Phylum : Mollusca
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Molluscs are a large phylum containing over 50,000 species. They share characteristics like a mantle that secretes a calcium shell, a mantle cavity, and a muscular foot. Their bodies are unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, and they have a true coelom. There are six main classes of molluscs: Monoplacophora, Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, and Cephalopoda. They live in a variety of habitats from marine to freshwater to land, and occupy niches from sedentary bottom dwellers to free-swimming cephalopods.
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phylum mollusca
The document provides information about the phylum Mollusca. It discusses that Mollusca is the second largest phylum and includes animals such as snails, squids, clams, and octopuses. It then summarizes the key characteristics of several mollusc classes, including Bivalvia (clams and mussels), Gastropoda (snails), and Cephalopoda (octopuses and squids). The document also describes some unique adaptations of molluscs and their life cycles.
Reptilian characters
Reptiles are a diverse group of terrestrial animals that include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and extinct dinosaurs. They originated from amphibian ancestors and flourished during the Mesozoic era. Key characteristics include laying eggs on land, scaly skin, a single ventricle heart, and uric acid waste excretion. Reptiles were the first vertebrates to fully colonize dry land through adaptations like amniotic eggs.
Class hydrozoa and anthozoa
The document summarizes key information about the class Hydrozoa. It belongs to the phylum Cnidaria and includes solitary or colonial organisms found mostly in marine environments. They have noncellular mesoglea and lack tentacles in their gastrovascular cavity. The document also provides details about two common orders - Hydroida and Siphonophora - including examples like the Portuguese man-of-war Physalia.
Classification of reptiles
Reptiles are a group (Reptilia) of tetrapod animals comprising today's turtles, ... The reptiles were, from the outset of classification, grouped with the amphibians. ... between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the one hand (Sauropsida)
Aves general characters
Birds are feathered, warm-blooded vertebrates that are believed to have evolved from small feathered dinosaurs. They have light, pneumatic bones and powerful flight muscles attached to their sternum. Birds reproduce through internal fertilization, with males transferring sperm to females through a cloacal kiss and females later laying fertilized eggs.
Phylum echinodermata
Echinoderms are marine animals with radial or pentaradial symmetry and calcareous endoskeletons. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, crinoids, and feather stars. Echinoderms have unique features like external skeletons, lack of heads, mouths on the underside, and anuses on top. They can regenerate limbs and have both sexual and asexual reproduction, though some like seahorses have male birth. The phylum contains five classes - Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea - which differ in body structure,
The vertebrates
Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone or spine replacing their notochord as they develop. They are divided into several classes: Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish like sharks), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia (amphibians), Reptilia (reptiles), Aves (birds), and Mammalia (mammals). Vertebrates are characterized by features like an internal skeleton, vertebral column, cranium, and organ systems like respiratory, circulatory, and digestive. The major groups of vertebrates first appeared between 550-150 million years ago.
Urochordata.pptx
This document summarizes the key characteristics of tunicates (urochordates). It describes their habitat and habits, physical features, organ systems, life cycles, classification, and major orders. Tunicates are exclusively marine animals found around the world in oceans and seas. They can be solitary, colonial, or form aggregates. Their adult bodies are sac-like and lack segments or appendages.
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phylum mollusca
The document provides information about the phylum Mollusca. It discusses that Mollusca is the second largest phylum and includes animals such as snails, squids, clams, and octopuses. It then summarizes the key characteristics of several mollusc classes, including Bivalvia (clams and mussels), Gastropoda (snails), and Cephalopoda (octopuses and squids). The document also describes some unique adaptations of molluscs and their life cycles.
Reptilian characters
Reptiles are a diverse group of terrestrial animals that include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and extinct dinosaurs. They originated from amphibian ancestors and flourished during the Mesozoic era. Key characteristics include laying eggs on land, scaly skin, a single ventricle heart, and uric acid waste excretion. Reptiles were the first vertebrates to fully colonize dry land through adaptations like amniotic eggs.
