This is a portfolio on 5 different plants with pharmacological properties prepared by my colleague Svenia and Myself. It covers some important aspects such as background, uses and preparations etc. Hope it helps.
The document discusses the herbal drug industry and infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities. It defines herbs and herbal drugs, noting their advantages like being non-toxic with few side effects. It describes the infrastructure of a model herbal drug company, including qualified personnel, extraction and formulation units, and GMP-compliant manufacturing of various dosage forms. It outlines infrastructure requirements for buildings, water supply, waste disposal, container cleaning, and raw material, packaging, and finished goods storage. Machinery needs are listed for different herbal drug categories.
Boswellia Serrata As a cancer Fighter (Indian Frankincense)Shivaji University
This document provides an overview of a study on the use of Boswellia serrata as an anti-cancer agent. The objectives were to study the pharmacological properties, extraction, identification and standardization of B. serrata. B. serrata contains boswellic acids which have shown anti-cancer effects by inhibiting topoisomerases and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The study explored methods of extraction and identification of compounds in B. serrata. Tablet formulations containing extracts of B. serrata were also developed and tested for characteristics like hardness, disintegration time and dissolution profile. The conclusion was that B. serrata shows potential as an anti-cancer agent and further research is needed to understand
- Methi (fenugreek) is an annual plant native to North Africa and the Mediterranean region that is widely cultivated, notably in India.
- The plant is grown for its seeds and leaves. The seeds have various medicinal properties including potential hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effects.
- Methi seeds are a rich source of protein, fiber, and other nutrients. They contain various compounds like diosgenin, alkaloids, and mucilage that may have beneficial effects such as reducing blood sugar levels and preventing anemia.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
This document provides information on the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). It discusses the botanical details of the neem tree, describing that it is an evergreen tree that can reach 15-20 meters tall. It belongs to the mahogany family. The document also describes the macroscopic and microscopic features of the neem bark and leaves. It provides details on the main active chemical constituents of neem, including azadirachtin, nimbin, and others. The uses of neem in herbal medicine are outlined, such as for treating acne, fever, and as an anthelmintic, antibacterial, and contraceptive.
Aloe Vera Processing, Cultivation, Extraction, Formulations & Products (Thermal Burns, Anatomy of Aloe Vera Leaves, Sowing, Irrigation, Antimutagen of Aloe Plants, Aloe Vera & Gibberellin, Radiation, Burns & Frostbite, Herbal Remedies, Homogenization, Topical Compositions, Extract of Lavender, Herbal Formulations, Aloe Vera Gel Toothpaste, Aloe Gel and Powder, Aloe Vera gel eye drops)
Aloe Vera is a plant species of the genus Aloe. It grows wild in tropical climates around the world and is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses. Aloe is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant.
It is found in many consumer products including beverages, skin lotion, cosmetics, or ointments for minor burns and sunburns. There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe Vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes. Studies finding positive evidence are frequently contradicted by other studies.
See more
https://goo.gl/omWJhb
https://goo.gl/oLxRLS
https://goo.gl/SYy9tD
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Aloe Vera Farming Business, Commercial Cultivation of Aloe Vera, Growing Aloe Vera, Cultivation of Aloe Vera, Aloe Vera Plant Business Plan, Aloe Vera Business Plan in India, Aloe Vera Farming, Aloe Vera Farming in India, Cultivation Methods of Aloe Vera, How to Plant Aloe Vera, Aloe Vera Cultivation & Processing, Aloe Vera Products, Growing Aloe Vera, Aloe Vera Processing Plant, Herbal Formulations, Aloe Vera Gel Making Process, How to Process AloeVera, Aloe Vera Processing Machine, Processing Methods for Aloe Vera Leaf, How to Make Aloe Vera Gel, Aloe Vera Processing Line, Equipment for Aloe Vera Plant, Aloe Vera Processing and Products, Processing of Aloe Vera Leaf Gel, Aloe Vera Leaf Processing, Commercial Extraction of Gel From Aloe Vera, Process for Preparing Extracts of Aloe Vera, Gel Extraction from Aloe Vera Leaves, Medicinal Plant Aloe Vera, Medicinal AloeVera Plant, Anatomy of Aloe Vera Leaves, Aloe (Aloe Vera) Investment Opportunity, Process for Aloe Gel, Aloe Arborescens, Pharmacological Actions of Aloe Extracts and Cassia Abbreviata on Rats And Mice, Parenchyma Gel of AloeVera, Aloe Vera & Gibberellin, Antidiabetic Activity of Aloes, Aloe Vera Ointment, Turmeric & Aloe Vera for Treating Health Ailments, AloeVera Leaf Processor, Extract of Lavender, Topical Compositions, Pharmaceutical/Cosmetic Compositions, Drying, Blending, Milling, Ultracentrifugation, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Preparation of Bulk Pharmaceutical, Extraction Process, Leaf Harvesting and Handling, NPCS, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business Consultant
The document discusses the herbal drug industry and infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities. It defines herbs and herbal drugs, noting their advantages like being non-toxic with few side effects. It describes the infrastructure of a model herbal drug company, including qualified personnel, extraction and formulation units, and GMP-compliant manufacturing of various dosage forms. It outlines infrastructure requirements for buildings, water supply, waste disposal, container cleaning, and raw material, packaging, and finished goods storage. Machinery needs are listed for different herbal drug categories.
Boswellia Serrata As a cancer Fighter (Indian Frankincense)Shivaji University
This document provides an overview of a study on the use of Boswellia serrata as an anti-cancer agent. The objectives were to study the pharmacological properties, extraction, identification and standardization of B. serrata. B. serrata contains boswellic acids which have shown anti-cancer effects by inhibiting topoisomerases and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The study explored methods of extraction and identification of compounds in B. serrata. Tablet formulations containing extracts of B. serrata were also developed and tested for characteristics like hardness, disintegration time and dissolution profile. The conclusion was that B. serrata shows potential as an anti-cancer agent and further research is needed to understand
- Methi (fenugreek) is an annual plant native to North Africa and the Mediterranean region that is widely cultivated, notably in India.
- The plant is grown for its seeds and leaves. The seeds have various medicinal properties including potential hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effects.
- Methi seeds are a rich source of protein, fiber, and other nutrients. They contain various compounds like diosgenin, alkaloids, and mucilage that may have beneficial effects such as reducing blood sugar levels and preventing anemia.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
This document provides information on the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). It discusses the botanical details of the neem tree, describing that it is an evergreen tree that can reach 15-20 meters tall. It belongs to the mahogany family. The document also describes the macroscopic and microscopic features of the neem bark and leaves. It provides details on the main active chemical constituents of neem, including azadirachtin, nimbin, and others. The uses of neem in herbal medicine are outlined, such as for treating acne, fever, and as an anthelmintic, antibacterial, and contraceptive.
Aloe Vera Processing, Cultivation, Extraction, Formulations & Products (Thermal Burns, Anatomy of Aloe Vera Leaves, Sowing, Irrigation, Antimutagen of Aloe Plants, Aloe Vera & Gibberellin, Radiation, Burns & Frostbite, Herbal Remedies, Homogenization, Topical Compositions, Extract of Lavender, Herbal Formulations, Aloe Vera Gel Toothpaste, Aloe Gel and Powder, Aloe Vera gel eye drops)
Aloe Vera is a plant species of the genus Aloe. It grows wild in tropical climates around the world and is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses. Aloe is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant.
It is found in many consumer products including beverages, skin lotion, cosmetics, or ointments for minor burns and sunburns. There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe Vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes. Studies finding positive evidence are frequently contradicted by other studies.
See more
https://goo.gl/omWJhb
https://goo.gl/oLxRLS
https://goo.gl/SYy9tD
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Aloe Vera Farming Business, Commercial Cultivation of Aloe Vera, Growing Aloe Vera, Cultivation of Aloe Vera, Aloe Vera Plant Business Plan, Aloe Vera Business Plan in India, Aloe Vera Farming, Aloe Vera Farming in India, Cultivation Methods of Aloe Vera, How to Plant Aloe Vera, Aloe Vera Cultivation & Processing, Aloe Vera Products, Growing Aloe Vera, Aloe Vera Processing Plant, Herbal Formulations, Aloe Vera Gel Making Process, How to Process AloeVera, Aloe Vera Processing Machine, Processing Methods for Aloe Vera Leaf, How to Make Aloe Vera Gel, Aloe Vera Processing Line, Equipment for Aloe Vera Plant, Aloe Vera Processing and Products, Processing of Aloe Vera Leaf Gel, Aloe Vera Leaf Processing, Commercial Extraction of Gel From Aloe Vera, Process for Preparing Extracts of Aloe Vera, Gel Extraction from Aloe Vera Leaves, Medicinal Plant Aloe Vera, Medicinal AloeVera Plant, Anatomy of Aloe Vera Leaves, Aloe (Aloe Vera) Investment Opportunity, Process for Aloe Gel, Aloe Arborescens, Pharmacological Actions of Aloe Extracts and Cassia Abbreviata on Rats And Mice, Parenchyma Gel of AloeVera, Aloe Vera & Gibberellin, Antidiabetic Activity of Aloes, Aloe Vera Ointment, Turmeric & Aloe Vera for Treating Health Ailments, AloeVera Leaf Processor, Extract of Lavender, Topical Compositions, Pharmaceutical/Cosmetic Compositions, Drying, Blending, Milling, Ultracentrifugation, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Preparation of Bulk Pharmaceutical, Extraction Process, Leaf Harvesting and Handling, NPCS, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business Consultant
This document discusses nutraceuticals, which provide both nutritional value and health benefits. Nutraceuticals include foods like spirulina and garlic. Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae that contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and enzymes. It has various health benefits such as reducing cholesterol and preventing HIV replication. Garlic contains allicin and other compounds. It has properties like being analgesic, antibacterial, and helping to reduce blood pressure and blood sugar levels. The document classifies nutraceuticals and discusses several examples and their uses.
