integrated with the product?
How will the product be packaged and delivered for release?
10. Project Planning and Tracking
How will the project tasks be determined, estimated, communicated and
tracked?
How will status be evaluated?
How will impact of changes be accounted of on the project?
11. Configuration Management
How will the code be managed and controlled for version control?
12. Project Coordination and Risk Management
How will commitments be managed and communicated?
How will risks be managed and communicated?
How will corrective actions be identified, planned and tracked?

105. 13. Process Effectiveness
What do you expect to be most effective about doing the project in that way
14. Process Risk
What do you expect to be more risky about the project in that way?

106. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
A system is said to be successful only if it satisfies all the constraints involved
presently in it and capable of accepting the future modifications. Like any other
factors a system is subjected to change. The constraints or rules involved in the
system may obsolete in future. New additions that both be logical and physically
May inevitable. All systems must be designed in a adopt need enhancement.
The possible Future Enhancements for the system are proposed as follows:
• Online Implementation
• Extending the study area
• Provide hyperlink to the spatial data
• Use for market place research
• Implement for touch screen
• Enabling GPS in study area

107. APPENDIX I
SCREENSHOTS

108. APPENDIX II
GIS INTEROPERABILITY AND SPATIAL DATA STANDARDS
capabilities of a GIS allow disparate data sets to be brought together to create a complete picture of a situation. GIS
technology illustrates relationships, connections, and patterns that are not necessarily obvious in any one data set,
enabling organizations to make better decisions based on all relevant factors. Organizations are able to share,
coordinate, and communicate key concepts between departments within an organization or between separate
organizations using GIS as the central spatial data infrastructure. GIS technology is also being used to share crucial
information across organizational boundaries via the Internet and the emergence of Web Services.
To fully realize the capability and benefits of geographic information and GIS technology, spatial data needs to be
shared and systems need to be interoperable. GIS technology provides the framework for a shared spatial data
infrastructure and a distributed architecture.
An open GIS system allows for the sharing of geographic data, integration among different GIS technologies,
and integration with other non-GIS applications. It is capable of operating on different platforms and
databases and can scale to support a wide range of implementation scenarios from the individual consultant
or mobile worker using GIS on a workstation or laptop to enterprise implementations that support hundreds of
users working across multiple regions and departments. An open GIS also exposes objects that allow for the
customization and extension of functional capabilities using industry standard development tools.

109. APPENDIX III
INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION STANDARDS
A revival in the awareness of the importance of geography and how things relate spatially, combined with the
advancement of electronic technology, have caused an expansion in the use of digital geographic information
and geographic information systems worldwide. Increasingly, individuals from a wide range of disciplines
outside of the geographic sciences and information technologies are capable of producing, enhancing, and
modifying digital geographic information. As the number, complexity, and diversity of geographic datasets
grow, a method for providing an understanding of all aspects of this data grows in importance.
Typically, geographic data is used by many people other than the producer. It is often produced by one individual or
organization and used by another. Proper documentation will provide those unfamiliar with the data with a better
understanding, and enable them to use it properly. As geographic data producers and users handle more and more
data, proper documentation will provide them with a keener knowledge of their holdings and will allow them to better
manage data production, storage, updating, and reuse.
The Standard is intended to be used by information system analysts, program planners, and developers of geographic
information systems, as well as others in order to understand the basic principles and the overall requirements for
standardization of geographic information. The Standard defines metadata elements, provides a schema and
establishes a common set of metadata terminology, definitions, and extension procedures. When implemented by a
data producer, The Standard will:
1.Provide data producers with appropriate information to characterize their geographic data properly.
2.Facilitate the organization and management of metadata for geographic data.
3.Enable users to apply geographic data in the most efficient way by knowing its basic characteristics.
4.Facilitate data discovery, retrieval and reuse. Users will be better able to locate, access, evaluate, purchase and
utilize geographic data.
5.Enable users to determine whether geographic data in a holding will be of use to them.
The Standard is applicable to:
• The cataloguing of datasets, clearinghouse activities, and the full description of datasets;
• Geographic datasets, dataset series, and individual geographic features and feature properties.
The Standard defines:
• Mandatory and conditional metadata sections, metadata entities, and metadata elements;
• The minimum set of metadata required to serve the full range of metadata applications (data discovery,
determining data fitness for use, data access, data transfer, and use of digital data);
• Optional metadata elements – to allow for a more extensive standard description of geographic data, if required;
• A method for extending metadata to fit specialized needs.
Though The Standard is applicable to digital data, its principles can be extended to many other forms of geographic
data such as maps, charts, and textual documents as well as non-geographic data.
Major international GIS standards and interoperability organizations are
• ISO—International Organization for Standardization
• OGC—Open GIS Consortium
• IHO—International Hydrographic Organization
• LIF—Location Interoperability Forum
• GSDI—Global Spatial Data Infrastructure
• DGIWG—Digital Geographic Information Working Group