Class hydrozoa and anthozoa
The document summarizes key information about the class Hydrozoa. It belongs to the phylum Cnidaria and includes solitary or colonial organisms found mostly in marine environments. They have noncellular mesoglea and lack tentacles in their gastrovascular cavity. The document also provides details about two common orders - Hydroida and Siphonophora - including examples like the Portuguese man-of-war Physalia.
Classification of reptiles
Reptiles are a group (Reptilia) of tetrapod animals comprising today's turtles, ... The reptiles were, from the outset of classification, grouped with the amphibians. ... between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the one hand (Sauropsida)
Aves general characters
Birds are feathered, warm-blooded vertebrates that are believed to have evolved from small feathered dinosaurs. They have light, pneumatic bones and powerful flight muscles attached to their sternum. Birds reproduce through internal fertilization, with males transferring sperm to females through a cloacal kiss and females later laying fertilized eggs.
Phylum echinodermata
Echinoderms are marine animals with radial or pentaradial symmetry and calcareous endoskeletons. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, crinoids, and feather stars. Echinoderms have unique features like external skeletons, lack of heads, mouths on the underside, and anuses on top. They can regenerate limbs and have both sexual and asexual reproduction, though some like seahorses have male birth. The phylum contains five classes - Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea - which differ in body structure,
The vertebrates
Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone or spine replacing their notochord as they develop. They are divided into several classes: Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish like sharks), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia (amphibians), Reptilia (reptiles), Aves (birds), and Mammalia (mammals). Vertebrates are characterized by features like an internal skeleton, vertebral column, cranium, and organ systems like respiratory, circulatory, and digestive. The major groups of vertebrates first appeared between 550-150 million years ago.
Urochordata.pptx
This document summarizes the key characteristics of tunicates (urochordates). It describes their habitat and habits, physical features, organ systems, life cycles, classification, and major orders. Tunicates are exclusively marine animals found around the world in oceans and seas. They can be solitary, colonial, or form aggregates. Their adult bodies are sac-like and lack segments or appendages.
Class Polychaeta Notes
The document discusses the phylum Annelida, class Polychaeta. Polychaetes, also known as bristle worms, are segmented worms that live in a variety of marine habitats like the ocean floor, under rocks and shells, or in coral reef crevices. They have appendages called setae or parapodia that function as paddles. While some polychaetes are free-swimming predators or scavengers, others like tube worms live sessile in self-made tubes attached to surfaces. Tube worms extend feathery gills and radioles from their tubes to create water currents for filter feeding.
General character of reptiles
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that first began living on land. They are cold-blooded with scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Their skin is covered in scales, scutes, or bony plates instead of hair or fur. They have lungs with a large surface area, a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles), and shed their skin through moulting.
Reptiles
Reptiles are cold-blooded animals that first evolved around 330 million years ago. They are covered in scales or scutes and lay amniotic eggs, allowing them to reproduce on land. Reptiles are classified based on characteristics of their skin, skeleton, respiration and other features. There are three major subclasses - Anapsida which includes modern turtles, Synapsida which are mammal-like reptiles, and Diapsida which is the largest group and includes lizards, snakes and crocodilians. Orders within these subclasses differ in traits like teeth, limbs and diet. Reptiles inhabit diverse habitats globally except Antarctica, with some limitations due to their inability to regulate body temperature.
Origin and evolution of reptiles
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
Phylum protozoa
Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. They exhibit a variety of shapes and methods of movement and nutrition. The document discusses the characteristics of protozoa including their size, habitats, symmetry, nutrition, and locomotion. It also summarizes the main subphyla of protozoa and describes features of foraminifera, including their shells (tests), shapes, and sexual forms. Paleontology is discussed in relation to studying fossils to understand past life and environments.
Amphibia class
a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
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Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Classification of reptilia
This document provides a classification of reptiles based on their anatomical features. It discusses the five subclasses of reptiles: Anapsida, Euryapsida, Parapsida, Synapsida, and Diapsida. Within Diapsida are two superorders - Lepidosauria containing lizards and snakes, and Archosauria containing crocodilians. Key characteristics are described for each order, including turtles within Anapsida, lizards and snakes within Lepidosauria, and crocodilians. Temporal bone structure is an important distinguishing feature between subclasses.