Aloe vera is a species of succulent plant that is believed to originate from northern Africa. It has a long history of traditional medicinal use but there is limited scientific evidence that supports many of its health claims. Aloe vera gel is commonly used in cosmetic products and some dietary supplements due to proposed moisturizing, healing, and soothing properties, though more research is still needed to verify these benefits and ensure safety. Aloe vera continues to be studied for potential medical applications such as wound healing and treatment of diabetes or hyperlipidemia.
Ginger is a botanical that originates from Zingiber officinale. It contains chemical constituents like gingerol and shogaol. Ginger has medicinal uses as an anti-bacterial, to decrease cholesterol and joint pain from arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory. High doses of ginger can cause side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and skin irritation when applied. Ginger can be consumed fresh, dried, or in teas and drinks, with most research using 250mg to 1g per day. Ginger may interact with anticoagulants, anti-diabetes drugs, and blood pressure medications.
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
This document summarizes information about the garlic plant. It describes garlic's botanical classification, parts used, and key chemical constituents like allicin. The document outlines garlic's uses as an anti-cancer agent and for treating various respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. It also discusses garlic's dosage, toxicity, administration routes, side effects, drug interactions, contraindications, and references several sources for the information provided.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
The document provides information about the Solanaceae family, also known as the potato family. It discusses key details about the family, including that it contains around 90 genera and 2000 species of flowering plants. 14 genera and 52 species are found in Pakistan. Common features among members include herbs, shrubs, vines with simple leaves and bisexual flowers. Many members are used for their alkaloid content, as ornamentals, medicines, and some are edible or toxic weeds. Examples like belladonna, henbane, jimsonweed, and peppers are described in more detail.
Shatavari is derived from the dried tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus, a climber found throughout tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia. The roots are finger-like, fleshy, and white to light colored, containing steroidal saponins that are the active constituents. Traditionally, Shatavari is used to treat infertility, menopausal problems, loss of libido, gastric ulcers, and joint stiffness. It is an ingredient in several Ayurvedic preparations marketed to support women's health.
Introduction to Phytopharmaceuticals- Carotenoids.pptxSaema5
This document discusses phytopharmaceuticals and carotenoids. It defines phytopharmaceuticals as purified plant-derived medicinal drugs. Carotenoids are plant pigments that give fruits and vegetables their red, orange, and yellow colors. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons found in photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and some animals. The document describes the isolation of carotenoids from carrots using extraction and column chromatography. It also outlines the characteristic features and medicinal uses of carotenoids, which include their antioxidant and anticancer properties.
This document discusses tracer techniques used to study biosynthetic pathways in plants. Tracer techniques involve incorporating radioactive isotopes or stable isotopes into presumed precursors of plant metabolites. This allows researchers to trace intermediates and steps in pathways over time. Various techniques are described such as precursor-product sequence, double labeling, competitive feeding, and sequential analysis. Tracer techniques provide high sensitivity and can be applied to all living organisms to study topics like terpenoid biosynthesis, formation of secondary metabolites, and nutrient uptake in plants.
This document discusses organic cultivation practices for several herbal spices. It provides details on:
1) What constitutes organic farming and its principles. 2) Common herbal spices used for seasoning like basil, mint, rosemary and thyme. 3) Organic cultivation of sacred basil/tulsi including uses, varieties, soil and climate needs, nursery preparation and management practices. 4) Similar details are provided for other mints and their main oil constituents.
Unit I Herbal Drug Technology BP603T
Herbs as raw materials
Definition of herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, herbal drug preparation
Source of Herbs
Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials
Processing of herbal raw material
Biodynamic Agriculture
Good agricultural practices in cultivation of medicinal plants including Organic farming. Pest and Pest management in medicinal plants: Biopesticides/Bioinsecticides.
Indian Systems of Medicine
a) Basic principles involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy
b) Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations viz Aristas and Asawas, Ghutika,Churna, Lehya and Bhasma.
Nutraceuticals
General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health
benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable
bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases. Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina
Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions: General introduction to interaction and
classification. Study of following drugs and their possible side effects and interactions:
Hypercium, kava-kava, Ginkobiloba, Ginseng, Garlic, Pepper & Ephedra.Herbal Cosmetics
Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin used via, fixed oils, waxes, gums
colours, perfumes, protective agents, bleaching agents, antioxidants in products such as skin
care, hair care and oral hygiene products.
Herbal excipients:
Herbal Excipients – Significance of substances of natural origin as excipients – colorants, sweeteners, binders, diluents, viscosity builders, disintegrants, flavors & perfumes. Herbal formulations :
Conventional herbal formulations like syrups, mixtures and tablets and Novel dosage forms
like phytosomes
Evaluation of Drugs WHO & ICH guidelines for the assessment of herbal drugs
Stability testing of herbal drugs. Patenting and Regulatory requirements of natural products:
a) Definition of the terms: Patent, IPR, Farmers right, Breeder’s right, Bioprospecting and
Biopiracy
b) Patenting aspects of Traditional Knowledge and Natural Products. Case study of Curcuma
& Neem.
Regulatory Issues - Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects. A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India. Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of medicine
Components of GMP (Schedule – T) and its objectives
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area, machinery and equipments,
standard operating procedures, health and hygiene, documentation and records.
This document provides information on several medicinal plants and their active compounds. It discusses Artemisia annua (artemisinin), Centella asiatica (asiaticoside, brahmoside), Bacopa monnieri (bacoside A, bacogenin), Camptotheca acuminata (camptothecin), Gymnema sylvestre (gymnemic acid), Taxus brevifolia (taxol), Azadirachta indica (neem), and their traditional uses, biological sources, chemical constituents, and medical applications such as treatment of malaria, wounds, cancer, diabetes, and more.
The document provides an analysis of various Ayurvedic formulations including Brahmi hills, Diabohills juice, and Ashwagandha capsules. It discusses the preparation, composition, benefits, and HPTLC analysis of Brahmi Ghrita and Brahmi hills capsules to identify compounds like Bacoside A. The physicochemical properties of formulations like acid value, saponification value, and refractive index are also analyzed.
This document summarizes information about musk, which is an aromatic substance used in perfumery. It is obtained from the musk deer, which lives in parts of Asia and has a musk gland that produces the substance. Musk can be obtained by killing trapped deer or removing it from immobilized deer raised in captivity. The dried musk gland or secretions are used in perfumes. Musk has a long history of use in Chinese medicine and perfumes. Some plants also produce musky compounds used in perfumes as substitutes. The key components of musk include muscone and related compounds. Musk has reported anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, and other pharmacological effects.
This document discusses the nervous system drug Aswagandha (Withania somnifera). It describes the plant's cultivation, morphological characteristics of the root including color and size, and chemical constituents including steroidal alkaloids and lactones. The summary also notes that Aswagandha has sedative, immune-modulating, and anti-stress effects and is used to treat rheumatism, gout, and skin diseases.
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Ethnobotany: Definition, Development, Impact on traditional medicines & herba...VarshaSrivastav
Ethnobotany is the study of relationships between people and plants. It examines how human cultures interact with and use indigenous plants. Ethnobotany has impacted traditional medicine by informing the evaluation and discovery of herbal drugs. Proper harvesting, processing, and storage of plants as described by ethnobotanical knowledge helps ensure conservation and safe preparation of medicinal plants. Skills in botany, anthropology, and linguistics are required to understand a culture's plant perceptions and terminology. Examples of important drugs derived from ethnobotanical approaches include artemisinin, codeine, and tetrahydrocannabinol.
The document discusses two natural cardiotonic drugs - Digitalis and Arjuna bark. It describes their botanical sources, cultivation, collection methods, morphological features, chemical constituents and uses. For Digitalis, the document outlines its cultivation in Kashmir, Nilgiri hills and Mungapoo. It is harvested when 2/3rd of its flowers are developed. For quick drying, it is dried at 60°C in vacuum driers. Arjuna bark is collected from the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna, commonly found in India. It contains tannins, triterpenoids and other compounds and is used to treat heart diseases in indigenous medicine.
