This document discusses the properties and health benefits of garlic. It notes that garlic is a bulbous plant used for seasoning and medicine. It provides a brief history of garlic use in ancient Greece, India, and China. The document outlines some of garlic's main bioactive compounds like allicin and discusses garlic's antimicrobial, antihypertensive, cardiovascular, and anticancer properties. It summarizes that garlic may help reduce blood pressure and the risk of diseases due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

1. Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

2. INTRODUCTION.
 Bulbous plant.
 Height- 1.2 m
 Family- allium
 Botanical name- allium sativum
 Uses- in seasoning, flavouring food.
also as a medicine.
23.Leyla Bayan,1 Peir Hossain Koulivand,1 and Ali Gorji1,2,*. Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014 Jan-Feb
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

3. History of garlic
 During olympics in Greece, atheletes used garlic to
improve stamina
 Ancient Indian and Chinese medicine- respiration,
digestion, leprosy, parasitic infestation.
 Used by Sumerians and Egyptians.
23.Leyla Bayan,1 Peir Hossain Koulivand,1 and Ali Gorji1,2,*. Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed.
2014 Jan-Feb
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

4. Nutritional value
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science
https://depositphotos.com/118637586/stock-illustration-nutritional-value-of-garlic.html

5. Bio-active components of garlic
Garlic consist of several sulfurous phytochemical compounds.
 Allin- sulfurous compound.24
allinase
 Allin Allicin
(when fresh raw
garlic is crushed)
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science
. Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM. The Health Benefits of Garlic: Nature’s Best Medicine. Published on December 13,
2016

6. Allin
Diallyl disulside Diallyl trisulfide Diallyl tetrasulfide
Allicin
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science
Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM. The Health Benefits of Garlic: Nature’s Best Medicine. Published on December 13,
2016

7. Garlic
Antimicrobial
properties
Lowers
hypertension
Prevents
CVD
Anti- cancer
properties
Role of garlic in disease
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

8. Anti- Microbial properties.
 Allicin and Aged Garlic Extract -
 Anti-oxidant properties
 Practically vapour form more preferable
 anti-inflammatory effects
 gamma delta-T cells and Nk cells
1.Daynea Wallock-Richards et al. Garlic Revisited: Antimicrobial Activity of Allicin-Containing Garlic Extracts against Burkholderia cepacia Complex. December 1,
2014
2.Jana Reiter et al. Diallylthiosulfinate (Allicin), a Volatile Antimicrobial from Garlic (Allium sativum), Kills Human Lung Pathogenic Bacteria, Including MDR Strains,
as a Vapor. Molecules. 2017 Oct 12
3.Fozieh Jahani Moghadam et al. Antibacterial Activity of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) on Multi-Drug Resistant Helicobacter pylori Isolated From Gastric Biopsies. Int
J Enteric Pathog. 2014
4.Mahmoud Zardast et al. Assessment of antibacterial effect of garlic in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori using urease breath test. Avicenna J Phytomed.
2016 Sep-Oct
5.Nantz MP et al. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention. Clin Nutr. 2012 Jun
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

9. Mechanism
Bacteria- GSH or cysteine residues
GSH or cysteine acted upon by free
thiols present in allicin
By sulfhydryl modifying activity
inhibits action of bacteria.
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

10. Anti-Hypertensive properties
 Allicin present in garlic-
 Reduces hypertension with no side effects.
 Allicin reduces SBP by 10%
 Allicor is more effective than kwai
 500 mg capsules- twice in a day showed better effect SBP.
6.Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan et al. Does Garlic Supplementation Control Blood Pressure in Patients with Severe Coronary Artery Disease? A Clinical Trial
Study. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016 Nov
7. Ried K etal. Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013 Jan
8.Sobenin IA et al. Time-released garlic powder tablets lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension.
Hypertens Res. 2009 Jun
9.Kshitij Bhardwaj, Manish Kumar Verma, Narsingh Verma, Shipra Bhardwaj, Saumya Mishra. Effect of long term supplementation of active garlic allicin
in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Vol 2, No 3 (2015) Bhardwaj.
10.Chuan Hsiao Han et al. Antihypertensive activities of processed garlic on spontaneously hypertensive rats and hypertensive humans. Journal Botanical
Studies
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