Reptiles class
1. Reptiles originated from primitive labyrinthodont amphibians during the Carboniferous period and underwent two major periods of adaptive radiation - in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
2. During the Mesozoic era, reptiles dominated land, sea and air, represented by 16 orders, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles and the ancestors of modern crocodiles and birds.
3. Transitional fossils like Archaeopteryx provide evidence that birds evolved from reptiles with feathers and wishbones evolving among traits shared with modern avians.
Bony fish powerpoint
The document summarizes key characteristics of bony fishes. It describes that bony fishes have over 27,000 species, an endoskeleton of true bone, and are found in all marine habitats. It then outlines some of the major types of bony fishes including lobe-finned fish and ray-finned fish. Mobility, buoyancy, gas exchange, senses, reproduction and protection mechanisms are also summarized.
Reptilia
This document summarizes the major groups of reptiles. It describes five orders: Sauria (lizards), Serpentes (snakes), Testudines (turtles), Crocodylia (crocodiles), and Rhynchocephalia (tuataras). It provides key characteristics of reptiles such as having scaly skin, laying amniotic eggs, and being ectothermic. Additionally, it highlights unique features of different reptile groups, including snakes' specialized anatomy for swallowing large prey whole and crocodiles guarding nests until hatchlings emerge.
Outline of classification of protochordates
Protochordate is an informal category of animals. This group is composed of the Phylum Hemichordata and the Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
Animal distribution
Dr. Shoeb Ahmad, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, AKI's Poona College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune -41100, Maharashtra (INDIA)
Agnathan (By: J.Q)
Agnathans are jawless fishes that first appeared in the Cambrian period and include modern hagfish and lampreys. Hagfish are eel-like scavengers that use tooth-like structures on their tongues to feed, and release slime from glands as a defense mechanism. Lampreys have a circular mouth and include both parasitic species that feed by attaching to live prey, as well as non-parasitic freshwater varieties. Early agnathan groups included the soft-bodied Conodonts, armored Ostracoderms that had the first vertebrate bone and sensory systems, and Pteraspidomorpha from the Ordovician with primitive bone structures and paired nasal
Class Cephalopoda Notes
Cuttlefish, squids, octopuses, and nautiloids are examples of cephalopods, which are head-foot mollusks named for having their head situated directly above their foot-like mantle. Cephalopods are the most complex mollusks and invertebrates, having closed circulatory systems and, except for nautiloids, no external shell. They propel themselves using jet propulsion from their mantle cavity and many have internal shells like the cuttlebone to provide buoyancy.
The reptile
Reptiles have scales that retain moisture and lay amniotic eggs adapted for land. They live in varied habitats except very cold areas as they are ectothermic. All reptiles share scaly skin, claws, lungs, and lay amniotic eggs. Adaptations like strong skeletons and claws allow movement on land while highly developed vision aids predation and predator avoidance. Ectothermy limits habitats but basking and shade-seeking regulate temperature. Lungs and partially divided hearts aid gas exchange. Reproduction is usually oviparous but some are ovoviviparous, protecting eggs inside females.
Origin and Evolution of Mammals
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
Mollusca general characters
The document provides an introduction and overview of the general characteristics of molluscs. It states that molluscs are soft-bodied animals that inhabit all habitats except air, have existed since the early Cambrian period, and are the second largest phylum of animals. The general characteristics described include having a triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical body divisible into head, mantle, foot, and visceral mass, with shells sometimes present either internally or externally. Digestion and respiration occur through various organs like the radula, gills, lungs, and the circulatory system utilizes haemocyanin.
Mollusks
Mollusks are a large phylum of invertebrate animals that first appeared during the Cambrian period. They have soft bodies that are usually protected by an external calcium carbonate shell. Their bodies have three main zones - a head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle. There are several major classes of mollusks including bivalves like clams and mussels, cephalopods like squid and octopuses, gastropods like snails, and others. Mollusks play important roles in ecosystems as prey for other animals or by filtering water. They also have commercial and medical significance for humans.
Phylum Coelenterata- Class Anthozoa
Skeltal features and classification of Class Anthozoa and brief explanation of the Orders comiing under them.