El documento describe la estructura y funciones del Poder Judicial en Uruguay. Está compuesto por la Suprema Corte de Justicia, tribunales de apelaciones, juzgados letrados y juzgados de paz. La Suprema Corte es la máxima autoridad y está integrada por 5 miembros designados por la Asamblea General. Los tribunales de apelaciones y juzgados requieren ciertos requisitos mínimos de edad y ciudadanía para sus jueces.
Shatavari is an Ayurvedic herb that is believed to promote reproductive health in women. It contains compounds that can help balance hormones and support a healthy menstrual cycle. Studies also indicate Shatavari may help relieve symptoms of menopause like hot flashes and mood swings.
This document discusses nutraceuticals, which provide both nutritional value and health benefits. Nutraceuticals include foods like spirulina and garlic. Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae that contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and enzymes. It has various health benefits such as reducing cholesterol and preventing HIV replication. Garlic contains allicin and other compounds. It has properties like being analgesic, antibacterial, and helping to reduce blood pressure and blood sugar levels. The document classifies nutraceuticals and discusses several examples and their uses.
Aloe vera is a species of succulent plant that is believed to originate from northern Africa. It has a long history of traditional medicinal use but there is limited scientific evidence that supports many of its health claims. Aloe vera gel is commonly used in cosmetic products and some dietary supplements due to proposed moisturizing, healing, and soothing properties, though more research is still needed to verify these benefits and ensure safety. Aloe vera continues to be studied for potential medical applications such as wound healing and treatment of diabetes or hyperlipidemia.
Ginger is a botanical that originates from Zingiber officinale. It contains chemical constituents like gingerol and shogaol. Ginger has medicinal uses as an anti-bacterial, to decrease cholesterol and joint pain from arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory. High doses of ginger can cause side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and skin irritation when applied. Ginger can be consumed fresh, dried, or in teas and drinks, with most research using 250mg to 1g per day. Ginger may interact with anticoagulants, anti-diabetes drugs, and blood pressure medications.
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
This document summarizes information about the garlic plant. It describes garlic's botanical classification, parts used, and key chemical constituents like allicin. The document outlines garlic's uses as an anti-cancer agent and for treating various respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. It also discusses garlic's dosage, toxicity, administration routes, side effects, drug interactions, contraindications, and references several sources for the information provided.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
The document provides information about the Solanaceae family, also known as the potato family. It discusses key details about the family, including that it contains around 90 genera and 2000 species of flowering plants. 14 genera and 52 species are found in Pakistan. Common features among members include herbs, shrubs, vines with simple leaves and bisexual flowers. Many members are used for their alkaloid content, as ornamentals, medicines, and some are edible or toxic weeds. Examples like belladonna, henbane, jimsonweed, and peppers are described in more detail.
Shatavari is derived from the dried tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus, a climber found throughout tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia. The roots are finger-like, fleshy, and white to light colored, containing steroidal saponins that are the active constituents. Traditionally, Shatavari is used to treat infertility, menopausal problems, loss of libido, gastric ulcers, and joint stiffness. It is an ingredient in several Ayurvedic preparations marketed to support women's health.
Introduction to Phytopharmaceuticals- Carotenoids.pptxSaema5
This document discusses phytopharmaceuticals and carotenoids. It defines phytopharmaceuticals as purified plant-derived medicinal drugs. Carotenoids are plant pigments that give fruits and vegetables their red, orange, and yellow colors. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons found in photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and some animals. The document describes the isolation of carotenoids from carrots using extraction and column chromatography. It also outlines the characteristic features and medicinal uses of carotenoids, which include their antioxidant and anticancer properties.
This document discusses tracer techniques used to study biosynthetic pathways in plants. Tracer techniques involve incorporating radioactive isotopes or stable isotopes into presumed precursors of plant metabolites. This allows researchers to trace intermediates and steps in pathways over time. Various techniques are described such as precursor-product sequence, double labeling, competitive feeding, and sequential analysis. Tracer techniques provide high sensitivity and can be applied to all living organisms to study topics like terpenoid biosynthesis, formation of secondary metabolites, and nutrient uptake in plants.
This document discusses organic cultivation practices for several herbal spices. It provides details on:
1) What constitutes organic farming and its principles. 2) Common herbal spices used for seasoning like basil, mint, rosemary and thyme. 3) Organic cultivation of sacred basil/tulsi including uses, varieties, soil and climate needs, nursery preparation and management practices. 4) Similar details are provided for other mints and their main oil constituents.
Unit I Herbal Drug Technology BP603T
Herbs as raw materials
Definition of herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, herbal drug preparation
Source of Herbs
Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials
Processing of herbal raw material
Biodynamic Agriculture
Good agricultural practices in cultivation of medicinal plants including Organic farming. Pest and Pest management in medicinal plants: Biopesticides/Bioinsecticides.
Indian Systems of Medicine
a) Basic principles involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy
b) Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations viz Aristas and Asawas, Ghutika,Churna, Lehya and Bhasma.
Nutraceuticals
General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health
benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable
bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases. Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina
Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions: General introduction to interaction and
classification. Study of following drugs and their possible side effects and interactions:
Hypercium, kava-kava, Ginkobiloba, Ginseng, Garlic, Pepper & Ephedra.Herbal Cosmetics
Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin used via, fixed oils, waxes, gums
colours, perfumes, protective agents, bleaching agents, antioxidants in products such as skin
care, hair care and oral hygiene products.
Herbal excipients:
Herbal Excipients – Significance of substances of natural origin as excipients – colorants, sweeteners, binders, diluents, viscosity builders, disintegrants, flavors & perfumes. Herbal formulations :
Conventional herbal formulations like syrups, mixtures and tablets and Novel dosage forms
like phytosomes
Evaluation of Drugs WHO & ICH guidelines for the assessment of herbal drugs
Stability testing of herbal drugs. Patenting and Regulatory requirements of natural products:
a) Definition of the terms: Patent, IPR, Farmers right, Breeder’s right, Bioprospecting and
Biopiracy
b) Patenting aspects of Traditional Knowledge and Natural Products. Case study of Curcuma
& Neem.
Regulatory Issues - Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects. A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India. Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of medicine
Components of GMP (Schedule – T) and its objectives
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area, machinery and equipments,
standard operating procedures, health and hygiene, documentation and records.
This document provides information on several medicinal plants and their active compounds. It discusses Artemisia annua (artemisinin), Centella asiatica (asiaticoside, brahmoside), Bacopa monnieri (bacoside A, bacogenin), Camptotheca acuminata (camptothecin), Gymnema sylvestre (gymnemic acid), Taxus brevifolia (taxol), Azadirachta indica (neem), and their traditional uses, biological sources, chemical constituents, and medical applications such as treatment of malaria, wounds, cancer, diabetes, and more.
The document provides an analysis of various Ayurvedic formulations including Brahmi hills, Diabohills juice, and Ashwagandha capsules. It discusses the preparation, composition, benefits, and HPTLC analysis of Brahmi Ghrita and Brahmi hills capsules to identify compounds like Bacoside A. The physicochemical properties of formulations like acid value, saponification value, and refractive index are also analyzed.
This document summarizes information about musk, which is an aromatic substance used in perfumery. It is obtained from the musk deer, which lives in parts of Asia and has a musk gland that produces the substance. Musk can be obtained by killing trapped deer or removing it from immobilized deer raised in captivity. The dried musk gland or secretions are used in perfumes. Musk has a long history of use in Chinese medicine and perfumes. Some plants also produce musky compounds used in perfumes as substitutes. The key components of musk include muscone and related compounds. Musk has reported anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, and other pharmacological effects.
This document discusses the nervous system drug Aswagandha (Withania somnifera). It describes the plant's cultivation, morphological characteristics of the root including color and size, and chemical constituents including steroidal alkaloids and lactones. The summary also notes that Aswagandha has sedative, immune-modulating, and anti-stress effects and is used to treat rheumatism, gout, and skin diseases.
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Ethnobotany: Definition, Development, Impact on traditional medicines & herba...VarshaSrivastav
Ethnobotany is the study of relationships between people and plants. It examines how human cultures interact with and use indigenous plants. Ethnobotany has impacted traditional medicine by informing the evaluation and discovery of herbal drugs. Proper harvesting, processing, and storage of plants as described by ethnobotanical knowledge helps ensure conservation and safe preparation of medicinal plants. Skills in botany, anthropology, and linguistics are required to understand a culture's plant perceptions and terminology. Examples of important drugs derived from ethnobotanical approaches include artemisinin, codeine, and tetrahydrocannabinol.
The document discusses two natural cardiotonic drugs - Digitalis and Arjuna bark. It describes their botanical sources, cultivation, collection methods, morphological features, chemical constituents and uses. For Digitalis, the document outlines its cultivation in Kashmir, Nilgiri hills and Mungapoo. It is harvested when 2/3rd of its flowers are developed. For quick drying, it is dried at 60°C in vacuum driers. Arjuna bark is collected from the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna, commonly found in India. It contains tannins, triterpenoids and other compounds and is used to treat heart diseases in indigenous medicine.
