This was my pharmaceutics presentation for mixing. Provides definitions, mechanism, types of mixers etc.
P.S: I am not the sole presenter. Ideas are from my two other colleagues as well.
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
Objectives, applications, Mechanism, official standards of powders, Sieve, Standard for Sieve, Principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Air separator.
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
Objectives, applications, Mechanism, official standards of powders, Sieve, Standard for Sieve, Principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Air separator.
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Mixer Machines Mixer Machines are used in a number of different applications and industries in order to produce a final product that is the result of mixing or combining two or more materials.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction may be achieved by two methods:
1] Precipitation
2] Mechanical process
1] Precipitation method: Substance is dissolve in appropriate solvent.
2] Mechanical process: Mechanical force is introduce by using different equipments like ball mill, colloid mill etc.
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Mixer Machines Mixer Machines are used in a number of different applications and industries in order to produce a final product that is the result of mixing or combining two or more materials.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction may be achieved by two methods:
1] Precipitation
2] Mechanical process
1] Precipitation method: Substance is dissolve in appropriate solvent.
2] Mechanical process: Mechanical force is introduce by using different equipments like ball mill, colloid mill etc.
Agitation and Mixing are two important unit operations used in industries such as Impellers agitators are widely used to circulate the liquid through the vessel in which the dispersion of liquids and gases into other liquids like mixing of stiff paste, elastomers and dry solids powders takes place.
5 November, 2015
This is a part of our assignment in which we are told to pick one of the pharmaceutical engineering topics and make a paperwork + presentation out of it.
Recorded presentation can be found in: https://youtu.be/O4QvWmW37YA
Paperwork can be found in:
http://www.slideshare.net/annisahayatunnufus/paperwork-mixing-pharmaceutical-engineering
Students of Bachelor of Pharmacy
Management & Science University
5 November, 2015
This is a part of our assignment in which we are told to pick one of the pharmaceutical engineering topics and make a paperwork + presentation out of it.
Presentation slide can be found in: http://www.slideshare.net/annisahayatunnufus/power-point-mixing-pharmaceutical-engineering
Recorded presentation can be found in: https://youtu.be/O4QvWmW37YA
Students of Bachelor of Pharmacy
Management & Science University
Mixing, the seemingly simple act of combining various components, plays a pivotal role in numerous scientific and industrial processes. From stirring milk in your coffee to homogenizing nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals, understanding mixing mechanisms and types is crucial. This note delves into the world of mixing, exploring its depths within 3000 words.
Part 1: Unveiling the Mixing Landscape
1.1 Demystifying Mixing:
Mixing refers to the process of bringing different components into close contact to achieve uniformity. The degree of mixing, characterized by homogeneity or dispersion, is influenced by several factors like viscosity, density differences, and mixing methods.
1.2 Classifying the Mixers:
A plethora of mixing methods exist, each suited for specific applications. Here are some key categories:
Bulk Mixing: Aims for complete homogeneity throughout the entire volume, commonly used in liquids and pastes. Techniques include stirred tanks, blenders, and extruders.
Dispersive Mixing: Focuses on distributing smaller particles or droplets uniformly within a continuous phase. Homogenizers, colloid mills, and sonication are frequently employed.
Laminar Mixing: Utilizes repeated folding or stretching operations to achieve layering and eventual homogenization. Microfluidic devices and some bakery processes use this principle.
Turbulent Mixing: Introduces chaotic eddies and high shear forces to rapidly break down concentration gradients. Stirred tanks with impellers, jet mixers, and fluidized beds are examples.
1.3 Factors Affecting Mixing:
Several factors impact the efficiency and effectiveness of mixing:
Properties of the Materials: Viscosity, density differences, and particle size significantly influence mixing behavior.
Mixing Geometry and Flow Patterns: The shape and configuration of the mixing vessel and the resulting flow patterns determine mixing intensity and uniformity.
Mixing Time and Intensity: The duration and intensity of mixing are crucial for achieving the desired level of homogeneity.
External Forces: Application of additional forces like heat, ultrasound, or magnetic fields can enhance mixing in specific scenarios.