11. Mechanism
11
Mediation of
intracellular
nitric oxide
Mediation of
intracellular
hydrogen
sulphide
Obstruction
of
angiotensin-
II production
11.Karin Ried and Peter Fakler. Potential of garlic (Allium sativum) in lowering high blood pressure: mechanisms of action and clinical relevance. Integr Blood Press Control. 2014
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

12. AGE increases thiol
antioxidants-
increases NO
eNOS
(synthesis
requires L-
arginine and
BH4 cofactor)
By
guanylyl
cyclase
dependent
pathway
Increase in
dilation of
blood vessels.
Hydrogen sulphide
mediates through
sulfhydration of ATP-
sensitive potassium
channels
Voltage sensitive
channel opens
Vascular relaxation
of smooth
muscles
AGE inhibits
angiotensin-II enzyme
Suppresses
angiotensin-II
production
Leads to
vasodilation and
reduces
hypertension
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

13. Garlic in CVD
 Supplements- AGE capsule(250 gm), vit B12(100 micro gm), l-arginine(100mg), folic
acid(300micro gm), vit B6(12.5 mg) for 1 year
 Prevents atherosclerosis
 total cholestrol, homocysteine, LDL-C, IgG and IgM were decreased. HDL-C, Lp(a)
levels increased in controlled group
 wEAT and homocysteine levels in AGE+S group
bEAT/wEAT, TR=vascular function
 Mechanism
AGE+S inhibits damage of NO synthesis. Arginine increases NO bioavailability, thus prevents
vascular stiffness.
12.Isaacsohn JL et al. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jun 8
13.Matthew J.BudoffM.D et al. Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Preventive Medicine, Volume 39, Issue 5,
November 2004
14.Budoff MJ etal. Aged garlic extract supplemented with B vitamins, folic acid and L-arginine retards the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Prev Med. 2009 Aug-Sep
15.Seo DY et al. Independent beneficial effects of aged garlic extract intake with regular exercise on cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res Pract. 2012 Jun
16.Ahmadi N et al. Aged garlic extract with supplement is associated with increase in brown adipose, decrease in white adipose tissue and predict lack of progression in coronary atherosclerosis. Int J
Cardiol. 2013 Oct 3
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

14. Anti-
cancer
properties
In ovarian
cancer
In Saos-2
osteosarcoma
Breast cancerLiver cancer
Pancreatic
cancer
Anti-cancer properties
18.Xu Y1, et al S-allylcysteine suppresses ovarian cancer cell proliferation by DNA methylation through DNMT1.
19.Wen-Peng Xie et al. Treatment of Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells with diallyl trisulfide is associated with an increase in calreticulin expression. Exp Ther Med. 2018 Jun;
20.Malki A et al. Garlic constituent diallyl trisulfide induced apoptosis in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009 Nov;8
21.Wu CC et al. Differential effects of allyl sulfides from garlic essential oil on cell cycle regulation in human liver tumor cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Dec
22.Hong-Bing Ma et al. Apoptotic pathway induced by diallyl trisulfide in pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan 7
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

15. Type of cancer Bio-active compound of
garlic
Result
Ovarian cancer S-allyl cysteine SAC arrest G1/S phase of A2780 cell
Decreases level of DNA methylation, DNMT1
DNMT1- process of DNA methylation
DNA methylation- causes cancer development
Osteosarcoma cells Diallyl trisulfide (DAT) DATS- calreticulin(CRT) expression osteosarcoma cells.
CRT supplies macrophages to tumor cells to attack, produces killer lymphocytes,
decrease blood supply to tumor tissue
Breast cancer Diallyl trisulfide (DAT) apoptosis in MCF-7 cell lines.
Increases expression levels of FAS and cyclin D1(apoptotic cells)
Decreases expression of Akt and Bcl-2 (cancer cell lines).
Liver cancer Diallyl sulfide(DAS), diallyl
disulfide(DADS), diallyl
trisulfide(DATS)
DATS-more effective in inhibiting cells.
DATS reduces cyclin dependent kinase-Cdk7 protein levels in J5 and increases
cyclin B1 level.
Modulation potency- DATS>DADS>DAS
Reason- sulfuric atom numbers in structure of this allyl sulfides
Pancreatic cancer Diallyl trisulfide(DAT) expression of FAS, p21, p53 and cyclin B1 (apoptotic causing cells)
expression of Akt, MDM2 and Bcl-2(causes inhibition of apoptosis)
DATS - capan-2 cells apoptosis than in H6C7 cells
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