El documento describe la estructura y funciones del Poder Judicial en Uruguay. Está compuesto por la Suprema Corte de Justicia, tribunales de apelaciones, juzgados letrados y juzgados de paz. La Suprema Corte es la máxima autoridad y está integrada por 5 miembros designados por la Asamblea General. Los tribunales de apelaciones y juzgados requieren ciertos requisitos mínimos de edad y ciudadanía para sus jueces.
Shatavari is an Ayurvedic herb that is believed to promote reproductive health in women. It contains compounds that can help balance hormones and support a healthy menstrual cycle. Studies also indicate Shatavari may help relieve symptoms of menopause like hot flashes and mood swings.
Anti-venom plants are most useful for curing a person of snake bite or other poisonous animal bites. Extensive research is being done world over on anti-venom properties and cure. Many people die of snake bites and non-availability of proper medicine at the right time makes this area worth a big research and attention!!
El documento proporciona información sobre varias plantas medicinales y sus usos. Resume las propiedades del ajo, incluyendo su composición química y usos medicinales como antihipertensivo y antitusígeno. También describe brevemente la "flor de arena" y sus usos como depurativo y sedante de leve acción diurética. Finalmente, menciona otros nombres de plantas medicinales como la maracuya, la alcachofa, la uva, la papaya y el mamey.
Palestra apresentada durante o I Ciclo de Palestras de Nutrição, apresentado na semana de nutrição da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco / Campus Vitória de Santo Antão.
Safed musli is originally found in forest areas in natural form. Its botanical name is Chlorophytum tuberosum. This species is found in abundance in natural forest areas. The plant is distributed in the subtropical Himalayas from Kumaon eastwards, the Khasia hills, Bengal, Assam, Kokan, Kanara, West peninsula and Madras extending to Kanyakumari.
Este documento resume as principais doenças que afetam aliáceas como alho e cebola, descrevendo os sintomas, agentes causadores, epidemiologia e métodos de controle de cada doença. As doenças abordadas incluem mancha púrpura, podridão branca, ferrugem, míldio, tombamento, fusariose e podridão bacteriana da escama. O documento fornece informações técnicas detalhadas sobre cada doença para auxiliar no manejo e controle destas pragas que afetam importantes cult
O documento discute a asma, uma doença inflamatória das vias aéreas caracterizada por uma inflamação de eosinófilos, linfócitos e mastócitos, levando a episódios de broncoespasmo em resposta a diversos estímulos.
Action of shatavari in Hypertensive Retinopathy(HR):Acase studyPanchajanya Kumar
Dr. Panchajanya Kumar Deevi presented a case study on the action of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) in treating hypertensive retinopathy (HR). HR is damage to the retina caused by high blood pressure. A 45-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension for 7 years presented with vision problems and headaches. Examination revealed signs of HR. The patient was given Shatavari root powder along with his hypertension medications. After 30 days of treatment, the patient's vision and retinal findings improved. The study concludes that Shatavari is an effective and economical treatment for HR associated with hypertension.
This document provides an overview of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), including its origin, distribution, uses, chemical constituents, botany, varieties, propagation, production technology, and micropropagation. Key points include that it is a valuable medicinal plant native to India with high demand due to its aphrodisiac properties. It is propagated through seeds and vegetative means, with vegetative being preferred. Production requires sandy loam soil, warm humid climate, and raised beds for cultivation.
Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, is consumed as a spice and has a long history of medicinal uses. It contains compounds like gingerols and volatile oils that give it its distinctive flavor and odor. Ginger has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It can help treat conditions like nausea, abdominal pain, and arthritis. While generally safe, ginger can cause side effects like heartburn in large amounts and interacts with some medications.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ginger. It discusses ginger's origins and use in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. India is now the world's largest ginger producer. The presentation covers ginger's scientific classification, cultivation, description, chemical composition, nutritional value, and various medicinal properties and uses. These include reducing nausea, inflammation, muscle pain, and cancer risks. Regional uses of ginger in Indian cuisine are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing ginger's folk medicinal uses, benefits for various health conditions, and potential harmful effects of too much ginger consumption.
The document provides an overview of medical terminology and how to build and decode medical terms using word parts. It discusses the three main types of word parts - prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Examples are given to illustrate how medical terms are constructed by combining these word parts and the meaning they provide. The steps for decoding terms are outlined as starting with the suffix, then prefix, combining form, and finally defining the full term. Pronunciation of terms can also be aided by seeing illustrations. Overall, the document serves as an introductory training on medical terminology for new hires.
- Trifluralin at 1 kg/ha + hand weeding at 100 days after sowing was the most effective treatment for controlling weeds in garlic. It resulted in the lowest population of four common weed species - Chenopodium didymus, Avena arvensis, Melilotus indica, and Convolvulus arvensis.
- Other effective herbicide treatments included oxyfluorfen at 0.2 kg/ha + hand weeding and isoproturan at 0.75 kg/ha + hand weeding. However, trifluralin provided the best weed control with the addition of a single hand weeding.
This document provides contact information for East Branch Ginger and information about their certified organic and disease-free ginger, turmeric, and galangal seed. It discusses Susan Anderson's background and experience, the history of Puna Organics in Hawaii where the seed is grown, details about their clean seed project, and information about growing and cultivating ginger from seed both in soil and in containers/bags.
Curcumin, the compound responsible for the yellow color of turmeric has much more to offer than just its color. Curcumin comes with a plethora of health benefits which makes it a hot topic in the nutraceutical industry. Unleash the world of curcumin and see the reasons why you need to spice it up!
Garlic is a species of bulbous flowering plant in the genus Allium. It contains compounds like allicin which provide powerful physiological effects. Garlic has a long history of use as both a food flavoring and traditional medicine. It has various health benefits such as reducing cholesterol and blood pressure, strengthening the immune system, and preventing cancers and infections. While generally safe, garlic may cause side effects like heartburn, nausea, and bleeding in some individuals. Garlic is widely used as a spice and preservative around the world.
Snow Mountain Garlic, Allium Sativum, is one of the potent herbs that is palatable and has abundant medicinal properties.
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The document discusses the functional properties and medicinal uses of several foods and herbs, including saffron, turmeric, garlic, ginger, tea, oats, spinach, cinnamon, and honey. Saffron is used to treat depression and digestive issues, while turmeric has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Garlic has anti-microbial effects and can reduce cholesterol. Ginger treats nausea and motion sickness. Tea contains polyphenols that provide health benefits. Oats contain soluble fiber that lowers cholesterol. Spinach is high in antioxidants and vitamins. Cinnamon controls blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Honey has antibacterial properties and can treat respiratory infections.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants play important role in curing different diseases and
used as important raw materials for the manufacturing of traditional and modern medicine. One of these medicinal plant
Garlic (Allium sativum) members of Amaryllidaceae family reduces various risk factors associated with several
diseases. Garlic has been shown to inhibit enzymes involved in lipid synthesis, decrease platelet aggregation, prevent
lipid peroxidation of oxidized erythrocytes and LDL, increase antioxidant status, and inhibit angiotensin converting
enzyme. It also reduces cholesterol, inhibits platelet aggregation, reduces blood pressure, and increases antioxidant
status. Therefore, our aim was to compare the different secondary metabolites present in the aqueous and methanolic
extracts of the garlic leaves, root, developed bulbs and undeveloped bulbs. Phytochemicals screening revealed the
results that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, tannin and phenolic compounds,
saponins, amino acid & triterpenoids aqueous extract and methanolic extract of garlic leaves and fully developed bulb
but garlic fully developed showed negative result for reducing sugar. Methanolic extract of undeveloped bulbs of garlic
shown positive a result for all expects carbohydrate, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides it showed negative result for them.
Garlic roots shown also the same result as garlic undeveloped bulbs but there was the difference in flavonoids it shown
negative for it.
Key-words- Allium sativum, Phytochemical components, Medicinal plants, Antioxidant, TLC
Garlic has long been used as a herbal medicine due to its therapeutic properties. It contains compounds like allicin that have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Garlic has been used to treat conditions like colds, coughs, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cancer. Modern research has shown it can be an effective antibiotic and helps strengthen the immune system. While generally safe for most people, raw garlic can cause digestive issues and interacts with some medications.
HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD IN HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY SachinPadole5
Herbs as health food is related to the herbal drug technology subject . It's all about the importance of herbs as health food like Alfalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina, etc.. All above herbs plays the important role in herbal medicine. All the herbs have different chemicals constituents with different health benefits. And all of them herbs have give potent activity against the disease. It's play important role in herbal medicine.
Home herbals are the preventive as well as curative agents.TUPESDREAMER
Immunity Booster Foods & Herbal Remedies against COVID-19 and its Vaccines Development-2020 discusses several Indian herbs and foods that can boost immunity. It describes the immune system and how herbs like turmeric, ginger, amla, tulsi, cumin, and coriander can support immunity through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It also recommends a DIP diet involving fruits, vegetables, and limiting refined foods to potentially cure diseases within months. Home remedies using these herbs may help prevent illness and support health.