Part 2: Delving into Specific Mixing Types:
Understanding specific mixing types helps in selecting the most effective method for each application:
Stirred Tank Mixing: This versatile method uses rotating impellers to generate flow and achieve moderate to high shear mixing. Variations include impeller design, tank geometry, and baffles.
Fluidized Bed Mixing: Solids are suspended in a gas stream, creating a fluid-like behavior and enabling efficient mixing of granular materials.
Jet Mixing: High-velocity jets inject material into the mix, promoting rapid dispersion and homogenization. Used in pipelines and reactors.
Microfluidic Mixing: Utilizes microchannels to manipulate flow patterns and achieve precise mixing at small scales, oft
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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2. Mixing may be defined as a unit
operation in which two or more
components, in an unmixed or
partially mixed state, are treated
so that each unit
(particle, molecule etc.) of the
components lies as nearly as
possible in contact with a unit of
each of the other components.
3. 1. To make simple physical mixture
In the production of
tablets, capsules, sachets and dry
powders two or more powders or
granules are mixed.
4. 2. Physical change
Mixing may aim at producing a
change that is physical, for
example the solution of a soluble
substance. In case of dissolving a
solid in a solvent mixing will take
place by diffusion but the process
will be slow. In this case agitation
makes the process rapid.
5. 3. Dispersion
In case of emulsions and creams
two immiscible liquids are mixed
where one liquid is dispersed into
other.
In suspension and pastes solid
particles are dispersed in a liquid
by mixing.
6. 4. Promotion of reaction
Mixing encourages and controls a
chemical reaction, so ensuring
uniform products
7. To ensure uniformity
To initiate or to enhance the physical or
chemical reactions e.g. diffusion, dissolution
etc.
To make the following products:
o Tablets
o Suspensions
o Emulsions
o Pastes
o Creams
o Ointments
o Solutions
o Syrups
o Tablet coatings
8. There are 3 types of mixtures:
positive mixtures:
Formed from materials such as, gases or
miscible liquids.
The materials mix spontaneously and
irreversibly by diffusion
No input of energy if time of mixing is
unlimited, although time will be shorten if
energy is supplied.
Generally, these materials do not show any
problems during mixing.
9. negative mixtures:
materials have the tendency to separate out
from each other.
Energy needs to be supplied to keep
components adequately dispersed.
Some separate faster, while for others, the
separation is slower.
For example,
a) In a suspension, there is the dispersion of solid
in the solution (fast separation)
b) Emulsions, creams and viscous suspension have
a slow separation.
c) Are more difficult to be formed and require high
degree of mixing efficiency.
10. Neutral mixtures:
Are static in behaviour
Neither mixing nor de-mixing occurs, unless
acted upon by an external system of forces.
Examples are:
a) Mixed powders
b) Pastes
c) Ointments.
11. If the solid is not too coarse, the liquid is not
too viscous and the percentage of solids is
not too great, solids can be suspended in
liquids by the use of a propellers or a flat-
bladed turbine in a cylindrical container.
Apparatus used:
• Planetary mixers and sigma blade mixers
used as agitator mixers
• Triple roller mills used as shear mixers-size
reduction
12. Planetary mixers are one of the most widely
used mixers in the pharmaceutical industry.
In the pharmaceutical industry, the planetary
mixer is often used for basic operations of
mixing, blending, and low-shear granulation.
This machine is also used in other industries
like cosmetics and personal care
products, food, glass, cements, ceramics, met
al industry etc.
13.
14. The Planetary Mixer have two blades which
rotate on their own axes, while they orbit the
mix vessel on a common axis.
The blades continuously advance along the
periphery of the vessel, removing material
from the vessel wall and transporting it to the
interior.
These mixers are ideal for mixing and
kneading viscous pastes or putty-like
materials.
15. Planetary mixers are ideal for mixing of
pharmaceutical creams, ointments, ceramics, color
and pigments, resins, ink, cosmetic creams, herbal
creams etc.
Planetary mixers are also ideal for mixing and
kneading viscous pastes under atmospheric or
vacuum conditions.
Used in the mixing of viscous, heat sensitive and
cohesive pastes, dough and moist etc.