110. APPENDIX IV
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION STANDARDS ISO 19100 SERIES
PROJECT NO STANDARD ISO REFERENCE & STATUS
19101 Reference model
ISO 19101:2002
International Standard published 04/07/2002
Also see AS/NZS ISO 19101:2003 published 12/05/2003
19102 Overview Withdrawn
19103 Conceptual schema language
ISO/CD TS 19103
Committee draft study/ballot initiated 12/09/2002
19104 Terminology
ISO/DIS 19104
Draft international Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 11/03/2003
19105 Conformance and testing
ISO 19105:2000
International standard published 21/12/2000
Also see AS/NZS ISO 19105:2002 published 20/06/2002
19106 Profiles
ISO/DIS 19106
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 03/01/2003
19107 Spatial schema
ISO 19107:2003
International Standard published 08/05/2003
19108 Temporal schema
ISO 19108:2002
International Standard published 12/09/2002
Also see AS/NZS ISO 19108:2003 published 12/05/2003
19109 Rules for application schema
ISO/DIS 19109
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 02/07/2002
19110 Feature cataloguing methodology
ISO/DIS 19110
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 09/01/2002
19111 Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19111:2003
International Standard published 04/03/2003
AS/NZS Project 2763: Draft DR01228
19112
Spatial referencing by geographic
identifiers
ISO/PRF 19112
Final Draft International Standard registered for formal approval
07/04/2003
19113 Quality principles
ISO 19113:2002
International Standard published 20/11/2002
AS/NZS Project 2764: Draft DR01229
19114 Quality evaluation procedures
ISO/PRF 19114
Final Draft International Standard registered for formal approval

111. 11/02/2003
19115 Metadata
ISO 19115:2003
International Standard published 08/05/2003
19116 Positioning services
ISO/DIS 19116
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 11/03/2003
19117 Portrayal
ISO/DIS 19117
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 22/07/2002
19118 Encoding
ISO/DIS 19118
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 04/03/2003
19119 Services
ISO/DIS 19119
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 02/07/2002
19120 Functional standards
ISO/TR 19120:2001
International Standard published 12/07/2001
19121 Imagery and gridded data
ISO/TR 19121:2000
International Standard published 26/10/2002
Also see HB255:2002 (AS/NZS Handbook)
19122
Qualifications and certification of
personnel
ISO/WD TR 19122
Working Draft study initiated 02/09/2002
19123
Schema for coverage geometry
and functions
ISO/CD 19123
Committee Draft registered, study/ballot initiated 16/02/2002
19124
Imagery and gridded data
components
Proposal for new project
19125-1
Simple feature access – Part 1:
Common architecture
ISO/DIS 19125-1
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 09/05/2001
AS/NZS Project 2765: Draft DR01230
19125-2
Simple feature access – Part 2:
SQL option
ISO/DIS 19125-2
Draft International Standard registered, voting summary
dispatched 09/05/2001
AS/NZS Project 2766: Draft DR01231
19125-3
Simple feature access – Part 3:
COM/OLE option
ISO/WD 19125-3
Working Draft study initiated 29/09/2000
19126 Profile – FACC Data Dictionary
ISO/WD 19126
Working Draft study initiated 13/09/2002
19127 Geodetic codes and parameters
ISO/CD TS 19127
Committee Draft study/ballot initiated 22/07/2002
19128 Web map server interface ISO/CD 19128