1) The document discusses various herbal treatments for common diseases like kidney stones, gall stones, asthma, stomach ulcers, acidity, diabetes, and wounds.
2) Herbal remedies reviewed for each disease include lemon juice and olive oil for kidney stones, pears and wine for gall stones, honey and garlic for stomach ulcers, cloves and black tea for asthma, and aloe vera and flavonoids for acidity.
3) For diabetes and wounds, bitter gourd, cinnamon, and turmeric powder are discussed.
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Screening of major HerbsAli Raza Hameed
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of various herbs. It provides background on herbs and their use in traditional medicines. It then examines several major herbs - mint, garlic, milk thistle, aloe, ginseng, ginger - analyzing their phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenols, and antioxidants. The document investigates the antioxidant activities of these herbs' extracts and their ability to reduce oxidative stress and free radicals.
Impressive health benefits of onion A series of PresentationByMr. Allah ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of PresentationByMr. Allah Dad Khan former DG Agriculture Extension KP Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Garlic has a long history of use as a medicinal remedy dating back over 500 years. There are now over 3000 publications that have confirmed various health benefits of garlic, including reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cancer, stimulating immune function, and enhancing detoxification. Different garlic preparations (raw, aged, powder, extract) contain varying amounts of active compounds and have different effects, with aged garlic extract exhibiting the most benefits. Clinical studies have shown garlic can lower cholesterol levels. The appropriate daily intake is unclear but is generally considered to be 1-2 cloves or 4 grams.
Plants have the ability to produce compounds that can defend against invaders and be beneficial to human health. Many medications are derived from plants, including aspirin, digitalis, and quinine. Herbal medicines work through similar processes as traditional medicines but can also cause side effects. While used commonly in some non-industrial societies, herbal medicines require more scientific analysis of their effectiveness and safety profile. The document then discusses the historical use of herbal medicines among ancient civilizations and provides details on the medicinal properties and uses of various plants and herbs.
This document provides information on exotic and lesser-known vegetables, including their nutritional composition and health benefits. It discusses asparagus, celeriac, chokos, fennel, kohlrabi, microgreens, okra, puha, rhubarb and witloof, outlining the vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients found in each. It emphasizes the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of many of these vegetables and encourages cooking methods that preserve their nutrients. The document serves as a guide for consumers to select, store and prepare these vegetables to maximize their nutritional value.
Pharmacological and Biochemical Action of Angelica Sinensis (Dong Quai): Natu...paperpublications3
This document summarizes the history, traditional uses, major constituents, and pharmacological actions of Angelica sinensis (Dong Quai). It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to treat various women's health issues. The main active compounds include phthalides (like ligustilide), ferulic acid, polysaccharides, and coumarins. Preclinical studies have shown Dong Quai extracts have anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, anticancer and neuroprotective effects. However, clinical evidence is limited and it can interact with drugs or cause side effects like headaches. More research is still needed to validate its therapeutic potential and safety.
Allergies are an overreaction of the body's immune system to particular substances. Symptoms vary between individuals and can range from minor irritation to life-threatening emergencies. While allergies cannot be cured, treatments can help reduce symptoms. Nutritional supplements like vitamins A, C, E, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids as well as natural remedies like ginger, honey, and turmeric can help manage allergy symptoms. Maintaining a healthy diet, lifestyle, and environment can also help prevent allergic reactions.
Ten of the most powerful healing herbs and spicesXenia Y
Ten powerful healing herbs and spices are discussed, including cinnamon, turmeric, basil, clove, cumin, fennel, mint, oregano, parsley, and fenugreek. Cinnamon helps reduce anxiety and control blood sugar levels. Turmeric is a strong anti-inflammatory and may prevent conditions like Alzheimer's and heart disease. Basil, clove, cumin, fennel, mint, oregano, and parsley all have beneficial properties such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and digestive effects. Fenugreek stimulates breast milk production and has anti-diabetic and heart-protective properties.
Herbs can be used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Herbal medicine originated from early humans using plants to treat illnesses. Garlic and ginger have a long history of use in traditional Chinese, Ayurvedic, and other medicines to treat various conditions. Modern research has found that garlic contains compounds like allicin that have anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects. Ginkgo biloba extract contains flavonoids and terpenoids that may have cognitive benefits and antioxidant properties. Herbs like garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba and others continue to be areas of research interest for their potential health benefits.
Herbs can be used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Herbal medicine originated from early humans using plants to treat illnesses. Garlic and ginger have a long history of use in traditional Chinese, Ayurvedic, and other medicines to treat various conditions. Modern research has found that garlic contains compounds like allicin that have anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects. Ginkgo biloba extract contains flavonoids and terpenoids that may have cognitive benefits and antioxidant properties. Herbs like garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba and others continue to be areas of research interest for their potential health benefits.
Medicinal Benefits of Insulin Plant (Costus igneus)Dr.V.Vijaya
The document discusses the medicinal usage of the insulin plant (Costus igneus). Key points:
- The insulin plant is used in traditional medicine like Ayurveda and Siddha to treat diabetes. It is believed to help control blood sugar levels.
- The plant has various pharmacological properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activities. Parts of the plant like leaves, stems and rhizomes contain chemical constituents that may help reduce blood sugar.
- In traditional medicine, different parts of the insulin plant are used to treat diabetes, prevent cancer, aid digestion, boost immunity and have other health benefits. Further research is still being done on its antidiabetic properties.
Similar to Monographs of Allium sativum, Apium graveolens, Citrus limon, Thymus vulgaris, Zingiber officinale (20)
Minerals and vitamins play an important role in pregnancy outcomes. Deficiencies in iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, vitamins A, B-complex, folate, B12, C, D and E can negatively impact fetal growth and development. The document reviewed studies on the effects of supplementing with individual minerals and vitamins as well as multiple micronutrients during pregnancy. While certain supplements like folic acid and iron were found to improve outcomes, the roles of other vitamins are still unclear and some like vitamin E may increase health risks when supplemented.
This is a summary of the journal : 'Is there more to learn about functional vitamin D metabolism?' presented by my friend Svenia and me. Hope it helps.
This presentation is on ocean acidification, it covers
(1) a background on ocean acidification,
(2) the chemistry between carbon dioxide & the ocean
(3) Impact of Ocean acidification on biological processes and the ecosystems.
(4) and finally some mitigation measures
I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
Enjoy
Phytochemicals can help prevent cancer through several mechanisms: 1) They promote detoxification and antioxidant gene expression to break down carcinogens. 2) They down-regulate inflammatory pathways like COX-2 that promote cell proliferation and prevent apoptosis. 3) They induce apoptosis by increasing pro-apoptotic proteins and decreasing anti-apoptotic proteins. 4) They arrest the cell cycle at checkpoints to prevent cell division.
Gap junctional intercellular communication in cancer chemopreventionNabiilah Naraino Majie
This powerpoint presentation gives an overview of how gap junctions are involved in cancer. And how it can be upregulated by the action of phytochemicals in the process of cancer chemoprevention. I have used a scientific journal to eleborate on the mechanism. I hope it helps.
This ppt explains the basics of mass spectrometry and in application in pharmacognosy. Hope this helps you guys. Like, comment and save. If you hav problem downloading, send your email address; i'll post it for you by mail :)
Enjoy the presentation.
This presentation is on the bioassay of heparin which helps to know the potency of new heparin drug or heparin conc in individual suffering from heparin resistance diseases.
This was made by my friend Naailah and me. Hope it helps.
This prsentation explains the use of biomarker with reference to an article: Accelerating Drug Develeopment using Biomarkers-Sitagliptin.
It was presented my my 2 friends and me. Hope it helps you guys.
This document discusses structure-activity relationships in drug design and formulation. It introduces Hammett and Hansch plots, which relate reaction rates and biological activity to electronic and physicochemical properties. Modification of lead compounds is explored through changing functional groups, stereochemistry and lipophilicity. Morphine is used as a case study to illustrate how properties like log P, binding groups and stereochemistry impact opioid activity. The conclusion emphasizes the role of medicinal chemistry in understanding disease and developing safer, more effective pharmaceuticals.
A presentation on Paul Ehrlich developed modern chemotherapy. This was my ppt for the module pharmaceutics 6. It i based on Anti microbial chemo; hope it help others doing relating things.
1. The document discusses different types of microfilaria that can cause human filariasis infections. It describes microfilaria that cause lymphatic filariasis (e.g. Wuchereria bancrofti), subcutaneous filariasis (e.g. Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus), and serous cavity filariasis (e.g. Mansonella perstans).
2. It provides details on the life cycles, morphologies, geographical distributions, vectors, and clinical manifestations of several important microfilaria species including W. bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa loa and Onchocerca volv
This document discusses various modes of drug administration and their advantages and disadvantages. It describes several routes of administration including enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal administration as well as parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. For each route, it provides details on how the drug is administered and compares the pros and cons in terms of factors like onset of action, bypassing first-pass metabolism, patient acceptability, and ability to deliver different drug formulations. It also discusses local routes of administration that allow targeted delivery to specific tissues while minimizing systemic exposure.