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Class Polychaeta Notes
The document discusses the phylum Annelida, class Polychaeta. Polychaetes, also known as bristle worms, are segmented worms that live in a variety of marine habitats like the ocean floor, under rocks and shells, or in coral reef crevices. They have appendages called setae or parapodia that function as paddles. While some polychaetes are free-swimming predators or scavengers, others like tube worms live sessile in self-made tubes attached to surfaces. Tube worms extend feathery gills and radioles from their tubes to create water currents for filter feeding.
General character of reptiles
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that first began living on land. They are cold-blooded with scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Their skin is covered in scales, scutes, or bony plates instead of hair or fur. They have lungs with a large surface area, a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles), and shed their skin through moulting.
Reptiles
Reptiles are cold-blooded animals that first evolved around 330 million years ago. They are covered in scales or scutes and lay amniotic eggs, allowing them to reproduce on land. Reptiles are classified based on characteristics of their skin, skeleton, respiration and other features. There are three major subclasses - Anapsida which includes modern turtles, Synapsida which are mammal-like reptiles, and Diapsida which is the largest group and includes lizards, snakes and crocodilians. Orders within these subclasses differ in traits like teeth, limbs and diet. Reptiles inhabit diverse habitats globally except Antarctica, with some limitations due to their inability to regulate body temperature.
Origin and evolution of reptiles
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
Phylum protozoa
Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. They exhibit a variety of shapes and methods of movement and nutrition. The document discusses the characteristics of protozoa including their size, habitats, symmetry, nutrition, and locomotion. It also summarizes the main subphyla of protozoa and describes features of foraminifera, including their shells (tests), shapes, and sexual forms. Paleontology is discussed in relation to studying fossils to understand past life and environments.
Amphibia class
a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
Platyhelminthes
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Origin of Chordata.pptx
this ppt gives more clear information about origin of chordata. chordates are those organism which retain notochord in their life history atleast once.
Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Classification of reptilia
This document provides a classification of reptiles based on their anatomical features. It discusses the five subclasses of reptiles: Anapsida, Euryapsida, Parapsida, Synapsida, and Diapsida. Within Diapsida are two superorders - Lepidosauria containing lizards and snakes, and Archosauria containing crocodilians. Key characteristics are described for each order, including turtles within Anapsida, lizards and snakes within Lepidosauria, and crocodilians. Temporal bone structure is an important distinguishing feature between subclasses.
Reptiles class
1. Reptiles originated from primitive labyrinthodont amphibians during the Carboniferous period and underwent two major periods of adaptive radiation - in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
2. During the Mesozoic era, reptiles dominated land, sea and air, represented by 16 orders, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles and the ancestors of modern crocodiles and birds.
3. Transitional fossils like Archaeopteryx provide evidence that birds evolved from reptiles with feathers and wishbones evolving among traits shared with modern avians.
Bony fish powerpoint
The document summarizes key characteristics of bony fishes. It describes that bony fishes have over 27,000 species, an endoskeleton of true bone, and are found in all marine habitats. It then outlines some of the major types of bony fishes including lobe-finned fish and ray-finned fish. Mobility, buoyancy, gas exchange, senses, reproduction and protection mechanisms are also summarized.
Reptilia
This document summarizes the major groups of reptiles. It describes five orders: Sauria (lizards), Serpentes (snakes), Testudines (turtles), Crocodylia (crocodiles), and Rhynchocephalia (tuataras). It provides key characteristics of reptiles such as having scaly skin, laying amniotic eggs, and being ectothermic. Additionally, it highlights unique features of different reptile groups, including snakes' specialized anatomy for swallowing large prey whole and crocodiles guarding nests until hatchlings emerge.