16. CONCLUSION
 Garlic have shown many positive effects on various diseases like
microbial infection, hypertension, CVD, cancer.
 Allicin plays a chief role in reducing blood pressure, as anti-
microbial.
 It has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to
presence of phytochemicals, flavonoids- inhibits infection.
 Garlic also lowers risk of atherosclerosis
 It is anti-thrombogenic, anti-oxidant, vasodilator, lowers LDL-C,
TG levels, lowers cholestrol
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

17.  Studies about CVD still needs more research because different forms
and constituents used gives variation in results. Dose and amount,
process for lowering calcification has to be clearly described.
 DATS shows anti-cancer properties by cell cycle arrest, inhibiting cancer
cell growth, apoptosis in various cancer cells like of ovarian, pancreatic,
liver, breast cancer etc.
 Positive results are found but investigation for proper mechanism of
apoptotic nature has to be described.
 People who are sensitive to sulfur can have flatulance, bloating, burning
sensation.
 Thus garlic can be said to be a super food due to multi-functional
properties. Consuming 2 garlic a day is recommended.
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Daynea Wallock-Richards , Catherine J. Doherty , Lynsey Doherty, David J. Clarke, Marc Place, John R. W. Govan ,
Dominic J. Campopiano. Garlic Revisited: Antimicrobial Activity of Allicin-Containing Garlic Extracts against Burkholderia
cepacia Complex. December 1, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112726
2.Jana Reiter 1 , Natalja Levina 2 , Mark van der Linden 2 , Martin Gruhlke 1 , Christian Martin 3 and Alan J. Slusarenko.
Diallylthiosulfinate (Allicin), a Volatile Antimicrobial from Garlic (Allium sativum), Kills Human Lung Pathogenic Bacteria,
Including MDR Strains, as a Vapor. Molecules. 2017 Oct 12;22(10). pii: E1711. doi: 10.3390/molecules22101711.
3.Fozieh Jahani Moghadam 1, Tahereh Navidifar 2, Mansour Amin 1 *. Antibacterial Activity of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
on Multi-Drug Resistant Helicobacter pylori Isolated From Gastric Biopsies. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2014;2(2): e16749.
doi: 10.17795/ijep16749
4.Mahmoud Zardast,1 Kokab Namakin,2,* Jamil Esmaelian Kaho,3 and Sarira Sadat Hashemi3. Assessment of antibacterial
effect of garlic in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori using urease breath test. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016 Sep-Oct;
6(5): 495–501. PMID: 27761418
5.Nantz MP1, Rowe CA, Muller CE, Creasy RA, Stanilka JM, Percival SS. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves
both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled nutrition intervention. Clin Nutr. 2012 Jun;31(3):337-44. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.019. Epub 2012 Jan 24.
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

19. 6.Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan,1 Javad Nasrollahzadeh,1 Ali Mohammad Zadeh,2 and Ali Zahedmehr3,* Does Garlic
Supplementation Control Blood Pressure in Patients with Severe Coronary Artery Disease? A Clinical Trial Study. Iran Red
Crescent Med J. 2016 Nov; 18(11): e23871.Published online 2016 Aug 24. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.23871
7. Ried K1, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial. Eur J
Clin Nutr. 2013 Jan;67(1):64-70. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.178. Epub 2012 Nov 21.
8.Sobenin IA1, Andrianova IV, Fomchenkov IV, Gorchakova TV, Orekhov AN. Time-released garlic powder tablets lower
systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2009
Jun;32(6):433-7. doi: 10.1038/hr.2009.36. Epub 2009 Apr 24.
9.Kshitij Bhardwaj, Manish Kumar Verma, Narsingh Verma, Shipra Bhardwaj, Saumya Mishra. Effect of long term
supplementation of active garlic allicin in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Vol 2, No 3 (2015) Bhardwaj.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20150550
10.Chuan Hsiao Han, Ju Chi Liu, Kwan Han Chen, Yin Shiou Lin, Ching Tan Chen, Chien Teng Fan, Hu Lun Lee, Der
Zen Liu, Wen Chi Hou. Antihypertensive activities of processed garlic on spontaneously hypertensive rats and
hypertensive humans. Journal Botanical Studies,
Volume 52, Issue number 3, State Published - Jul 2011
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