Cigarette smoking is causally associated with non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes through several mechanisms. Smoking induces cardiovascular diseases by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol, and risk of clotting. It causes cancer by introducing carcinogens into the lungs and body that can damage DNA and cause uncontrolled cell growth. Smoking contributes to chronic lung diseases like COPD and lung cancer by damaging lung tissue, impairing function, and containing carcinogens. It is also an independent risk factor for diabetes.
Rheology is important for pharmacists in understanding the flow properties of emulsions, suspensions, and other dosage forms. It also affects the selection of processing equipment and containers. For suspensions and emulsions, rheology determines properties like sedimentation, redispersibility, and flow characteristics. The viscosity and rheological class (e.g. Newtonian, pseudoplastic) of a dosage form depends on factors like particle size, concentration, and choice of suspending agent. Container materials must be compatible with the dosage form and maintain seal integrity over time. Rheology is a key consideration in designing stable, easily administered pharmaceutical preparations.
This document discusses microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), an efficient method for deriving natural compounds from plants. MAE uses microwave energy to heat plant materials mixed with solvents, extracting compounds faster than conventional methods. It describes the principles of microwave heating, closed and open vessel extraction systems, factors affecting MAE like solvent, time, power and temperature, and its applications. MAE provides benefits of reduced extraction time, improved yields, and ability to extract thermolabile substances.
This was my pharmaceutics presentation for mixing. Provides definitions, mechanism, types of mixers etc.
P.S: I am not the sole presenter. Ideas are from my two other colleagues as well.
This document defines climate change as a change directly or indirectly caused by human activity that alters the composition of the atmosphere in addition to natural variability. It lists both natural causes like volcanic eruptions and human causes such as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels as contributing to climate change. The effects of climate change discussed include rising sea levels from melting ice sheets, more extreme weather events like heavy rainfall and drought, declining crop productivity, changing ecosystems, rising temperatures, and ocean acidification.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
1. UNIVERSITY OF
MAURITIUS
Bachelor of Pharmacy Year 4
Pharmacognosy 4
Monographs of 5 Plants
Presented by: Naraino Majie Nabiilah-1216824
Joorawon Svenia-1217636
Date of Submission: 14th
September 2015
4. ALLIUM SATIVUM
1
Allium sativum
MAIN COMPONENTS
• Essential Oil (disulfide
diallyl, allicme)
• Carbohydrates
• Selenium
• Vitamins A, B, C and E
• Sulfur Compounds
MAIN EFFECTS
• Antibiotic
• Expectorant
• Active sweating
• Hypotensor
• Reduces blood clots
• Hypoglycemic
• Anthelmintic
GARLIC is the medicinal plant par
excellence. It is safe for home use
and proves effective to treat multiple
of health problems; it fights against
nose, throat and bronchi infections,
reduced cholesterol levels and
soothes circulatory disorders, such
as hypertension. Hypoglycemic,
garlic is a valuable supplement food
for diabetics. (Ayaz et al, 2007)
Garlic, very appreciated in the kitchen,
is grown for commercial purposes
TAXONOMY
Class: Equisetopsida
Subclass: Magnoliidae
Superorder: Lilianae
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Genus: Allium
Scientific name: Allium sativum L.
Common name: garlic (English);
ajo (Spanish); ail (French); arishtha,
lashuna (Sanskrit); lasan (Hindu
and Gujarat); vellaipundu (Tamil).
Conservation status: Not
considered to be threatened.
Habitat: Rocky valleys, riverbeds,
streambeds and gullies.
Key Uses: Food and drink,
medicine, pest control.
Known hazards: Adverse effects
including a burning sensation in the
mouth and intestine, sickness, and
odour from the breath and the body.
Skin reactions have also been
reported. Garlic may interfere with
some prescribed medicines.
(Anon-2014, Ayaz et al-2007,
Anon-2010)
CURRENT RESEARCH
• A complex solution: The therapeutic effects of
garlic have been mentioned in more than thousand
scientific articles. Garlic lowers lipid levels and
cholesterol in the blood; it prevents the formation
blood clots, reduces blood pressure and also reduces
the blood sugar and exerts antibiotic action.
(Jangam et al, 2014)
• Mechanism of action: Chemical analysis in the
1800s attributed garlic's activity to the sulfur
containing garlic oil. In the mid 1900s an American
chemist named the strong smelling liquid "allicin".
The sulfur compound alliin (S-allyl-l-cysteine
sulfoxide) produces allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) via
the enzyme allinase when the bulb is crushed or
ground. Other sulfur compounds, peptides, steroids,
terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols have increasingly
been identified as possible active ingredients as
allicin is metabolized. The exact mechanism of
action underlying garlic's effects remains unknown
and may vary according to the preparation and the
therapeutic effect. (Anon, 2011)
TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES
A traditional remedy: Before the invention of
antibiotics, garlic was used to treat all kinds of
diseases, from tuberculosis to typhoid fever. It was
also used for dressing wounds during WWI.
Bronchial Diseases: Garlic is great in case of
bronchial infections and treats colds as well as ear
infections.
The digestive tract: Garlic treats diseases of the
digestive system. It rids of the intestinal parasites.
The circulatory system: Garlic prevents circulatory
disorders and prevents their developments
by thinning the blood. It also decreases cholesterol
level.
Other uses: Garlic is used against infections; it
enhances the action of chemical antibiotics and
avoids side effects. It also reduces blood glucose, as
well as helps patients suffering from diabetes
mellitus.
PART USED
Bulbs
Cloves
Fresh
Plant
PREPARATION AND
USAGE
These parts
have been
used since
centuries in
medicine and
cooking for
its tonic
properties.
Garlic Syrup against
cough; take 1 spoon
every 3 hours
Minced cloves to
decrease cholesterol
and strengthen
immune system
These beads
contain garlic oil.
This increases the
resistance of the
body to infection.
5. ALLIUM SATIVUM
2
REFERENCES
Web links
ANON, 2010. Garlic (Allium sativum). Sigma-Aldrich [online]. Available from:
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/allium-
sativum.html [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2011. Garlic. Mr Ginseng [online]. Available from: http://en.mr-ginseng.com/garlic/
[Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2014. Garlic (Allium Sativum L.). MedicineNet.com [online].Available from:
http://www.medicinenet.com/garlic_allium_sativum_l-oral/article.htm [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2015. Allium sativum (garlic). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens [online]. Available from:
http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic [Accessed September
2015].
Journals
AYAZ, E. and ALPSOY, H.C., 2007. Garlic (Allium sativum) and traditional medicine. PubMed.gov;
31(2), 145-149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594659
JANGAM, G.B. and BADOLE, S.L., 2014. Garlic (Allium sativum): Role in metabolic disorder.
Polyphenols in human health and disease; 1(46), 611-614.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123984562000463
SULERIA, H.A.R., et al., 2015. Garlic (Allium sativum) : diet based therapy of 21st
century – a review.
Asian Pacific Journal of tropical disease; 5(4), 271-278.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2222180814607829
SUNG, S., et al., 2014. Effects of Allium sativum essence oil as antimicrobial agent for food
packaging plastic film. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies; 26, 406-414.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1466856414000800
6.
7. APIUM GRAVEOLENS
3
Apium graveolens var. graveolens
Celery is a plant used in both
medicine and cooking.
TAXONOMY
MAIN COMPONENTS
•Essential Oil (1.5 to 3%)
•Coumarins
•Furanocoumarins
(bergapten)
•Flavonoids (apune)
MAIN EFFECTS
•Antirheumatic
•Antispasmodic
•Diuretics
•Hypotensive
•Antiseptic
•Anti-
inflammatory
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Apium
Species: A. graveolens
MOST COMMONLY USED as a
vegetable than as medicaments, the
branches and seeds of celery treat
disorders such as rheumatism or
arthritis, celery helps cleanse the
body by removing toxins. Its seeds
effectively eliminate intestinal gas
and they relieve bloating related
abdominal pain. (Tobyn et al, 2011)
Scientific name: Apium graveolens L.
Common name: celery (English); apio
(Spanish); céleri (French); shalari
(Hindu and Gujarat); sedano (Italian).
Conservation status: Not considered to
be threatened except in Sweden.
Habitat: Marshy areas, terrestrial,
fresh water.
Key Uses: Vegetable, medicine,
dietary herb (China).
Known hazards: Adverse effects
include skin inflammation and
sensitivity to the sun. Unsafe for
pregnant women, people with bleeding
disorder, kidney problems and low BP.