17. Ease of cleaning
Ease of discharge
Semi-continuous operation
Capital cost
Energy savings
18. It is an example of agitator mixers.
Its shape resemble the Greek letter sigma.
It uses 2 mixer blades.
Sigma blade mixer is a common form used to
handle semi-solids of plastic consistency.
19. The two blades rotate towards each other
and operate in a mixing vessel which has a
double trough shape, each blade fitting into
a trough.
The two blades rotate at different
speeds, one usually about twice the speed of
the other, resulting in a lateral pulling of the
material and divisions into two
troughs, while the blade shape and
difference in speed causes end-to-end
movement
20.
21. It works on the principle of shearing and
convective in action.
This mixer is designed for mixing, blending
and kneading of medium and heavy on-
flowing pastes. The impellers and bowls are
accurately machined to close
tolerances, eliminating build up and
providing high shear and rapid distribution
of materials.
22. It is used for wet granulation process in the
manufacture of tablets, in the production of
ointments and pill masses.
This mixer is well suited to high viscosity
materials like grease, putty, toffee and bubble-
gum.
With its strong construction and high power, the
sigma blade mixer can handle the heaviest
plastic materials and products like tablet
granules, and ointments that are mixed readily.
It is used for solid-solid & liquid-solid mixing.
23. It is available in working capacities of 5 litres to
2500 litres.
To reduce the entrainment of air in ointment
masses the sigma mixer can be enclosed and
operated under reduced pressure. This avoids
entrainment of air and reduces decomposition of
oxidisable materials but use it with caution if
mixer contains volatile materials.
The vessel is covered for heating and cooling and
the blades are hollowed. This is useful as some
semi-solids may be reduced in viscosity by
heating, while with other materials it may be
necessary to dissipate the heat resulting from the
energy put into the mixing process
24. Available in mild or stainless steel
Available with hygienic finishes
Heating or cooling jackets optional
25. Processes heavy pastes
No holdup of materials
Available with single or
variable speed
It works at a fixed
speed
26. Sigma blade mixer is used in chemical and
pharmaceutical industries, to make food
products, adhesives, rubber …
27. construction and working principle:
o It is fitted with three rollers, made up of hard
abrasion- resistant materials.
o Rollers are fitted in such a way that they
come in close contact with each other and
rotate at different speeds.
o A scraper is used to remove the final
ointment of smooth and uniform texture.
o The feed enters through a hopper.
28. o The material passes through hopper A, in
between rollers B and C where size reduction
occurs.
o Then the ointment is passed between the
rollers C and D, where it is further reduced in
size and a smooth mixture is obtained.
o The gap between rollers C and D is usually
less than the gap between B and C
o The smoothened material is continuously
removed from roller D by means of scraper
E, from where it is collected in a receiver.
29. Advantage:
Produces a uniform dispersion and a
continuous process
Material used:
Stainless steel to prevent contamination
Applications:
To mix paint, chemicals, glass
coatings, pigments
30. Pharmaceutical homogenizers are used to
blend different kind of liquids
uniformly, specially liquids having different
properties.
Homogenizer actually reduces the size of
particles of one material and dissolves it
evenly throughout the other material.
Homogenization is defined as an intensive
mixing of mutually insoluble phases to obtain
a suspension or emulsion.
31. VALVE HOMOGENISER:
Used to modify the physical properties of a
liquid or mixture by creating emulsions or
dispersions.
Construction
consists of a valve, which controls the
pressure on the feed.
Impact rings help in size reduction
32. Working principle:
1) The coarse emulsion is pumped between the valve
and the seat at high pressure and high velocity.
2) As the emulsion flows between the valve and the
seat, pressure decreases and velocity increases
3) Size reduction is enhanced by the collision with
the metal surface of the impact rings.
4) Turbulence occurs
5) Emulsion is then discharged
33. IMPROVEMENT:
o A two-stage homogenizer may be
constructed.
o Emulsion is subjected to two valve systems.
o Single homogenizer may produce emulsion
that, although small particle size, has a
tendency to clump.
o Therefore, second homogenizer will break
any clusters formed in the first stage.
