Mollusca Notes
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The document summarizes the phylum Mollusca. It is divided into four main classes: Gastropoda which includes snails and slugs, Bivalvia which includes clams and mussels, Cephalopoda which includes squid and octopus, and Polyplacophora which includes chitons. Molluscs are soft-bodied animals with bilateral symmetry and most secrete an external shell. They live in aquatic and terrestrial habitats and have well-developed organ systems including digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems.
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Phylum Mollusca
This document summarizes the characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It describes their soft unsegmented bodies, bilaterally symmetrical structure, and hard calcareous shells. It divides the body into a head, mantle, visceral mass, and foot. It provides details on their digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and nervous systems. It lists the six major mollusc classes and provides one example for each: Monoplacophora, Amphineura, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Pelecypoda/Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.
Phylum mollusca
The document describes key characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It includes information on their anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Some key points are:
- Molluscs are soft-bodied or shelled animals including snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopuses.
- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
- Life cycles typically involve a trochophore larva, veliger larva and indirect development to adulthood.
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Classification of Phylum: chordates up to class
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arthropoda Phylum
Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. Arthropods have jointed feet, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton, a cuticle on the outside of their body. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group, at around 900,000 species
Balanoglossus- A Hemichordate
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Phylum mollusca
The phylum Mollusca includes several classes of soft-bodied animals that often have a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a mantle. The body consists of a head, foot, and visceral mass. Molluscs exhibit a range of habitats from terrestrial to marine. Notable classes include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (octopuses, squid, and nautiluses), which have complex nervous systems. Molluscs play important ecological roles and some species are economically significant as food sources or decorations.
Neoteny
This document discusses the differences between neoteny and paedogenesis. Neoteny involves slowed somatic growth such that organisms remain in juvenile stages, while paedogenesis involves accelerated sexual maturity even as larvae. Neoteny can be seen in humans while paedogenesis is found in amphibians like salamanders. There are two types of neoteny - total neoteny where larvae become sexually mature but retain larval features, and partial neoteny which involves a postponed metamorphosis beyond normal periods due to environmental or physiological factors. Neoteny is viewed as an adaptive consequence of retaining larval features that may be advantageous in certain environments.
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Phylum Mollusca
This document summarizes the characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It describes their soft unsegmented bodies, bilaterally symmetrical structure, and hard calcareous shells. It divides the body into a head, mantle, visceral mass, and foot. It provides details on their digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and nervous systems. It lists the six major mollusc classes and provides one example for each: Monoplacophora, Amphineura, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Pelecypoda/Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.
Phylum mollusca
The document describes key characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It includes information on their anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Some key points are:
- Molluscs are soft-bodied or shelled animals including snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopuses.
- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
- Life cycles typically involve a trochophore larva, veliger larva and indirect development to adulthood.
Porifera Spicules.pptx
Skeletal structures in sponges are spicules and spongin fibers. Spicules are formed of calcium carbonate or silica and take needle-like forms. Spongin fibers are composed of a silk-like scleroprotein. Spicules come in two types - megascleres, which form the framework, and microscleres, which are scattered. Megascleres include monaxons, tetraxons, triaxons, polyaxons and spheres. Spicules develop from mesenchyme cells called scleroblasts. Spongin is an organic, elastic substance similar to collagen that forms the skeletal fibers.
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This document provides information on the general characteristics of fishes. It discusses:
1) Fishes are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that first evolved in the Silurian period and increased in number during the Devonian period.
2) They have a streamlined body with scales or plates, paired and unpaired fins, breathe through gills, and vary greatly in size.
3) Fishes are classified into three classes - Placodermi, Elasmobranchii, and Osteichthyes - based on their skeleton composition and other features.
Dentition in Mammals
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
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The document discusses the phylum Mollusca. Some key points:
- Mollusca is the second largest phylum and includes animals like snails, slugs, clams, squids and octopuses.
- They are soft-bodied and many have an external or internal shell. Their main distinguishing feature is the shell, which has architectural and ornamental value.
- The phylum is divided into 7 classes based on shell structure and foot position. These include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (squids and octopuses).
- Molluscs have
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The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
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2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
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1. The document outlines different types of glands found in the skin, including simple and compound tubular and saccular glands.
2. Examples of simple tubular glands given are sweat glands and ceruminous glands, while mammary glands are identified as compound tubular glands.