(Anon- 2005, 2014, 2015)
CURRENT RESEARCH
• A complex solution: The essential oil
provides a calming effect on the nervous
system. Seed extracts may lower blood lipid
levels. Chinese Studies indicate that the oil is
effective against hypertension. Celery is a rich
source of phenolic phytonutrients that have
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
(Fuchs et al, 2012)
• Mechanism of action: Celery contains
phenols and furocoumarins (psoralens). Celery
seed oil contains the natural phthalide
sedanolide which showed protective effects
against hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and tert-butyl
hydroperoxide (tBOOH)-induced toxicity in
HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells. Celery tuber also
contains methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen)
and 5-methoxypsoralen and the allergen
profilin (Api g 1), which shows high homology
to birch pollen profilin. (Madhavi et al, 2013)
TRADITIONAL AND CURRENT USES
• An antique use: The use celery is cultivated
for at least 3000 years, particularly in Egypt. In
the fifth century BC, the Chinese already knew
about this plant. During history, celery has
always been consumed as food and at various
times, the whole plant and seeds were used for
medicinal purpose.
• The purifying properties: Today, the seeds
are used to treat gout and certain rheumatism.
They get the kidneys rid of their waste and
reduce the acidity of organ. Seeds treat arthritis
by detoxifying the body and improving blood
flow to the muscles and joints.
• A diuretic agent: Celery seeds have a mild
diuretic action and great antiseptic effect. They
are effective against cystitis since they
disinfect bladder.
PART USED
PREPARATION AND
USAGE
Leaves
All parts have
high nutritive
values but the
seeds are mostly
used in medicine.
Detoxifying drink; take one
cup of celery juice and
carrot juice once per day.
Seed infusion to treat gout
and arthritis; take one cup
with 1.5g of seed every day.
Powdered seeds to treat
arthritis; take one teaspoon
each day.
8. APIUM GRAVEOLENS
4
REFERENCES
Web links
ANON, 2005. Celery. WebMD [online]. Available from: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-
supplements/ingredientmono-882-celery.aspx?activeingredientid=882&activeingredientname=celery
[Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2015. Apium graveolens. Red List of Threatened Species [online]. Available from:
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/164203/0 [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2015. Celery (Apium graveolens). Sigma-Aldrich [online]. Available from:
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/apium-
graveolens.html [Accessed September 2015].
EHRLICH, S.D., 2015. Celery seed. Milton S. Hershey Medicinal Center [online]. Available from:
http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000231 [Accessed
September 2015].
MURRAY, M.T., 2014. Celery and Celery seed extract are powerful, Proven healers.
DoctorMurray.com [online]. Available from: http://doctormurray.com/celery-and-celery-seed-extract-
are-powerful-proven-healers/ [Accessed September 2015].
Journals
FUCHS, M., et al., 2012. Development and validation of a novel real-time PCR method for the
detection of celery (Apium graveolens) in food. Food Chemistry; 130(1), 189-195.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814611009526
MADHAVI, D, et al., 2013. A pilot study to evaluate the antihypertensive effect of a celery extract in
mild to moderate hypertensive patients. Natural Medicine Journal; 5(4).
http://naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2013-04/pilot-study-evaluate-antihypertensive-effect-
celery-extract-mild-moderate
MODARESI, M., et al., 2012. The effects of celery (Apium graveolens) extract on the reproductive
hormones in male mice. APCBEE Procedia; 4(2012), 99-104.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221267081200187X
TOBYN, G, DENHAM, A. and WHITELEGG, M., 2011. Apium graveolens, wild celery. Medical
Herbs; 9, 79-89. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443103445000148
9.
10. CITRUS LIMON
5
Citrus limon
MAIN COMPONENTS
• Essential Oil (2 – 5% in
fruit peel), sesquiterpenes,
terpenoids, aldehydes, esters
• Coumarins
• Flavonoids
• Vitamins
MAIN EFFECTS
• Antibacterial
• Antioxidant
• Anti-rheumatic
• Antiseptic
• Reduces fever
LEMON is a major natural remedy.
Common food with numerous
medicinal virtues, it is rich in
vitamin C and favours resistance
against infections which helps to
treat influenza and colds. It is
consumed in preventive way in case
of gastritis, circulatory problems and
atherosclerosis. (Anon, 2006)
Lemon treats scurvy (lack of
vitamin C).
TAXONOMY
Class: Magnoliophyta
Subclass: Dilleniidae
Superorder: Violanae
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Scientific name: Citrus limon L.
Common name: lemon (English);
citron (French); limone (Italian);
limon (Creole); līmūn (Arabic);
nimbū (Sanskrit).
Conservation status: Least concern.
Habitat: Mediterranean region and
subtropical parts of the world.
Key Uses: Food and drink,
medicine, cosmetics.
Known hazards: Sore throat,
nausea, it may taste bitter after a
while.
(Anon- 2006, 2011,2012)
CURRENT RESEARCH
• A complex solution: Its most prominent
component, limonene, is likely the key to its
potency, found in many citrus oils but none so
strongly as lemon. Its cancer-fighting antioxidant
power is impressive, as well. (G. M. Et al, 2010)
• Mechanism of action: Its mode of action is not
clear. It acts in one or more different way to
exert its pharmacologic effect. (Bailey, 1976)
TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES
Famous medication: Spanish folk medicine
attributes so much therapeutic values to lemon
that entire books have been devoted to it.
Established properties: Once digested, lemon
has an antacid effect which makes it effective in
case of rheumatoid arthritis which favours
acidity. The essential oil is antiseptic and
antibacterial. The flavonoids present strengthen
the inner wall of blood vessels and favour the
disappearance of varicose veins and reduction of
bruises.
Preventive action: Lemon is a distinguished
preventive remedy. Its antiseptic and detoxifying
properties make it an important ally for persons
prone to atherosclerosis, fever and infectious
diseases of the stomach, liver and intestine. Its
action on the wall of blood vessels helps to
prevent circulatory problems and bleeding gums.
It is also an excellent and effective tonic against
certain chronic diseases.
Stimulate veins’ walls: The fruit and white peel
prevent atherosclerosis and weakness of
capillaries.
Juice: Lemon juice fights colds, flu and
infections. It stimulates liver detoxification and
improves appetite. It is a tonic of the liver and
the pancreas and it fights against ulcers and
rheumatoid arthritis. As gargle, it treats sore
throat, gum disease and mouth ulcer. For
external use, it is applied on acne, athlete’s foot,
bites, sunburn and warts.
(Lopes et al-2011, Freitas et al-2014, Nakajima
et al-2014)
PART USED
Fruit and peel improve
circulation and strengthen
resistance against infections.
White peel and zest contain
essential oil and most
flavonoids.
PREPARATION AND USAGE
Lemon
contains
twice as
much as
vitamin
C as
orange.
Lemon essential
Oil.
Dilute 5 drops
in 1 teaspoon of
neutral oil and
apply on mouth
ulcers.
Remedy against colds; mix
20ml of lemon juice with
50ml of hot water and add 1
crushed clove of garlic
together with 1 pinch of
cinnamon. Drink the
mixture 3 times per day.
Lemon juice for
throat irritation.
Mix 20ml of
lemon juice
with 20ml of
hot water and
use as gargle.
11. CITRUS LIMON
6
REFERENCES
Web links
ANON, 2006. Citrus limon. Learn 2 grow [online]. Available from:
http://www.learn2grow.com/plants/citrus-limon/ [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2011. Citrus limon L. Taxonomy for plants [online]. Available from: http://www.ars-
grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10732 [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2012. Citrus limon – L. Plants for a future [online]. Available from:
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+limon [Accessed September 2015].
BAILEY, et al., 1976. Lemon. Encyclopedia of Life [online]. Available from:
http://eol.org/pages/582200/overview [Accessed September 2015].
KASRAOUI, F., 2006. Le citronnier. Kasroui.com Le site officiel [online]. Available from:
http://www.kasraoui.com/Secteur-Agricole/Agrumes-Citronnier.html [Accessed 10 September
2015].
Journals
GONZALEZ-MOLINA, E. et al., 2010. Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and
health. Journal of Pharmaceutical and biomedicinal analysis. 51(2), 327-345.
LOPES CAMPÊLO, L.M. et al., 2011. Antioxidant and Antinociceptive effects of Citrus limon
essential oil in mice. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2011(2011), 1-8.
Freitas, E. S., Viana, M. D. M., Silva-Neto, G. J., Oliveira, L. M. S., Duzzioni, M., Castro, O. W.,
Ferro, J. M. S., Barreto, E., Campesatto, E. A. and Alexandre-Moreira, M. S. (2014) ‘026 —
(FRE0127) Motor performance evaluation of mice treated with essential oil’, Epilepsy & Behavior,
38, pp. 192–193. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.059.
Nakajima, V. M., Macedo, G. A. and Macedo, J. A. (1205) ‘Citrus bioactive phenolics: Role in the
obesity treatment’, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 59(2), pp. 1205–1212. doi:
10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.060.
12.
13. THYMUS VULGARIS
7
Thymus vulgaris
MAIN COMPONENTS
• Essential Oil (thymol,
carvacrol, linalol)
• Flavonoids
• Phenolics
MAIN EFFECTS
• Antiseptics
• Tonic
• Muscle relaxant
• Expectorant
• Vermifuge
• Antioxidant
Thyme is characteristic to the
Mediterranean flora; it is also known as
"farigoule" in southern France. Known for
its aromatic qualities, it also has many
medicinal properties. Fortifying and
antiseptic, thyme still relieves multiple
disorders, particularly breathing disorders.
