Cancer chemoprevention
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Phytochemicals can help prevent cancer through several mechanisms: 1) They promote detoxification and antioxidant gene expression to break down carcinogens. 2) They down-regulate inflammatory pathways like COX-2 that promote cell proliferation and prevent apoptosis. 3) They induce apoptosis by increasing pro-apoptotic proteins and decreasing anti-apoptotic proteins. 4) They arrest the cell cycle at checkpoints to prevent cell division.
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Causal association of Smoking in NCDs
Cigarette smoking is causally associated with non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes through several mechanisms. Smoking induces cardiovascular diseases by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol, and risk of clotting. It causes cancer by introducing carcinogens into the lungs and body that can damage DNA and cause uncontrolled cell growth. Smoking contributes to chronic lung diseases like COPD and lung cancer by damaging lung tissue, impairing function, and containing carcinogens. It is also an independent risk factor for diabetes.
Assignment on rheology
Rheology is important for pharmacists in understanding the flow properties of emulsions, suspensions, and other dosage forms. It also affects the selection of processing equipment and containers. For suspensions and emulsions, rheology determines properties like sedimentation, redispersibility, and flow characteristics. The viscosity and rheological class (e.g. Newtonian, pseudoplastic) of a dosage form depends on factors like particle size, concentration, and choice of suspending agent. Container materials must be compatible with the dosage form and maintain seal integrity over time. Rheology is a key consideration in designing stable, easily administered pharmaceutical preparations.
Microwave Assisted Extraction
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Feel free to like, comment and download.
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
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Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
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Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
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Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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