Outline of classification of protochordates
Protochordate is an informal category of animals. This group is composed of the Phylum Hemichordata and the Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
Animal distribution
Dr. Shoeb Ahmad, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, AKI's Poona College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune -41100, Maharashtra (INDIA)
Agnathan (By: J.Q)
Agnathans are jawless fishes that first appeared in the Cambrian period and include modern hagfish and lampreys. Hagfish are eel-like scavengers that use tooth-like structures on their tongues to feed, and release slime from glands as a defense mechanism. Lampreys have a circular mouth and include both parasitic species that feed by attaching to live prey, as well as non-parasitic freshwater varieties. Early agnathan groups included the soft-bodied Conodonts, armored Ostracoderms that had the first vertebrate bone and sensory systems, and Pteraspidomorpha from the Ordovician with primitive bone structures and paired nasal
Class Cephalopoda Notes
Cuttlefish, squids, octopuses, and nautiloids are examples of cephalopods, which are head-foot mollusks named for having their head situated directly above their foot-like mantle. Cephalopods are the most complex mollusks and invertebrates, having closed circulatory systems and, except for nautiloids, no external shell. They propel themselves using jet propulsion from their mantle cavity and many have internal shells like the cuttlebone to provide buoyancy.
The reptile
Reptiles have scales that retain moisture and lay amniotic eggs adapted for land. They live in varied habitats except very cold areas as they are ectothermic. All reptiles share scaly skin, claws, lungs, and lay amniotic eggs. Adaptations like strong skeletons and claws allow movement on land while highly developed vision aids predation and predator avoidance. Ectothermy limits habitats but basking and shade-seeking regulate temperature. Lungs and partially divided hearts aid gas exchange. Reproduction is usually oviparous but some are ovoviviparous, protecting eggs inside females.
Origin and Evolution of Mammals
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
Mollusca general characters
The document provides an introduction and overview of the general characteristics of molluscs. It states that molluscs are soft-bodied animals that inhabit all habitats except air, have existed since the early Cambrian period, and are the second largest phylum of animals. The general characteristics described include having a triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical body divisible into head, mantle, foot, and visceral mass, with shells sometimes present either internally or externally. Digestion and respiration occur through various organs like the radula, gills, lungs, and the circulatory system utilizes haemocyanin.
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Mollusks
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2) Aplacophora - Wormlike molluscs without a shell.
3) Polyplacophora - Contains chitons which have 8 overlapping shell plates.
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Mollusca
Molluscs are soft-bodied organisms that typically have a head and foot region. Their bodies are often covered by a hard shell. They have a tissue-based body organization and are bilaterally symmetrical. The body is divided into regions including the head, mantle, foot, and visceral mass. The shell, when present, is usually univalve or bivalve. Molluscs have a complete digestive system with a digestive gland, a rasping organ called a radula, and circulatory, respiratory, excretory and nervous systems. They are classified into groups including bivalves, monoplacophorans, gastropods, cephalopods, scaphopods, a
Phylum mollusca 2014
There are over 50,000 species of molluscs that can be categorized into 7 classes. This document focuses on 3 classes - Gastropoda which includes snails, Bivalvia such as clams with two shells, and Cephalopoda like squid and octopus. Molluscs have a mantle, muscular foot, and secrete calcium-based shells or other stiff structures. They live in a variety of habitats from marine to freshwater and land.
Cnidaria phylum
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Invertrebrates anilmals(Non-Fish Aquatic Organisms)
This document summarizes several types of non-fish aquatic resources found in Philippine waters, including sponges, corals, jellyfish, mollusks, and arthropods. It describes the key characteristics of phyla Porifera (sponges), Coelenterata (corals and jellyfish), Mollusca (gastropods, cephalopods, and pelecypods), and Arthropoda. Examples are provided of commercially important species from each group, along with details on their morphology, life cycles, uses, and methods of collection/harvesting.
Biology of corals.pptx
Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up the cora reefs.
Phylum mollusca
The phylum Mollusca includes several classes of soft-bodied animals that often have a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a mantle. The body consists of a head, foot, and visceral mass. Molluscs exhibit a range of habitats from terrestrial to marine. Notable classes include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (octopuses, squid, and nautiluses), which have complex nervous systems. Molluscs play important ecological roles and some species are economically significant as food sources or decorations.
Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are animals without backbones that live in ocean environments. They make up at least 97% of all animal species and include sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish and corals, worms, molluscs like clams and octopuses, and arthropods like crustaceans. Many are filter feeders that eat plankton or detritus and play important ecological roles in ocean ecosystems.
