Gis (geographical information system)

Under The Guidance of:
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alfahadfarwa786@gmail.com

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Geographical Information System
Farwa Butt
Muhammad Alfahad

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Introduction............................................................1
History.....................................................................6
Principle..................................................................11
Functions................................................................13
Data Types..............................................................21
Vector..........................................................
Raster..........................................................
Advantages.............................................................25
Disadvantages........................................................27
References..............................................................31
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 A GIS is a particular form of
Information System applied to
geographical data.
 An Information System is a set of
processes, executed on raw data to
produce information which will be
useful when making decisions.
 GIS is not only a tool for making
maps, it is a system for data analysis.
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 A set of tools for :
Collecting
Storing
Manipulating
Retrieving
Transforming and display of spatial
data, from the real world.
OR
 GIS is a computer based information
system design to accept large volume of
data and allow us to store, retrieve analyze
and model. 5

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 The concept of GIS was first
introduced in the early 1960s, it was
subsequently research & develop as a
new discipline.
 Roger Tomlinson was the first pioneer
of this concept.
 In second phase, development of GIS
history occurred in 1970s, then
concept progressed as national
agencies in 1980s.
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Data
(OR)
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 Identifies the geographical
location of features & boundaries
on earth.
 Geographical information is a
spatial type of information which
is use to locate event on earth.
 It is necessary to understand
graphical / spatial data for GIS.
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Cont...
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There are various existing
systems such as Google
maps, MapQuest, etc.
This systems provide
inadequate information
about user needs.
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 This is the website which is to be
designed in such a manner that
even a new person in the given area
will find it easy to spot the needful
mapping system.
 The user could find the shortest
path for his destination.
 User could be able to find contacts
and appointments for needful
places.
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 Data Capture :
Data sources are mainly obtained from
manual digitization and scanning of
aerial photographs, paper maps, and
existing digital data sets.
 Database Management and Update :
Data security, data integrity, and data
storage and retrieval, and data
maintenance abilities .
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Cont…
 Geographic Analysis:
The collected information is analyzed
and interpreted qualitatively and
quantitatively.
 Preparing Result :
One of the most exciting aspects of GIS
technology is the variety of different
ways in which the information can be
presented.
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 Data Capture :
The input of data into a GIS can be achieved
through many different methods of gathering.
For example, aerial photography, scanning,
digitizing, GPS or global positioning system is
just a few of the ways a GIS user could obtain
data.
 Data Storage:
Some data is stored such as a map in a drawer,
while others, such as digital data, can be as a
hardcopy, stored on CD or on your hard drive.
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Cont...
Data Manipulation :
The digital geographical data can be edited, this
allows for many attribute to be added, edited, or
deleted to the specification of the project.
 Query And Analysis:
GIS was used widely in decision making process
for the new commission districts. We use
population data to help establish an equal
representation of population to area for each
district.
Visualization :
This represents the ability to display your data,
your maps, and information. 14

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 Hardware:
Computer System, Scanner, Printer.
 Software :
GIS software in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD
Map, etc.
 Data:
A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data
resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most
organization to maintain their data, to manage spatial
data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be
collected in-house or purchased from a commercial
data provider.
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Cont…
 People:
GIS users range from technical
specialists who design and maintain.
 Method:
The map creation can either be
automated raster to vector creator or it
can be manually victories using the
scanned images.
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Cont...
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Input
Data Management
Out Put
Methods
Geo-graphic
Data
Keypad, Scanner,
Digitize Table
Hard & Software
Monitor, Plotter,
Network

Cont...
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Software's MapInfo
ArcInfo
QGIS
Grass

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 Vector
•Points
•Lines
•Polygons

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• Complex Data
• Structure.
• Expensive
• Technology.
• Analysis is
Complex
• Good
Representation
of data.
• Use small File
Size.
• Accurate map
output.
 Disadvantages:
 Advantages:

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 Raster
•Cell
•Pixels
•Elements

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• Simple Data
Structure.
• Cheap
Technology.
• Analysis is
Simple.
• Large Data
Volume.
• Inefficient use of
computer storage.
• Difficult network
analysis.
• Less accurate.
 Advantages Dis-Advantages

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 GIS allows us to view, understand, and
visualize data in many ways that reveal
relationships, patterns, and trends in the
form of maps, globes, reports, and
charts.
 A GIS helps you answer questions and
solve problems by looking at your data
in a way that is quickly understood and
easily shared.
 GIS give the accurate Data.
 Better Predictions and Analysis. 25

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With help of GIS, we can easily
analyze and identify the expected
Location.
Easy to Use.
General Purpose Solving
Application.
Allocates the map(How to reach).
Estimate the Availability of end
user(visiting office).
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 High damage in case of internal
fault.
 Expensive software.
 Integration with traditional map is
difficult.
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An information system has a full range
of functions to find:
 Hospitals & Health care Centers.
 Schools, Colleges & Education
Campus.
 Hotels, Restaurants.
 Banks , ATMs.
 Govt. Offices, Police Stations.
 Railway Stations, Bus Stations, etc.
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 User can print and save the image
of the required map.
 User can view different
parameters of particular area.
 User can get path from source to
destination.
 GIS will also provide working
hours.
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 Xuan, Zhu. GIS for Environmental
Applications A practical
approach. ISBN 9780415829069. OCLC 10
20670155.
 Fu, P., and J. Sun. 2010. Web GIS:
Principles and Applications. ESRI Press.
Redlands, CA. ISBN 1-58948-245-X.
 "Open Source GIS History – OSGeo Wiki
Editors". Retrieved 21 March 2009.
 Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds. A to Z GIS.
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Gis (geographical information system)

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