Metagenesis, or alternation of generations, is shown in the life cycle of Obelia sp. The asexual generation is the colonial Obelia polyp, which reproduces asexually through budding. The sexual generation is the solitary medusa, which develops from reproductive polyps in the Obelia colony. The medusa contains gonads and releases gametes that fertilize to form planula larvae. These larvae settle and develop into new Obelia polyp colonies, completing the life cycle through alternating asexual and sexual generations.
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
The spicules or sclerites are definite bodies, having a crystalline appearance and consisting in general of simple spines or of spines radiating from a point.
They have an axis of organic material around which is deposited the inorganic substance, either calcium carbonate or hydrated silica.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
The alimentary canal of Scoliodon comprises:
the mouth,
buccal cavity,
pharynx,
oesophagus,
stomach,
intestine and
rectum opening in the cloaca through anus.
Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Locomotion, Digestion,Reproductio...Dr. Muhammad Moosa
In this presentation, Phylum Mollusca Is described. After watching this you will learn Evolutionary Perspective of Mollusca and Relationships to Other Animals, Molluscan Characteristics, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Shell Coiling, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Reproduction and Development, Gastropod Diversity, Class Bivalvia, Shell and Associated Structures Gas Exchange, Filter Feeding, and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions Reproduction and Development, Bivalve Diversity, Class Cephalopoda, Shell, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Learning, Reproduction and Development, Class Polyplacophora, Class Scaphopoda, Class Monoplacophora, Class Solenogastres, Class Caudofoveata, Further Phylogenetic Considerations. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
The spicules or sclerites are definite bodies, having a crystalline appearance and consisting in general of simple spines or of spines radiating from a point.
They have an axis of organic material around which is deposited the inorganic substance, either calcium carbonate or hydrated silica.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
The alimentary canal of Scoliodon comprises:
the mouth,
buccal cavity,
pharynx,
oesophagus,
stomach,
intestine and
rectum opening in the cloaca through anus.
Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Locomotion, Digestion,Reproductio...Dr. Muhammad Moosa
In this presentation, Phylum Mollusca Is described. After watching this you will learn Evolutionary Perspective of Mollusca and Relationships to Other Animals, Molluscan Characteristics, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Shell Coiling, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Reproduction and Development, Gastropod Diversity, Class Bivalvia, Shell and Associated Structures Gas Exchange, Filter Feeding, and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions Reproduction and Development, Bivalve Diversity, Class Cephalopoda, Shell, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Learning, Reproduction and Development, Class Polyplacophora, Class Scaphopoda, Class Monoplacophora, Class Solenogastres, Class Caudofoveata, Further Phylogenetic Considerations. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up the cora reefs.
2. What is Metagenesis?
• It is True alternation of generations occurs where a diploid asexually
reproducing generation alternate with a sexual haploid generation.
• Example: Metageneis is shown in Obelia sp.(a Cnidarian)
4. Obelia sp. – A Brief introduction about
it
• Commonly known as Sea- Fur
• Obelia is sedentary, marine colonial form found attached on the surface of sea weeds,
molluscan shells, rocks and wooden piles in shallow water .
• Each colony of Obelia consists of a horizontal thread-like root called hydrorhiza which is
attached to a weed or any substratum. From hydrorhiza arises a vertical branching stem
about 2.5 cm long which is known as a hydrocaulus. The hydrorhiza and hydrocaulus are
hollow tubes.
• The hydrocaulus bears zooids or polyps on either side in a cymose formation. Each polyp
has a stem and a terminal head called a hydranth. The hydranths are feeding polyps, they
feed by capturing minute animals and larvae. Towards the base of the hydrocaulus in the
axils of the polyps, are reproductive polyps called blastostyles.
• The entire colony is covered by a tough, yellow chitin secreted by the ectoderm, this
covering is known as perisarc. The perisarc around a blastostyle is a gonotheca, the
blastostyle and gonotheca are together called a gonangium.
• The Obelia is a trimorphic colony, that is, having three kinds of zooids which are as
follows:
1. Polyps or hydranths (nutritive zooids);
2. Gonangia or blastostyles (budding zooids);
3. Medusae (sexual zooids).
6. Metagenesis-in life cycle of Obelia sp.
• Life History of Obelia sp. includes both asexual and sexual generations that
alternate with each other to complete the life cycle.
• The germ cells originate in the ectoderm of the manubrium quite early when the
medusa itself remains attached to the blastostyle
• When the gonads are ripe, ectodermal covering ruptures and the germ cells are
shed in water. The ova are large rounded cells. The sperms are minute, actively
swimming flagellated cells. The medusae die soon after liberating the gametes.
• Fertilization occurs either in the sea water where the germ cells are set free, or the
spermatozoa may be carried by water currents to the female medusae and fertilize
the ova in situ. Zygote formed after fertilization, immediately undergoes cleavage.
• The cleavage is holoblastic and a blastula is formed.
7. Metagenesis-in life cycle of Obelia sp.
• By invagination the blastula is converted into an oval, ciliated planula larva.
• The planula consists of an outer layer of ciliated ectoderm and an inner mass of
endoderm cells enclosing a space, the rudiment of coelenteron.
• The planula swims freely for a brief period and settles down on some submerged
substratum by one end.
• The proximal end gradually narrows down and a disc appears for attachment. The
distal end expands and by developing a manubrium and a circlet of tentacles, it
turns to a hydrula or simple polyp.
• The hydrula sends out lateral buds and, by a repetition of this process, it is
converted into a complex obelia colony.
8.
9. Alternation of Generations of Obelia sp.
• A distinct alternation of generations or metagenesis is present in the life history of
Obelia. The Obelia colony is sexless, bears no gonads and develops by asexual
process, i.e. by repeated budding of the hydrula.
• But the medusae buds, some of the zooids of the colony, develop gonads and, from
their fertilized egg, new Obelia colony arises. The asexual generation is dependent
on, and is alternated by the sexual generation.
• Obelia is a permanently fixed colony but the planula larvae it produces are free
swimming. Thus, a non-locomotory species becomes locomotory.