112. Committee Draft study/ballot initiated 26/09/2002
19129
Imagery, gridded and coverage
data framework
ISO/WD TS 19129
Working Draft study initiated 20/04/2001
19130
Sensor and data models for
imagery and gridded data
ISO/WD 19130
Working Draft study initiated 25/09/2001
19131 Data product specification
ISO/WD 19131
Working Draft study initiated 26/09/2002
19132
Location based services possible
standards
ISO/AWI 19132
New project registered in Technical Committee work programme
09/08/2001
19133
Location based services tracking
and navigation
ISO/CD 19133
Committee Draft study/ballot initiated 29/01/2003
19134
Multimodal location based services
for routing and navigation
ISO/AWI 19134
New project registered in Technical Committee work programme
03/10/2001
19135
Procedures for registration of
geographical information items
ISO/WD 19135
Working Draft study initiated 23/07/2002
19136
Geography Markup Language
(GML)
ISO/AWI 19136
New project registered in Technical Committee work programme
07/06/2002
19137
Generally used profiles of the
spatial schema and of similar
important other schemas
ISO/AWI 19137
New project registered in Technical Committee work programme
07/06/2002
19138 Data quality measures
ISO/AWI 19138
New project registered in Technical Committee work programme
28/10/2002
19139
Metadata – implementation
specification
ISO/AWI 19139
New project registered in Technical Committee work programme
28/10/2002
19140
Technical amendment to the ISO
191** Geographic information
series of standards for
harmonization enhancements
ISO/AWI 19140
New project registered in Technical Committee work programme
11/10/2002
6709
Standard representation of latitude,
longitude and altitude for
geographic point locations
ISO 6709:1983
International Standard under periodical review 15/11/2002

113. APPENDIX V
ISO 19107:2003
ISO 19107:2003 specifies conceptual schemas for describing the spatial characteristics of geographic features, and a
set of spatial operations consistent with these schemas. It treats vector geometry and topology up to three dimensions.
It defines standard spatial operations for use in access, query, management, processing, and data exchange of
geographic information for spatial (geometric and topological) objects of up to three topological dimensions embedded
in coordinate spaces of up to three axes.
ISO 19115:2003
ISO 19115:2003 defines the schema required for describing geographic information and services. It provides
information about the identification, the extent, the quality, the spatial and temporal schema, spatial reference, and
distribution of digital geographic data.
• ISO 19115:2003 IS APPLICABLE TO
The cataloguing of datasets, clearinghouse activities, and the full description of datasets; geographic datasets,
dataset series, and individual geographic features and feature properties.
• ISO 19115:2003 DEFINES
Mandatory and conditional metadata sections, metadata entities, and metadata elements; the minimum set of
metadata required to serve the full range of metadata applications (data discovery, determining data fitness for
use, data access, data transfer, and use of digital data); optional metadata elements - to allow for a more
extensive standard description of geographic data, if required; a method for extending metadata to fit specialized
needs.
Though ISO 19115:2003 is applicable to digital data, its principles can be extended to many other forms of
geographic data such as maps, charts, and textual documents as well as non-geographic

114. APPENDIX VI
[1]ISO 639 (all parts), Code for the representation of names of languages
[2]ISO 3166 (all parts), Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions
[3]ISO/TS 19103:¯2), Geographic information ¯ Conceptual schema language
[4]ISO 19104:—2), Geographic information — Terminology
[5]ISO 19116:—2), Geographic information — Positioning services
[6]ISO 19119:—2), Geographic information — Services
[7]ISO 19123:—2), Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions
[8]ISO/TR 19121:2000, Geographic information ¯ Imagery and gridded data
[9]ISO 19106:¯1) , Geographic information ¯ Profiles
[10]ISO 19107:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Spatial schema
[11]ISO 19108:2002, Geographic information ¯ Temporal schema
[12]ISO 19109:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Rules for application schema
[13]ISO 19110:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Methodology for feature cataloguing
[14]ISO 19111:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Spatial referencing by coordinates
[15]ISO 19112:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers
[16]ISO 19113:2002, Geographic information ¯ Quality principles
[17]ISO 19114:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Quality evaluation procedures
[18]ISO 19117:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Portrayal
[19]ISO 19118:¯1), Geographic information ¯ Encoding
[20]ISO 11180, Postal addressing
[21]ISO 8879, Information processing ¯ Text and office systems ¯ Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
[22]ISO 23950:1998, Information and documentation — Information retrieval (Z39.50) — Application service definition
and protocol specification
[23]ISO 8859 (parts 1 to 16), Information technology ¯ 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets
[24]ISO/IEC 646, Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information
[25]ISO/IEC 10646-1, Information technology ¯ Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set
[26]ISO/IEC 11179 (all parts), Information technology ¯ Specification and standardization of data elements interchange
[27] (UCS) ¯ Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane
[28]ISO 690:1987, Documentation — Bibliographic references — Content, form and structure
[29]ISO 8601:2000, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates and
times
[30]IETF RFC 1738, Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
[31]IETF RFC 2056, Uniform Resource Locators for Z39.50