Chapter7 marineinvertebrates-160429122101
Marine invertebrates are animals without backbones that live in marine environments. They make up at least 97% of all animal species and include sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish and corals, worms, molluscs like clams and octopuses, and other phyla. Sponges are sessile filter feeders that pump water through their bodies to feed. Cnidarians like jellyfish and anemones use stinging cells called nematocysts to capture prey. Worms display bilateral or radial symmetry and include flatworms, ribbon worms, nematodes, and segmented worms. Molluscs are a large and diverse phylum that includes shelled gastropods and
Mollusca of India and need for conservation
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Activity 10. phylum mollusca
The phylum Mollusca contains soft-bodied animals with an external shell or internal shell. They have a mantle, foot, and some have a radula. The main classes are Gastropoda (snails, slugs), Bivalvia (clams, oysters), Cephalopoda (octopuses, squid), and Polyplacophora (chitons). Mollusks vary in shell number, anatomy, and lifestyle, from free-swimming to burrowing to sessile.
Phylum Mollusca.pptx
The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum. They are soft-bodied organisms that often have an external shell or plates. Their bodies generally have a head, muscular foot, and visceral hump or mass. They have a mantle that secretes the shell and covers the body. Molluscs live in nearly every habitat and have diverse feeding adaptations like the radula. Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, and polyplacophorans.
Unit 25 Vertebrates
All vertebrates share four key characteristics - a notochord, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and tail - at some stage of development. While most lose these traits as adults, they define the phylum Chordata. Vertebrates evolved internal skeletons allowing them to grow larger and more complex, with jaws developing from gill arches, giving them predatory advantages. Major vertebrate groups include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Phylum porifera
This was a group powerpoint presentation made in partial requirement for the course Veterinary Zoology (ZOO 11).
Kingdom animalia
This document provides information about the phylum Echinodermata. It describes their key characteristics such as radial symmetry, tube feet powered by a water vascular system, and calcareous plates or spines covering their skin. Examples of classes within this phylum are mentioned, including sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. Their ecology, behavior, reproduction, and classification are summarized.
Classification of porifera
Porifera, commonly known as sponges, are simple multicellular organisms that live in marine and freshwater environments. They have a porous body structure and lack true tissues and organs. Sponges are classified into three main classes - Calcarea, Hexactanellida, and Desmospongiae - based on their skeletal composition and other characteristics.
Group #4[Evolution].pptx
This document provides an overview of sponges and cnidarians. It discusses their distinguishing features, basic body structures, and evolutionary histories. Sponges are multicellular organisms that lack tissues and have pores to intake and output water. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with stinging cells that have two main layers and feed through predation or symbiosis. Both groups have a long fossil record dating back hundreds of millions of years.
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Invertrebrates anilmals(Non-Fish Aquatic Organisms)
Invertrebrates anilmals(Non-Fish Aquatic Organisms)
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Class: General Characters, Mammals classification , Adaptation.
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This document provides an introduction to the class Aves (birds). It discusses their key features such as being warm-blooded, feathered, and having adapted forelimbs that developed into wings allowing flight. It describes different types of beaks and feet found in birds, as well as two types of migration: latitudinal between northern and southern regions, and altitudinal within mountainous regions between high and low elevations depending on the season.
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This document discusses the distinguishing characteristics of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes found in India. It identifies key morphological features that indicate whether a snake is poisonous or not, such as scale pattern and size. It also describes the different types of poisonous snakes in India, including cobras, kraits, vipers, and sea snakes. Each poisonous snake is defined by unique identifying characteristics. Non-poisonous snakes that are commonly found in India, such as rat snakes and sand boas, are also outlined.
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Eartworm
The document summarizes the circulatory system of earthworms. It has a closed circulatory system with blood vessels that form distinct patterns in the intestinal and anterior regions. In the intestinal region, the main blood vessels are the dorsal, ventral, and subneural vessels which connect via commissural vessels. They supply and collect blood from the intestine, body wall, and other structures. The intestine also contains an external and internal plexus of capillaries. In the anterior region, the main blood vessels are the longitudinal, latero-oesophageal, supra-oesophageal and ventral vessels which supply blood to organs like the pharynx and gonads.