20. 11.Karin Ried and Peter Fakler. Potential of garlic (Allium sativum) in lowering high blood
pressure: mechanisms of action and clinical relevance. Integr Blood Press Control. 2014; 7: 71–82.
Published online 2014 Dec 9. doi: 10.2147/IBPC.S51434
12.Isaacsohn JL1, Moser M, Stein EA, Dudley K, Davey JA, Liskov E, Black HR. Garlic powder
and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern
Med. 1998 Jun 8;158(11):1189-94. PMID:962539
13.Matthew J.BudoffM.D.aJunichiroTakasuM.D., Ph.D.aFerdinand
R.FloresR.N.aYutakaNiiharaM.D.bBinLuM.D.cBenjamin H.LauM.D., Ph.D.dRobert
T.RosenPh.D.eHarunobuAmagasePh.D.f Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using
Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Preventive Medicine,
Volume 39, Issue 5, November 2004, Pages 985-991.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.012
14.Budoff MJ1, Ahmadi N, Gul KM, Liu ST, Flores FR, Tiano J, Takasu J, Miller E, Tsimikas S.
Aged garlic extract supplemented with B vitamins, folic acid and L-arginine retards the progression
of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Prev Med. 2009 Aug-Sep;49(2-3):101-7.
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.018. Epub 2009 Jun 30.
15.Seo DY1, Lee SR, Kim HK, Baek YH, Kwak YS, Ko TH, Kim N, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Park BJ,
Han J. Independent beneficial effects of aged garlic extract intake with regular exercise on
cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res Pract. 2012 Jun;6(3):226-31.
doi:10.4162/nrp.2012.6.3.226. Epub 2012 Jun 30.
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

21. 16.Ahmadi N1, Nabavi V, Hajsadeghi F, Zeb I, Flores F, Ebrahimi R, Budoff M. Aged garlic extract with supplement is
associated with increase in brown adipose, decrease in white adipose tissue and predict lack of progression in coronary
atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 3;168(3):2310-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.182. Epub 2013 Mar 1.
17. Christoph H. Saely a–c Kathrin Geiger b, c Heinz Drexel a–d. Brown versus White Adipose Tissue: A Mini-Review.
Received: April 1, 2010 Accepted: September 20, 2010 Published online: December 7, 2010. Gerontology 2012;58:15–
23 DOI: 10.1159/000321319
18.Xu Y1,2, Su D3, Zhu L4, Zhang S1, Ma S1, Wu K4, Yuan Q5, Lin N6. S-allylcysteine suppresses ovarian cancer cell
proliferation by DNA methylation through DNMT1. J Ovarian Res. 2018 May 14;11(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s13048-018-
0412-1.
19.Wen-Peng Xie,1,* Yue Zhang,1,* Yong-Kui Zhang,2 Gang Li,1,2 Jian Xin,2 Rong-Xiu Bi,1,2 and Chuan-Jie Li3 .
Treatment of Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells with diallyl trisulfide is associated with an increase in calreticulin expression.
Exp Ther Med. 2018 Jun; 15(6): 4737–4742.
Published online 2018 Apr 5. doi: 10.3892/etm.2018.6037
20.Malki A1, El-Saadani M, Sultan AS. Garlic constituent diallyl trisulfide induced apoptosis in MCF7 human breast
cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009 Nov;8(22):2175-85. Epub 2009 Nov 22. PMID:19823037
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

22. 21.Wu CC1, Chung JG, Tsai SJ, Yang JH, Sheen LY. Differential effects of allyl sulfides
from garlic essential oil on cell cycle regulation in human liver tumor cells. Food Chem
Toxicol. 2004 Dec;42(12):1937-47. PMID:15500931 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2004.07.008
22.Hong-Bing Ma, Shan Huang, Xiao-Ran Yin, Yang Zhang, and Zheng-Li Di.
Apoptotic pathway induced by diallyl trisulfide in pancreatic cancer cells. World J
Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan 7; 20(1): 193–203. Published online 2014 Jan 7. doi:
10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.193
23.Leyla Bayan,1 Peir Hossain Koulivand,1 and Ali Gorji1,2,*. Garlic: a review of
potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014 Jan-Feb; 4(1): 1–14. PMCID:
PMC4103721. PMID: 25050296
24. Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM. The Health Benefits of
Garlic: Nature’s Best Medicine. Published on December 13, 2016.
https://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/health-benefits-of-garlic/
25.https://depositphotos.com/118637586/stock-illustration-nutritional-value-of-
garlic.html
26.http://flipper.diff.org/app/items/info/7381
Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science

23. Prapti Gandhi. Dr.BMN college of home science