2. • Amphibian shows extraordinary parental care. Frogs and toads lays
large number of eggs.
• The eggs of frog is can be relished by fish, other frog and predator.
• Its really hard for an egg to transform into adult .
• Urodeles (Tailed Amphibians) Amphiuma, Salamander.
• In Desmognathus fuscus,the salamander,the female carries the eggs
attached to the her neck.
3. Urodels
• Tailed amphibians Salamanders exhibits parental care . The female
carry eggs around her neck, the Salamandra retain eggs in body and
give birth to larvae,
4. Anurans
• Tailless amphibians : Frogs and Toads shows highest degree of parental care,
most of frogs lays egg in water, some on plants or near ponds in moist
places.
• Phyllomeducae glues its eggs to the leaves hanging over pond after hatching
the larvae rolled down in pond.
• Some tree frogs lays eggs high upon the trees in leaves which holds the
water. Also keep safe from predator.
• Hyla fabre lays eggs in mud nest called as nurseries which the male builds in
shallow water by moving in ring and pushing up in mud.
• This nurseries is around 30cm in diameter. the embryo remain safe in
nurseries
• Hyla restinfrictrix lines cavity in tree trunk with beewax from stingless bee
comb.
5. • Tropical frog while shedding semen over the eggs, kicks his hind legs to
produce of frothy mixture of air, water, semen, and eggs. So outer
layer is harden soon and protect eggs
6. • Rhacophorus schelegeli lays eggs in froth.The parent then retire
through a tunnel dug sloping straight down into pond water.
• Hyla nebulosa made nest by dry leaves .
• Pipa in this female frog the egg carrying tube oviduct elongates and
protrudes out to reach the skin on its back, after laying eggs on back
female allows male to fertilize and spread eggs evenly on its back,
dorsal skin form pouches after development embryos comes out.
7.
8. • Rhinoderma darwini a south American frog also called as mouth
breeding frog (Darwin’s frog). The vocal sacs blow up like ballon. The
male carefully takes them in mouth and slips into vocal sacs. after
hatching male coughs them out from the his mouth.
• Female Gastrotheca is called as marsupial frog the larvae retained in
the body of the mother, (in pouch).
9. • Caecillians.
Ichthyopis and Hypogeophis lay eggs in burrows where mother carefully
guards them by coiling her body around them till they hatch .
Geotrypetes,large yolky eggs are retained in the posterior parts of the
oviducts ,where development takes place.
10. Neoteny in Amphibia
• Neoteny: When larval or embryonic characters are maintained in an
adult body called neoteny. For. Ex Salamander shows larval gills
• Paedogenesis: Development of gonads and production of young ones by
larval or premature animals.For.Ex. Gall fly.
• Neoteny and Env.factors: the scarcity of food, cold temperature,
insufficient Iodine (Thyroxine) which induced metamorphosis .
• Partial Neoteny: when metamorphosis delayed due to temporary
ecological and physiological changes in env.
• Intermediate Neoteny: undergoes metamorphosis in suitable condition
in lab condition they can transforemed into adult individuals.
• Total Neoteny: Individuals remain forever in larval stages .thyroxine
treatment is given to their larvae
