The document discusses the anatomy of fish scales, including the four main types (placoid, ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid), their structure consisting of layers like enamel and dentin, how they develop and vary between species, and their uses for classification, determining age from growth lines, and counting eggs from erosion marks. Fish scales are keratin structures that cover the skin in two layers (epidermis and dermis) and help protect the fish while also providing information about its biology.
This document provides a classification of reptiles based on their anatomical features. It discusses the five subclasses of reptiles: Anapsida, Euryapsida, Parapsida, Synapsida, and Diapsida. Within Diapsida are two superorders - Lepidosauria containing lizards and snakes, and Archosauria containing crocodilians. Key characteristics are described for each order, including turtles within Anapsida, lizards and snakes within Lepidosauria, and crocodilians. Temporal bone structure is an important distinguishing feature between subclasses.
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
The document describes the key fins found in fish, including their locations and functions. It discusses the pectoral fins, dorsal fins, pelvic fins, and caudal fins. The caudal fin is described as the most important for forward propulsion during swimming. Different types of caudal fins are also outlined, including protocercal, heterocercal, and homocercal fins.
The document discusses the phylum Annelida, class Polychaeta. Polychaetes, also known as bristle worms, are segmented worms that live in a variety of marine habitats like the ocean floor, under rocks and shells, or in coral reef crevices. They have appendages called setae or parapodia that function as paddles. While some polychaetes are free-swimming predators or scavengers, others like tube worms live sessile in self-made tubes attached to surfaces. Tube worms extend feathery gills and radioles from their tubes to create water currents for filter feeding.
The document discusses the swim bladder, or air bladder, of fish. It is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to a fish's ability to control buoyancy. There are two types - physostomous, which is directly connected to the digestive tract, and physoclistous, which is not connected. The basic structure includes a sac-like shape with two layers, an epidermis and endodermis. The swim bladder varies in shape and size between fish species and allows fish to rise and sink in water by increasing or decreasing the volume of gas inside without changing mass. Its key functions are to act as a hydrostatic organ, adjustable float, aid in respiration, produce sound, and maintain the fish's
This document summarizes several aquarium fish species, including their classification, key characteristics, and sexual dimorphism. It describes the guppy fish, molly fish, gold fish, angel fish, blue morph convict cichlid, rosy barb, and Indian hill trout. Each fish has distinguishing male and female physical traits and breeding behaviors.
The document discusses the anatomy of fish scales, including the four main types (placoid, ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid), their structure consisting of layers like enamel and dentin, how they develop and vary between species, and their uses for classification, determining age from growth lines, and counting eggs from erosion marks. Fish scales are keratin structures that cover the skin in two layers (epidermis and dermis) and help protect the fish while also providing information about its biology.
This document provides a classification of reptiles based on their anatomical features. It discusses the five subclasses of reptiles: Anapsida, Euryapsida, Parapsida, Synapsida, and Diapsida. Within Diapsida are two superorders - Lepidosauria containing lizards and snakes, and Archosauria containing crocodilians. Key characteristics are described for each order, including turtles within Anapsida, lizards and snakes within Lepidosauria, and crocodilians. Temporal bone structure is an important distinguishing feature between subclasses.
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
The document describes the key fins found in fish, including their locations and functions. It discusses the pectoral fins, dorsal fins, pelvic fins, and caudal fins. The caudal fin is described as the most important for forward propulsion during swimming. Different types of caudal fins are also outlined, including protocercal, heterocercal, and homocercal fins.
The document discusses the phylum Annelida, class Polychaeta. Polychaetes, also known as bristle worms, are segmented worms that live in a variety of marine habitats like the ocean floor, under rocks and shells, or in coral reef crevices. They have appendages called setae or parapodia that function as paddles. While some polychaetes are free-swimming predators or scavengers, others like tube worms live sessile in self-made tubes attached to surfaces. Tube worms extend feathery gills and radioles from their tubes to create water currents for filter feeding.
The document discusses the swim bladder, or air bladder, of fish. It is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to a fish's ability to control buoyancy. There are two types - physostomous, which is directly connected to the digestive tract, and physoclistous, which is not connected. The basic structure includes a sac-like shape with two layers, an epidermis and endodermis. The swim bladder varies in shape and size between fish species and allows fish to rise and sink in water by increasing or decreasing the volume of gas inside without changing mass. Its key functions are to act as a hydrostatic organ, adjustable float, aid in respiration, produce sound, and maintain the fish's
This document summarizes several aquarium fish species, including their classification, key characteristics, and sexual dimorphism. It describes the guppy fish, molly fish, gold fish, angel fish, blue morph convict cichlid, rosy barb, and Indian hill trout. Each fish has distinguishing male and female physical traits and breeding behaviors.
INTRODUCTION
The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth.
It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food.
Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting.
There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates.
In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically.
The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian.
It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws.
The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency.
The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians.
Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.
Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria:
The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium.
Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of
= a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw,
= and ventral Meckel’s cartilage forms the lower jaw.
The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid.
The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.
This document discusses the phylum Rotifera, including their:
- General characteristics such as a ciliated corona used for locomotion and feeding and sizes ranging from 40μm to 3mm.
- Anatomy including a head with corona and mouth, trunk containing organs, and foot used for locomotion.
- Habitats of still waters, flowing waters, mosses, lichens, and occasionally on other animals.