3. The skin of mammals is described as the most complex, with two main layers - the epidermis and dermis, along with associated structures like hair, claws/nails, and glands.
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This document provides an overview of the phylum Mollusca. It discusses that Mollusca is divided into 8 classes, with the most diversity found in Gastropoda and Bivalvia. The key characteristics of molluscs are described, including their versatile body plan, mantle, visceral mass, and shell. The general anatomy and functions of molluscan systems like respiration, circulation, feeding, and reproduction are also summarized. Details are then provided on the defining features of major molluscan classes, including Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.
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Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
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Comp.ana. ostracoderms,acanthodians,placoderms
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- Ostracoderms were the oldest known craniates, dating back to the Ordovician and lacking jaws and paired fins.
- Acanthodians were early jawed fishes with cartilaginous skeletons and bony scales or spines.
- Placoderms were the first armored fishes with true jaws, some reaching large sizes. They are divided into orders including Arthrodira with jointed armor, Antiarchi with enclosed pectoral fins, and Petalichthyida typified by splayed fins.
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2) The three classes of annelids - Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea - vary in their locomotory appendages and habitats.
3) Metamerism originated through various proposed theories but its exact origin remains unclear. Metamerism provides advantages for locomotion and structural evolution.
Mollusca
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
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This document provides information on the general characteristics of fishes. It discusses:
1) Fishes are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that first evolved in the Silurian period and increased in number during the Devonian period.
2) They have a streamlined body with scales or plates, paired and unpaired fins, breathe through gills, and vary greatly in size.
3) Fishes are classified into three classes - Placodermi, Elasmobranchii, and Osteichthyes - based on their skeleton composition and other features.
Dentition in Mammals
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
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The document discusses the phylum Mollusca. Some key points:
- Mollusca is the second largest phylum and includes animals like snails, slugs, clams, squids and octopuses.
- They are soft-bodied and many have an external or internal shell. Their main distinguishing feature is the shell, which has architectural and ornamental value.
- The phylum is divided into 7 classes based on shell structure and foot position. These include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (squids and octopuses).
- Molluscs have
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General character of reptiles
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that first began living on land. They are cold-blooded with scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Their skin is covered in scales, scutes, or bony plates instead of hair or fur. They have lungs with a large surface area, a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles), and shed their skin through moulting.
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Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
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(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
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1. The document summarizes the key characteristics and development of Balanoglossus, a genus of acorn worms. It describes the worm-like body structure, habitat, external morphology, and life cycle, which includes fertilization, pre-larval development, and the tornaria larval stage.
2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
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Comparative Anatomy - Integumentary System
1. The document outlines different types of glands found in the skin, including simple and compound tubular and saccular glands.
2. Examples of simple tubular glands given are sweat glands and ceruminous glands, while mammary glands are identified as compound tubular glands.
3. The skin of mammals is described as the most complex, with two main layers - the epidermis and dermis, along with associated structures like hair, claws/nails, and glands.
Mollusca
This document provides an overview of the phylum Mollusca. It discusses that Mollusca is divided into 8 classes, with the most diversity found in Gastropoda and Bivalvia. The key characteristics of molluscs are described, including their versatile body plan, mantle, visceral mass, and shell. The general anatomy and functions of molluscan systems like respiration, circulation, feeding, and reproduction are also summarized. Details are then provided on the defining features of major molluscan classes, including Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.
Classification of reptiles
Reptiles are a group (Reptilia) of tetrapod animals comprising today's turtles, ... The reptiles were, from the outset of classification, grouped with the amphibians. ... between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the one hand (Sauropsida)
Echinoderms
The document summarizes the five classes of echinoderms: Asteroidea (starfish), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), and Crinoidea (sea lilies). It describes the key characteristics of each class, including their anatomy, physiology, reproduction, and distinguishing features. The classes are defined by attributes such as number of arms, presence of a central disc, tube foot structure, feeding method, and whether they are sessile or mobile.
Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
phylum mollusca
The document provides information about the phylum Mollusca. It discusses that Mollusca is the second largest phylum and includes animals such as snails, squids, clams, and octopuses. It then summarizes the key characteristics of several mollusc classes, including Bivalvia (clams and mussels), Gastropoda (snails), and Cephalopoda (octopuses and squids). The document also describes some unique adaptations of molluscs and their life cycles.