Parental care in amphibia
Amphibians display a wide range of parental care behaviors. Some female salamanders carry eggs attached to their neck until hatching. Frogs and toads also provide care, with some species gluing eggs to leaves or building mud nests. The male Darwin's frog cares for tadpoles by carrying them in his vocal sacs until they emerge fully developed.
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
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Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
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Phylum : Mollusca
- 2. General Characteristics 50,000 or more species of molluscs. They share 3 major sets of characteristics: Body enclosed by a mantle that secretes a shell made of calcium or some other stiff structure. A mantle cavity between the mantle and the internal organs; the anus, reproductive, and excretory ducts open into the mantle cavity. A ventral, muscular foot that is highly modified among the various groups of molluscs. 2
- 3. General Characteristics Cont’d Free-living, multicellular animals Invertebrates (lack a backbone) Unsegmented Have a true coelom Bilateral symmetry Simple to complex nervous system 3
- 4. Habitats & Niches Some mollusc habitats include: Marine (mostly) Freshwater (a few) Land (a few) Mollusc niches (life-style): Most live on the ocean bottom and are mostly sedentary Some are free-swimming (the cephalopods) 4
- 5. The six major mollusc classes Those 6 classes are: Monoplacophora (mono=single; placo=shell; phora=bearing) Ex. Neopilina Aplacophora (a=without) Ex. Neomenia Polyplacophora (poly=many) Ex. Chitons Gastropoda (gastro=body cavity; poda=foot) Ex. Common garden snail, abalone, turban snail Scaphopoda Ex. Dentalium Cephalopoda (cephalo=dealing with head; poda=foot) Ex. Squid, octopus, etc. 5
- 6. Shell in Mollusca The soft, unsegmented bodies of mollusk is covered by hard and calcareous shell which acts as protective covering. Shell may be external or internal Study of mollucscan shell called conchology. 6
- 7. CLASS: Scaphopoda (Dentalium) Shell opens on both ends External ,cyndriccally tubular, curved and tapered. Oral end is wider, shape like elephants tusk, white in colour with grooves on entire shell. In Cadulus is cucumber shaped. 7
- 8. Class Aplacophora Shell is absent, mantle is thick with calcareous spicules. Acts as protective covering in Solenogaster. 8
- 9. Class Monoplacophora Neopilina Single shell dorsal large cup like shell is present. shell is thin, subcircular with raised and curved apex. 9
- 10. Class Polyplacophora Chitons are the only genus in the class Polyplacophora. Their specific characteristics: Posses a shell that consists of 8 overlapping plates. Overlapping calcareous plates forms a solid armour covering the dorsal surface. The cephalic and anal shell plates are keeled middorsally . 10
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- 12. Class Gastropoda Most popular class of molluscs. Consists of snails and snail-like creatures. Specific characteristics: They have a dorsally located shell (often coiled). Shell is composed of single piece that is univalved and spirally coiled. The shell has elongated form and hollow cone spirally coiled around central axis called columella. A single coil of shell round the axis is called whorl. Dextral shell: aperture in right side and coling anticlockwise. Sinistral: left aperture coilingclockwise. 12
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- 14. Class Bivalvia (Pelecypoda) Specific Characteristics: They have no head. They have two shells held together by powerful muscles. They have a ventrally located foot that sticks out between the two valves. Habitats include: marine and freshwater. They tend to burrow into soft mud or sand or attach to rocks or other shells. Large gills are used for respiration and filter feeding. Food is trapped by mucus on the gills and moved by cilia. Water enters and exits through siphons. 14
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- 16. Class Cephalopoda Contains the largest molluscs. Specific Characteristics: May lack a shell (like an octopus) Shell may be reduced to a stiffening rod (like the squid or nautilus) The foot is highly modified to form a group of tentacles around the mouth. They are found in deep and shallow waters along many coasts. Squids & Nautilus are free-swimming and move very quickly. Octopuses are found among rocks or crawling on the bottom of the ocean. Complex brain, two lateral eyes, excellent eyesight. 16
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