34. ADVANTAGE:
No air is incorporated in the emulsion→ no
contamination of emulsion.: the emulsifying
agent gets adsorbed at the air-water
boundary, causing denaturisation
DRAW-BACKS:
Increase in temperature may decrease
viscosity.
There are some substances (ointment)which
may fail to emulsify if subjected to very high
temperature.
Emulsion of this type should be first treated
at high temperature, then at a lower
temperature.
35. Materials used:
stainless steel is used so as to prevent
contamination.
Applications:
Dairy and food processing
Beverages and chemical emulsions
36. Ultrasonic homogenizing is a mechanical
process to reduce small particles in a liquid
so that they become uniformly small and
evenly distributed.
37. Ultrasonic processors are used to reduce
small particles in a liquid to improve
uniformity and stability. These particles
(disperse phase) can be either solids or
liquids. A reduction in the mean diameter of
the particles increases the number of
individual particles. This leads to a reduction
of the average particle distance and increases
the particle surface area.
38. There are three main components of a laboratory
Ultrasonic Homogenizer;
An electronic generator which provides the
power,
A transducer which converts the signal to
mechanical energy and
A horn or probe where the processing takes
place.
The circuitry consists of a power rectifier, power
switcher, a frequency conversion system, power
amplifier, phase-locked frequency automatic
tracking device, power regulator, power
detector, power protector device and
microcomputer controller.
39. Driven by the appropriate impedance and
power, the transducer subassembly generates
mechanical energy through a piezoelectric
resonator which is focused and amplified with
a tuned, titanium metal horn (probe). When
the probe tip is immersed in sample
solution, intense, high frequency sound
waves coming from the tip of the probe
induce cavitations. As the cavitations
“bubbles” collapse, high shear forces break
the material into smaller particles.
40.
41. Machine Structure
Front
1. Transducer cable
2. Sleeve (hand hold position)
3. Booster
4. Probe
5. Control panel
6. Housing
11. Power switch
12. Temp. detector
13.Protect knob
Rear
7. Ultrasonic output connector
8. label
9. Fuse holder
10. Power socket
44. Efficient for the reduction of soft and hard
particles.
Low number of wetted and moving parts, this
reduces frictional wear and cleaning time.
Exact control over the operational parameters
influencing the cavitations.
46. The principle of operation of the colloid mill is
the passage of the mixed phases of an emulsion
formula between a stator and a high speed rotor
revolving at speeds of 2000 to 18,000 rpm.
The clearance between the rotor and the stator is
adjustable, usually from 0.001 inch upward.
The emulsion mixture, while passing between the
rotor and the stator, is subjected to a
tremendous shearing action, which effects a fine
dispersion of uniform size.
The shearing forces applied in the colloid mill
usually raises the temperature within the
emulsion.
47. It ensures a breakdown of agglomerates or in
the case of emulsions to produce droplets of
fine size around 1 micron.
A coolant is used to absorb the excess heat.
Continuous mixing process is possible.
The material to be processed is fed by gravity
to the hopper or pumped so as to pass
between the rotor and stator elements where
it is subjected to high shearing and hydraulic
forces.
48. The material is discharged through a hopper
whereby it can be recirculated for a second
pass.
Materials having higher solid and fibre
contents conical grooved discs are preferred.
Cooling and heating arrangements are also
provided in theses mills depending on the
type of material being processed.
49.
50.
51. It is useful for milling, dispersing, homogenizing
and breaking down of agglomerates in the
manufacture of food
pastes, emulsions, coatings, ointments, creams,
pulps, grease, …
It is used to reduce the particle size of a solid in
suspension in a liquid, or to reduce the droplet
size of a liquid suspended in another liquid.
This is done by applying high levels of hydraulic
shear to the process liquid.
It is frequently used to increase the stability of
suspensions and emulsions.
It uses a high speed rotor to emulsify or disperse
lotions, creams, sauces, and oils.
52. Very high shearing force
can be generated.
Very fine particles can be
prepared.
Particularly useful in
preparing suspensions
containing poorly wetted
solids.
Useful for the
preparation of relatively
viscous emulsions.
No wide application in
solids
Wear of rotating plates
No fine grinding