This document discusses various types and methods of drug adulteration. It defines adulteration as substituting original crude drugs partially or wholly with similar but inferior substances. There are several types of adulterants including substitution with standard but cheaper varieties, superficially similar inferior drugs, artificially manufactured substances, and exhausted drugs. Specific examples are provided for each type. Adulteration can also involve adding vegetative matter from the same plant, harmful wastes, or adulterating powdered forms of drugs. The document aims to educate about common adulteration practices seen in crude drugs and medicines.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
Adulteration is the practice of substituting original drugs completely or partially with similar-looking substances. The substance, when mixed is either inferior inquality with chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance, which is added with the original drug, is called adulterants.
ADULTERANTS: Adulterants are either sub-standard in verity or of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance. That is present in the original drug, which decreases its quality. In general terms, Adulteration is the regulation of any substance either by adding or taking off anything from the original substance, which decreases the quality of that substance, maybe harming health causes a variety of adverse effects from mild to moderate to severe life-threatening responses.
This adulteration is done intentionally or unintentionally Intentional adulteration is a criminal offense and punishable offense under the act, the motive behind intentional adulteration is normally commercial and originates mainly with the intention to make a profit.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
Adulteration is the practice of substituting original drugs completely or partially with similar-looking substances. The substance, when mixed is either inferior inquality with chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance, which is added with the original drug, is called adulterants.
ADULTERANTS: Adulterants are either sub-standard in verity or of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance. That is present in the original drug, which decreases its quality. In general terms, Adulteration is the regulation of any substance either by adding or taking off anything from the original substance, which decreases the quality of that substance, maybe harming health causes a variety of adverse effects from mild to moderate to severe life-threatening responses.
This adulteration is done intentionally or unintentionally Intentional adulteration is a criminal offense and punishable offense under the act, the motive behind intentional adulteration is normally commercial and originates mainly with the intention to make a profit.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Crude drugs and their classification. Crude drugs, organized and unorganized. Introduction to crude drugs and their classification. Classification of crude drugs. JNTUA, Crude drugs and their classification as per PCI syllabus. For B Pharmacy and Pharm D II year Students.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Crude drugs and their classification. Crude drugs, organized and unorganized. Introduction to crude drugs and their classification. Classification of crude drugs. JNTUA, Crude drugs and their classification as per PCI syllabus. For B Pharmacy and Pharm D II year Students.
Adulteration of crude drugs.
Sometimes original crude drugs are substituted with false or similar looking substances, which may be termed as Adulteration of crude drugs.
Adulteration & substitution of drugs of natural origin.Dr. Pritam Juvatkar
Adulteration & Substitution of drugs of natural origin.Adulteration involves different conditions such as deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority and spoilage.
Deterioration:- It is impairment in the quality of drug, while admixture is addition of one article to another due to ignorance or, carelessness or by accident.
Sophistication:- It is the intentional or deliberate type of adulteration.
Substitution:- It occurs when some totally different substance is added in place of original drug.
Inferiority:- It refers to any substandard drug.
Spoilage:- It is due to the attack of microorganisms.
adulteration in herbal crude drug.
Adulteration is the act of making food or drugs of poor quality by adding some other substances to them. Consumer movement aims to protect and help customers from adulteration.
Intentional Adulteration- When substances that resemble the ingredients of the food are added to it in order to increase its weight and profit. ...
Incidental Adulteration- Incidental adulteration happens as a result of carelessness when handling food.
Selection of an animal model is one of the most important steps in any of the experimental pharmacological study.
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Upper abdominal pain is a common symptom.
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Separation is an important asset to purify component of interest from a mixture.
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chemical substances which together exert a complex interaction to
meet the needs of the plant. Five groups of plant hormones are well
established; they are the auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid
and its derivatives, and ethylene. These substances are of wide distribution
and may, in fact, occur in all higher plants. They are specific
in their action, are active in very low concentrations, and regulate cell
enlargement, cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis, senescence
and dormancy. Their action is probably sequential. Other hormones
concerned with flower formation and reproduction, but as yet
uncharacterized, have also been envisaged. The essential role of these
substances is illustrated by cell and tissue cultures; without the addition
of suitable hormones no development or cell division occurs. The effects of these very active substances on the production of
secondary metabolites, particularly with a view to producing plants
containing an enhanced proportion of active constituent, are of interest
to pharmacognosists. In such studies the manner in which the results
are recorded is all-important, particularly as the treatment may also
influence the size of the test plant compared with the controls. For
commercial purposes yield per hectare is an obvious criterion, whereas
for biosynthetic studies yield per plant or per cent fresh weight may be
of more significance. For final drug evaluation per cent dry weight is
the most likely requirement.
