This document describes the modifications of beaks and feet in various bird species, detailing how these adaptations relate to their feeding habits and environmental needs. It covers various beak types including those for seed eating, fruit consumption, insect catching, and fish capturing, as well as different types of feet adapted for running, perching, swimming, and climbing. The examples provided illustrate the diversity in avian morphology tailored to different ecological niches.

1. BEAK AND FEET
MODIFICATION
IN BIRDS
DETHE V.D.

2. BEAK
– ABSENCE OF TEETH
– UPPER AND LOWER JAW , ELONGATED TO FORM BEAK
– BEAK WORK AS MOUTH AND HAND
– MODIFICATION ACCORDING TO FOOD AND FEEDING
– DIFFERENT TYPE , SHAPE AND MODIFICATION
DETHE V.D.

3. SEED EATING BEAK
– GRAMINIVOROUS
– STRONG , STOUT, SHORT, CONICAL
– USED TO CRUSHING LARGE AND HARD SHELLED SEEDS FRUITS
– EXAMPLE: SPARROW, FINCHES, CARDINALS
DETHE V.D.

4. CUTTING BEAK
– LONG SHARP AND SLENDER WITH CUTTING EDGES
– EXAMPLE: CROW
DETHE V.D.

5. FRUIT EATING BEAKS
– MANY BIRDS FEEDS ON FRUIT
– ADAPTED FOR EATING FRUIT, NUTS.
– IN PARROT BEAK IS SHARP , MASSIVE , DEEPLY HOOKED AND STROG
– USEFUL IN GNAWING
– IN HORNBILL IS VERY LARGE, ENORMOUS, HEAVY, CUBERSOME AND LIGHT
ACTS AS RESONATORS TO PRODUCE LOUD CRY.
DETHE V.D.

6. INSECTIVOROUS BEAK
– ADAPTED FOR CATCHING INSECTS WHILE FLYING
– SMALL, WIDE AND DELICATE.
– BEAK NOTCHED AT TIP WITH RICATL BRISTLES IN FLY CATCHERS.
– HOOPOE SHOWS LONG, SLENDER AND SLIGHTLY CURVED USED FOR TURNING
LEAVES AND PROBING IN TO SOIL FOR GRUBS AND INSECT
– EXAMPLE: SWALLOWS, SWIFTS.
DETHE V.D.

7. WOOD CHISELLING BEAK
– LONG, STRAIGHT AND STOUT CHISEL LIKE USEFUL FOR DRILLING INTO WOOD
FOR INSECT LARVAE AND NEST.
– THICK, SHOCK ABSORBING SKULL BONES WITH STRONG NECK MUSCLES
– WOODPECKER
DETHE V.D.

8. TEARING AND PIERCING
BEAK
– FEEDS ON CARRION AND FLESH.
– SHORT , POINTED, SHARP EDGED , HOOKED FOR TEARING FLESH
– EXAMPLE: EAGLES, OWLS, VULTURES.
DETHE V.D.

9. FISH CATCHING
– AQUATIC BIRDS
– LONG POWERFUL AND SHARPLY POINTED TO CAPTURE FISH , FORGS
– EXAMPLE: HERONS, KINGFISHERS
– IN CORMORANTS LONG, NARROW EDGES ARE ARMED WITH BACKWARDLY
DIRECTED TEETH.
DETHE V.D.

10. MUD PROBING
– IN LAPWING , SAND PIPER, STILT, SHIPE.
– BEAK EXTREMELY LONG, AND SLENDER
– USED TO PROBE IN WATER AND MUD FOR FOOD
DETHE V.D.

11. WATER AND MUD STRAING
BEAK
– IN DUCKS , TEALS, GEESE
– BEAK IS BROAD AND FLAT
– EDGES OF JAW MODIFIED INTO HORNY SERRATION OR LAMELLAE ACTS AS
SIEVES. SO FOOD REMAINS IN MOUTH
– FLEMINGO ALSO HAVE THIS TYPE OF BEAK
DETHE V.D.

12. POUCHED BEAK
– PELICAN
– LARGE QUANTITY OF FISH FOOD STORED
– BEAK WITH LARGE GULAR POUCH EXTENSIBLE SKIN ON LOWER MANDIBLE
DETHE V.D.

13. FLOWER PROBING
– FEEDS ON NECTAR OF FLOWER
– EXAMPLE: HUMMING BIRDS.
DETHE V.D.

14. FEETS MODIFICATION
– DEVELOPED ACCORDING ENVIRONMENT AND LOCOMOTION
– USUALLY FEET ARE ARRANGED WITH A BACK POINTING FIRST TOE OR HALLUX
AND FORWARD POINTING SECOND TO FOURTH TOES.
DETHE V.D.

15. RUNNING AND
CURSORIAL FEET
– ADAPTED FOR RUNNING
– LEGS VERY STRONG, POWERFUL , TOES NUMBERS REDUCED.
– IN OSTRICH HAS TWO TOES WITHOUT NAIL.
DETHE V.D.

16. PERCHING FEET
– THREE TOES ARE DIRECTING FORWARD AND THEY SLENDER
– ONE TOE OR HALLUX IS POSTERIOR STRONGLY OPPOSABLE FOR SECURLY
FASTER THE FOOT ON BRANCH.
– SPARROWS, ROBINS, BULBULS, MYNAH.
DETHE V.D.

17. SWIMMING FEET
– TOES ARE WEBBED PARTIALLY OR COMPLETELY
– FEET MODIFIED AS PROPELLERS
– IN DIVING BIRDS WEB IS LOBATE AND TOES ARE FREE. (COOTS)
– IN DUCK, TEALS THREE TOES ARE UNITED.
– PELICAN AND CORMORANT ALL FOUR TOES WEBBED
DETHE V.D.

18. CLIMBING FEET
– DEVLOPED FOR GRASPING AND ADOPTED FOR CLIMBING ON VERTICAL
SURFACE.
– IN THESE BIRDS SECOND AND THIRD TOES ARE POINTED FORWARD WHILE
FIRST AND THE FOURTH TOES ARE POINTED BACKWARD
DETHE V.D.

19. CLINGING FEET
– ALL FOUR TOES ARE POINTED FORWARDS AND SERVE TO CLING STEEP FACES
SUCH AS CLIFFS OR CURVES .
– EXAMPELS: SWIFTS, HUMMINGBIRDS
DETHE V.D.

20. SCARTCHING FEETS
– STRONG, STOUT STRONGLY DEVLOPED CLAWS
– FOR RUNNING AND SCRATCHING THE SOIL
– MALES WITH POINTED AND BONY SPUR FOR OFFECNCE AND DEFENCE.
– EXAMPLES: FOWLS, QUAILS, PHEASANTS.
DETHE V.D.

21. RAPTORIAL FEETS
– IN CARNIVOROUS , PREDATORY BIRDS
– STRONG FOR STRIKING AND GRASPING THEIR PREY
– TOES ARE ARMED WITH STRONG , SHARP, CURVE CLAWS,
– FLESHY BULB PRESENT UNDERSIDE CALLED TYLARI.
– IN OSPREY HORNY SPINES ARE PRESENT. FOR GRIP
– EXAMPLES: KITES, EAGLES, HAWKS
DETHE V.D.

22. WADING FEET
– FOUND BIRDS WHICH PRESENT IN MARSHY MUDDY PLACES.
– THE LEGS AND TOES ARE LONG AND SLENDER
– BIRDS CAN EASILY WALK OVER AQUATIC VEGATATION
– EXAMPLES: HERON, LAPWING
DETHE V.D.

23. DETHE V.D.