(Hossain,2013)
Thyme has pink flowers that attract
bees and confer their honey a special
flavor.
TAXONOMY
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Thymus L.
Scientific name: Thymus vulgaris L.
Common names: Thym (French), Garden
thyme (English), Thymian (German),
Timo (Italian), Zatr (Arabic)
Conservation status: There are no
conservation measures.
Habitat: Dry slopes, rocks and maquis.
Always found on clay or limestone soils.
Key Uses: Thyme is used for cough and
bronchitis as it produces expectoration and
reduces bronchial spasm. It also makes a
good use in indigestion, gastritis, and
diarrhea.
Known hazards: Avoid in inflammatory
disease of the gastrointestinal tract.
Internal use contraindicated especially in
pregnancy. Caution if sensitive to grasses.
(Anon-2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, katzer-
2003, Khela-2014)
CURRENT RESEARCH
• A complex solution: Thyme is another
aromatic member of the mint family. In
this case, its oils, when ingested, help to
relieve congestion and infection in the
respiratory tract. The herb factors into
many a good recipe for cough syrup.
(Nezhadali et al, 2013)
• Mechanism of action: It is thought that
the phenolic compounds of thyme exert
antibacterial activity by complexing with
the bacterial membrane proteins.
Bronchospasmolysis is attributed to the
flavonoids thymonin, cirsilineol and 8-
methoxycirsilineol. Antioxidative effects
of thyme oil have been attributed mainly
to its phenolic constituents (thymol and
carvacrol). (Hossain et al, 2013)
TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES
Infections: Thyme is good against
bronchitis, pertussis, and pleurisy. The
infusion treats benign infections of the
throat and bronchi
Asthma and hay fever: Thyme is
prescribed to asthmatic children. It is
effective in case hay fever.
Anthelmintic: Thyme is prescribed to
children as an anthelmintic.
Stomach ulcer: Thyme extracts have a
powerful antibacterial effect against
H. pylori, a bacterium often linked to
stomach ulcers.
Other uses: It soothes insect’s bites
when applied on the skin. It is used
in sciatic pain or rheumatoid arthritis. It
also treats herpes, athlete's foot, mouth
ulcers, fungal infections, scabies and lice.
(Anon-2014, 2015, Komaki-2015)
PART USED
Fresh aerial
parts
Fresh leaves
The aerial parts harvested
in summer contain
essential oil with
antiseptic properties.
Dried aerial parts
PREPARATION AND
USAGE
Infusion:
During
cold, take
50 ml 3
times per
day.
Essential Oil:
Against scabies,
should dilute and
then stamp the
infected area.
Syrup:
Against cough;
take 20ml thrice
per day
14. THYMUS VULGARIS
8
REFERENCES
Web links
ANON, 2010. Thyme. Doctor Schar [online]. Available from: http://doctorschar.com/archives/thyme-
thymus-vulgare/ [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2012. Thymus vulgaris L. Plants for a future [online]. Available from:
http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+vulgaris [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2012. Thymus vulgaris. Southern Cross University [online]. Available from:
http://scu.edu.au/scps/index.php/128/ [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2014. Thyme, Garden. Botanical.com [online]. Available from:
https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/t/thygar16.html [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2015. Thyme. Ayurvedic Herbs [online]. Available from:
http://www.indianmirror.com/ayurveda/thyme.html [Accessed September 2015].
KATZER, G., 2003. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Spice Pages [online]. Available from:
http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Thym_vul.html [Accessed September 2015].
KHELA, S. 2014. Thymus vulgaris. Red List of Threatened Species [online]. Available from:
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/203348/0 [Accessed 11 September 2015].
Journals
HOSSAIN, M.A., et al., 2013. Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical
screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris. Asian Pacific Journal of
tropical biomedicine; 3(9), 705-710.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169113601422
KOMAKI, A., et al., 2015. Study of the effect of extract of Thymus vulgaris on anxiety in male rats.
Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225411015000188
NEZHADALI, A., et al., 2014. Chemical variation of leaf essential oil at different stages of plant
growth and in vitro antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae, from Iran. Beni-Suef
University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences; 3(2), 87-92.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314853514000304
15.
16. ZINGIBER OFFICINALE
9
Zingiber officinale
MAIN COMPONENTS
• Essential Oil (1 – 2%) and
derived sesquiterpenes
• Phenols (glycerol, gingerol)
• Cinnamic acid
• Oleoresin (mixture of
essential oil and resin)
MAIN EFFECTS
• Anti-
inflammatory
• Antiemetic
• Stimulant
• Antiseptic
• Soothes cough
• Promotes
elimination of
intestinal gases
Widespread spice and condiment,
GINGER is the one of the most
employed remedy worldwide. Since
ancient time, it was very popular in
Asia and at Middle Age, Europeans
believed that it came from the
Garden of Eden. Ginger relieves
morning and travel sickness and
cures circulatory problems. Fresh, it
has a spicy and slightly acidic taste.
(Gupta et al, 2014).
Ginger is effective in case of
gastrointestinal disturbances.
TAXONOMY
Class: Equisetopsida
Subclass: Magnoliidae
Superorder: Lilianae
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Zingiber
Scientific name: Zingiber officinale
R.
Common name: ginger (English);
gingembre (French); singabera
(Sanskrit); zenzero (Italian);
gingiber (Latin); zingiberi (Greek).
Conservation status: Least concern.
Habitat: Humid, partly-shaded
habitats in the tropics and
subtropics.
Key Uses: Food and drink,
medicine, cosmetics.
Known hazards: Ginger may cause
allergic reactions when applied to
the skin. Pregnant women should
use it with caution as its safety is
not yet confirmed.
(Anon-2011, 2014, 2015)
CURRENT RESEARCH
• Therapeutic effects: According to various
studies, the therapeutic actions of ginger are
greatly due to the oleoresin and essential oil
that it contains. The sharp taste and stimulant
properties of the plant come from gingerol, a
bitter component that forms when the root is
dried, which is more irritating and bitter than
components from fresh rhizome. (Imtiyaz et al,
2013)
• Antiemetic: Ginger is very effective against
travel sickness. Experimental tests performed in
1990 have established that it treats
postoperative nausea better than conventional
medicine.
• Antiseptic: In China, 70% of patients affected
by dysentery would have been cured by ginger.
TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES
Digestive disturbances: Ginger is very effective
in case of indigestions, nausea (usually morning
sickness), flatulence, colitis, travel sickness and
also against gastrointestinal infections (due to
certain food poisoning) due to its antiseptic
properties.
Circulatory problems: Ginger is an effective
remedy against degeneration of organs and
when the body’s extremities are poorly irrigated
since it improves blood circulation in
capillaries. Ginger also increases arterial
pressure, stimulate sweating and reduces fever.
Respiratory problems: Ginger alleviates cough
and treats flu and other respiratory diseases.
“Sheng join”: In China, fresh ginger is
prescribed in case of chills, fever, headache and
muscular pain while dried ginger is given
against cold.
(Chang et al-2013, Baliga et al-2015, Anon-
2015)
PART USED
Dried Rhizome
Fresh
Rhizome
PREPARATION AND
USAGE
Rhizome
contains a
high amount
of essential
oil with
stimulant
effects.
Ginger essential
Oil against
arthritis. Apply 5
diluted drops in
20 drops of sweet
almond oil on
painful zones.
In case of morning sickness, 1
Ginger Capsule of 75mg is taken
every hour and to facilitate
digestion, 30 drops of Ginger
Tincture are taken in water twice
per day.
Ginger
Infusion for
nausea. Drink
1 cup 3 times
per day.
17. ZINGIBER OFFICINALE
10
REFERENCES
Web links
ANON, 2011. Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Chamberlin’s [online]. Available from:
http://www.chamberlins.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?storeID=2cb86c7b36be4cfd914079104818c
49b&DocID=bottomline-ginger [Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2014. Ginger (Zingiber officinale). MedicineNet.com [online]. Available from:
http://www.medicinenet.com/ginger_zingiber_officinale-oral/article.htm [Accessed September
2015].
ANON, 2015. Ginger. Mr Ginseng [online]. Available from: http://en.mr-ginseng.com/ginger/
[Accessed September 2015].
ANON, 2015. Zingiber officinale (ginger). Kew Royal Botanical gardens [online]. Available from:
http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/zingiber-officinale-ginger [Accessed 6
September 2015].
ANON, 2015. Zingiber officinale. National Tropical Botanical Garden [online]. Available from:
http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11651 [Accessed September 2015].
Journals
GUPTA, S.K. and SHARMA, A., 2014. Medicinal properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe – A
Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences; 9(5), 124-129.
IMTIYAZ, S. et al., 2013. Zingiber officinale Rosc.: A traditional herb with medicinal properties.
Humanitas Traditional Medicine; 3(4), 1-7.
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