Oral controlled drug delivery systems - Various Approaches SIVASWAROOP YARASI
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this is an act that comes under Indian judiciary. it deals about the cultivation, supply and proper usage of narcotic substances. it has its own committee that regulates the activities according to the act.
liposomes are novel drug delivery dosage systems, where the drug is entrapped in phospholipid bilayered vesicles. the release of drug from the vesicles can be controlled or sustained.
the follwing presentation contain structure, classification and preparation methods, characterization and applications of liposomes.
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
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Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
it is a method of miscellaneous instrumental analytical technique. it is one of the thermal analytical techniques used. it also has wide applications in the field of pharmacy.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. INTRODUCTION:
Adulteration is a practice of substituting
original crude drug partially or wholly
with other similar looking substances but
the later is either free from or inferior in
chemical and therapeutic properties.
Adulteration involves different conditions
such as deterioration (impairment of
quality), admixture (addition of one article
to another due to ignorance or
carelessness), sophistication (intentional or
deliberate), substitution (totally different
substance is added in place of original
drug), inferiority (refers to any standard
drug) and spoilage (due to attack of
microorganisms).
3. TYPES OF
ADULTERANTS:
Substitution with standard commercial varieties
Substitution with superficially similar inferior drugs.
Substitution with artificially manufactured substances
Substitution with exhausted drugs.
Presence of vegetative matter from the same plant.
Harmful adulterants.
Adulteration of powders.
4. SUBSTITUTION
WITH
STANDARD
COMMERCIAL
VARIETIES:
Adulterants used here may resemble
original crude drug by morphology,
chemical or therapeutic characters, but are
standard in nature and hence cheaper in
cost.
Most common practice of adulteration.
Examples:
•Strychnous nux-blanda or Strychnous potatorium in
place of Strychnous nux-vomica
•Capsicum minimum replaced by C. annuum
•Indian senna substituted with arabian senna and
dog senna.
•Gentian substituted by kutki
5. Substitution
with
superficially
similar
inferior
drugs:
These inferior drugs used may or may
not be having any chemical or
therapeutic value as that of original
natural drug.
Have morphological resemblance to
authentic drug.
Examples:
•Belladonna leaves are substituted with ailanthus leaves
•Saffron is admixed with dried flower of Carthamus
tinctorius.
•Sceneted bdellium is used for myrrh.
•Mother cloves and clove stalks are mixed with cloves.
•Beeswax substituted by Japan wax.
6. Substitution
with
artificially
manufactured
substances
Substance prepared to resemble
original drug are used as substitutes.
This practice is done for costlier
drugs.
Examples:
• Compressed chicory in place of coffee.
• Paraffin wax made yellow colored and
substituted for beeswax.
• Properly cut and shaped basswood for
nutmeg.
7. Substitution
with
exhausted
drugs:
The same drug is admixed but is devoid of any
medicinally active constituents as they are
already extracted out.
Common in case of volatile oil containing drugs
like fennel, clove, coriander, caraway etc.
Some natural characters like color and taste
are manipulated by adding other additives and
then substituted.
Examples:
• Exhausted gentian is made bitter with aloes
• Artificial colouring of saffron.
8. Presence of
vegetative
matter from
the same
plant:
Other plants growing with medical
plants having same appearance,
odour and some cases constituents
are used as adulterants.
Examples:
• Lower plants like moss, liver Worts and
epiphytes growing on bark portion are
mixed with cascara or cinchona.
• Stem portions mixed with leaf drugs of
stamonium, lobelia and senna.
9. Harmful
adulterants:
Wastes from market are collected
and admixed with authentic drugs.
Particularly noticed for liquids or
unorganised drugs.
Examples:
• Pieces of amber colored glass in colophony.
• Limestones in asafoetida.
• Lead shot in opium.
• While oil in coconut oils.
• Cocoa butter mixed with stearin or paraffin.
• Rodent faecal matter to cardamom seed.
10. Adulteratio
n of
powders:
Powdered forms are frequently
adulterated.
Examples:
•Dextrin in ipecac.
•Powdered liquorice or gentian admixed
with powdered olive stones.
•Exhausted ginger powder in powdered
colocynth or ginger.
•Sanders wood in capsicum.
•Powdered bark is adulterated with
brick powder.