Coelenterata general characters & classification
Coelenterata is a phylum of aquatic animals that includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydroids. They are diploblastic with two main cell layers, a gelatinous mesoglea in between, and stinging nematocysts. They exhibit radial or biradial symmetry and polymorphism. Reproduction can occur asexually through budding or sexually through external fertilization and a planula larva stage. The phylum is divided into three classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa.
Onychophora
Onychophora, also known as velvet worms, are soft-bodied invertebrates that resemble both worms and arthropods. They have a velvety texture and claws that allow them to grasp prey and climb surfaces. Velvet worms live in tropical and subtropical forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand, where they trap prey and consume their body fluids using a sticky saliva and teeth. With characteristics of both worms and arthropods, velvet worms are believed to represent an evolutionary link between these groups.
Comp.ana. ostracoderms,acanthodians,placoderms
The document describes several groups of ancient jawed and jawless fishes:
- Ostracoderms were the oldest known craniates, dating back to the Ordovician and lacking jaws and paired fins.
- Acanthodians were early jawed fishes with cartilaginous skeletons and bony scales or spines.
- Placoderms were the first armored fishes with true jaws, some reaching large sizes. They are divided into orders including Arthrodira with jointed armor, Antiarchi with enclosed pectoral fins, and Petalichthyida typified by splayed fins.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO METAMERISM
The document provides information about the phylum Annelida and segmentation. It discusses:
1) Annelids exhibit complete internal and external metamerism, with their bodies divided into similar segments by grooves and septa.
2) The three classes of annelids - Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea - vary in their locomotory appendages and habitats.
3) Metamerism originated through various proposed theories but its exact origin remains unclear. Metamerism provides advantages for locomotion and structural evolution.
Mollusca
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
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Pisces general characters and classification - copy
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Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,Affinities
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Mollusca Notes
- 1. Phylum Mollusca - From mollus meaning “soft”
- 2. Classification Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Mollusca 4 classes:
- 3. 1. Class- Gastropoda - “stomach foot” Has one shell or none Ex. Snails, slugs, sea slugs Snail Conch Slug Whelk Abalone
- 4. 2. Class Bivalvia - “Two Shells” Ex. Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops Clam Mussel Scallop Oyster
- 5. 3. Class Cephalapoda - “head foot” No shell or one Ex. Squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish Octopus Squid Nautilus
- 6. 4. Class Polyplacophora - “many plates” Mantle made of 8 dorsal plates Ex. Chitons
- 7. Characteristics Eucoelomate - True body cavity Hollow body cavity, Lined with peritonium (endodermis) Bilateral symmetry Most have Mantle Secretes shell - grows with organism Site of Respiration in terrestrial mollusks
- 8. Habitat Aquatic- Marine: Sea slugs (Nudibranchs), clams, oysters, scallops, mussles, conch, whelk, squid, octopus, cuttlefish Fresh water: Clams, mussles, snails Terrestrial - Snails, slugs
- 9. Organization Tripoblastic - 3 tissue layers Many Organ systems well-defined circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
- 10. Respiration Aquatic- gills Terrestrial- mantle and some with primitive lungs
- 11. Digestion Complete digestive tract mouth and anus Radula Rasping “file” with hundreds of tooth like structures Feeding Patterns - filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores
- 12. Circulation Some - Open Circulatory System Blood flow doesn’t always stay in vessels Ex. Gastropoda and bivalvia Some - Closed circulatory system Blood flow stays within the vessels Ex. Cephalopoda All have hearts
- 13. Cephalization Brain with nervous system Gastropoda and Cephalopoda Exception Bivalvia no head=no brain Sensory cells All have - Touch, smell, taste, balance Some have - True eyes Cephalopoda and some Gastropoda
- 14. Locomotion Muscles are present Some sessile (mussels and oysters) Some use foot to burrow, crawl/ drag Some use tentacles to creep Some swim Some flutter away (scallops)
- 15. Reproduction Almost all dioecious Some release sperm or eggs into water Some use internal fertilization
- 16. Ecological Roles Food for many Destruction *can destroy engines and docks Cuttlebone used for parakeet beak health Jewelry / Decoration Abalone - mother of pearl Pearls - necklaces, rings, earrings Medical research - black pearls don’t get cancer