115. GLOSSARY
• Accuracy -- The Closeness Of Results Of Observations, Computations Or Estimates To The True Values Or The Values
Accepted As Being True.
• Altitude -- Elevation Above Or Below A Reference Datum, As Defined In Federal Information Processing Standard 70-1.
See Also Elevation.
• Area -- A Generic Term For A Bounded, Continuous, Two-Dimensional Object That May Or May Not Include Its Boundary.
• Coordinates -- Pairs Of Numbers Expressing Horizontal Distances Along Orthogonal Axes; Alternatively, Triplets Of
Numbers Measuring Horizontal And Vertical Distances.
• Data Set -- A Collection Of Related Data.
• Depth -- Perpendicular Distance Of An Interior Point From The Surface Of An Object.
• Digital Image -- A Two-Dimensional Array Of Regularly Spaced Picture Elements (Pixels) Constituting A Picture.
• Geospatial Data -- Information That Identifies The Geographic Location And Characteristics Of Natural Or Constructed
Features And Boundaries On The Earth. This Information May Be Derived From, Among Other Things, Remote Sensing,
Mapping, And Surveying Technologies.
• Graph -- A Set Of Topologically Interrelated Zero-Dimensional (Node), One-Dimensional (Link Or Chain), And Some-Times
Two-Dimensional (Gt-Polygon) Objects That Conform To A Set Of Defined Constraint Rules. Numerous Rule Sets Can Be
Used To Distinguish Different Types Of Graphs. Three Such Types, Planar Graph, Network, And Two-Dimensional
Manifold, Are Used In This Standard. All Three Share The Following Rules: Each Link Or Chain Is Bounded By An Ordered
Pair Of Nodes, Not Necessarily Distinct; A Node May Bound One Or More Links Or Chains; And Links Or Chains May Only
Intersect At Nodes. Planar Graphs And Networks Are Two Specialized Types Of Graphs, And A Two-Dimensional Manifold
Is An Even More Specific Type Of Planar Graph.
• Implicit -- Method Of Identifying Positions By A Place In An Array Of Values.
• Layer -- An Integrated, Areally Distributed, Set Of Spatial Data Usually Representing Entity Instances Within One Theme, Or
Having One Common Attribute Or Attribute Value In An Association Of Spatial Objects. In The Context Of Raster Data, A
Layer Is Specifically A Two-Dimensional Array Of Scaler Values Associated With All Of Part Of A Grid Or Image.
• Link -- A Topological Connection Between Two Nodes. A Link May Be Directed By Ordering Its Nodes.
• Longitude -- Angular Distance Between The Plane Of A Meridian East Or West From The Plane Of The Meridian Of
Latitude -- Angular Distance Measured On A Meridian North Or South From The Equator.
• Layer -- An Integrated, Areally Distributed, Set Of Spatial Data Usually Representing Entity Instances Within One Theme, Or
Having One Common Attribute Or Attribute Value In An Association Of Spatial Objects. In The Context Of Raster Data, A
Layer Is Specifically A Two-Dimensional Array Of Scaler Values Associated With All Of Part Of A Grid Or Image.
Greenwich.
• Map -- A Spatial Representation, Usually Graphic On A Flat Surface, Of Spatial Phenomena.
• Node -- A Zero-Dimensional Object That Is A Topological Junction Of Two Or More Links Or Chains, Or An End Point Of A
Link Or Chain.
• Object -- A Digital Representation Of All Or Part Of An Entity Instance.
• Ordinate -- The Coordinate Of A Point In A Plane Cartesian Coordinate System Obtained By Measuring Parallel To The Y-
Axis ("The 'Y' Value").
• Raster -- One Or More Overlapping Layers For The Same Grid Or Digital Image.
• Raster Object - One Or More Images And/Or Grids, Each Grid Or Image Representing A Layer, Such That Corresponding
Grid Cells And/Or Pixels Between Layers Are Congruent And Registered.
• Resolution -- The Minimum Difference Between Two Independently Measured Or Computed Values Which Can Be
Distinguished By The Measurement Or Analytical Method Being Considered Or Used.
• Requirement model -- A description of what users require the system to do.
• Software Configuration -- The document used in a development process.
• Subsystem -- A part of a system
• System Specification -- A precise description of what the system must do
• Technical feasibility -- An evaluation to determine whether a system can be technically built.
• Testing -- Checking to see if a system does what it is supposed to do.
• User requirements -- What user expect the system to do.
• Validation -- Checking whether a particular product satisfies user requirements
• Verification -- Checks to ensure that a particular input has been converted correctly to an output.
• Version -- Variation of the same document