- Reproduction which can be sexual or parthenogenetic, with some classes having males and some reproducing without males.
Poisonous glands are specialized glands found in some fish and amphibians that secrete a venomous or poisonous mucus. These glands occur in the skin of cartilaginous fish or are associated with spines and fins of bony fish. The glands use a holocrine secretion method to release their toxic venom, which functions as a protective device and kills bacteria on bottom-dwelling fish. Some poisonous fish include porcupinefish, boxfish, and goatfish, while venomous fish like stingrays, catfish, stonefish, and butterfly cod have venom glands associated with their spines that can inflict painful wounds.
Scales are a type of integumentary structure found in fish that provide both external protection and flexibility. There are four main types of scales - cosmoid, ganoid, placoid, and leptoid scales. Leptoid scales are further divided into cycloid and ctenoid scales. Cosmoid scales are very rare today and resemble fused placoid scales. Placoid scales are found on sharks and rays and resemble teeth. Ganoid scales have a bony base layer and are rhomboid in shape. Cycloid scales have a smooth outer edge while ctenoid scales have teeth along the outer edge.
Mammals evolved from reptiles during the Triassic period, descending from reptilian synapsids. Key mammalian characteristics developed over time, including hairy skin, specialized dentition, and a high metabolic rate allowing for a constant body temperature. Early mammals originated from cynodont therapsids in the Late Triassic and included primitive groups like docodonts, triconodonts, symmetrodonts, pantotheres, and multituberculates which dominated until the rise of modern mammal groups in the Cenozoic. Key skull and jaw bones were adapted over generations to form the mammalian middle ear from ancestral jaw structures.
The document discusses the swim bladder in fish. It describes the swim bladder as an internal gas-filled organ that helps fish control their buoyancy and acts as an accessory respiratory and sound-producing organ. The swim bladder is located between the kidneys and alimentary canal, and is connected to the esophagus. There are two types of swim bladders: physostomous, which is directly connected to the digestive tract, and physoclistous, which is not connected. The swim bladder allows fish to rise and sink in water by increasing or decreasing the volume of gas inside through intake or release of air. It functions to control buoyancy and also plays roles in hearing, sensory perception, and sound production.
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
nervous system of mollusk cephalopod (cuttlefish)NikitaSharma334
The document discusses the nervous system of cuttlefish. It notes that cuttlefish are cephalopods with a bilaterally symmetrical body and astonishing ability to change skin color. Their central nervous system contains a brain enclosed in cartilage with four ganglionic masses. The peripheral nervous system is composed of stellate ganglia and nerves to the arms and tentacles. The cuttlefish has one of the most complex nervous systems among invertebrates, allowing for learning, color changing in less than a second, and a variety of senses like sight, smell, and sensing sound waves.
The respiratory system allows organisms to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. Respiration includes ventilation, external respiration where gases are exchanged with the environment, and internal respiration where gases are exchanged at the tissue level. The main respiratory organs are lungs, gills, and in some cases skin or gas bladders. Lungs are found in air-breathing vertebrates like mammals and birds, using an aspiration pump for ventilation. Gills are found in fish and some aquatic amphibians and function via various water pumping mechanisms. Skin respiration also occurs in some amphibians.
This document discusses crustacean parasites and provides examples. It begins with definitions of crustacea and parasites. Crustaceans have segmented bodies, a hard exoskeleton, and appendages. Parasites live in or on a host and obtain nutrients from the host. The document then covers characteristics of crustaceans, their classification, examples of parasitic crustaceans including copepods, branchiura, and cirripedia. It describes how parasites adapt to the host and affect the host, often preventing reproduction or causing disease.
1. All chordates have a circulatory system with blood and lymph traveling through separate yet interconnected vessels.
2. In vertebrates the blood vascular system is closed, with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the veins into the arteries.
3. Over the course of evolution, the structure of the heart has become more complex and compartmentalized. In early vertebrates like sharks the heart had two chambers, while in advanced mammals it is a four-chambered heart that fully separates pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Flying fish have unusually large pectoral fins and streamlined bodies that allow them to glide through the air over water to escape predators. They live in tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. When threatened, they can propel themselves out of the water by rapidly flapping their tails and gliding with extended fins for distances up to 50 meters. Their ability to fly enables them to evade predators and return safely back to the sea.
Evolutionary change in heart of vertebrates
Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom.
Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins.
In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ.
. There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates.
The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish.
Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury.
The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
This document is the report of a group called MEB24 that was submitted to Ms. Ma. Luisa V. Cuaresma about the digestive system. It contains sections on the digestive systems of various animals including humans, fish, amphibians, mammals, birds, and reptiles. It provides information on the main organs of digestion and their functions for each group of animals. Tables and diagrams are included to illustrate the digestive processes. Links to additional reference materials are listed at the end.
This document provides information about vertebrate animals, beginning with their taxonomic classification and then describing key characteristics of major vertebrate groups including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines defining anatomical features for each group as well as examples of orders, classes, and important vocabulary terms.
This document provides information about vertebrate animals, beginning with their taxonomic classification and then describing key characteristics of major vertebrate groups including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines defining anatomical features for each group as well as examples of orders, classes, and important vocabulary terms.
INTRODUCTION
The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth.
It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food.
Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting.
There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates.
In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically.
The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian.
It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws.
The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency.
The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians.
Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.
Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria:
The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium.
Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of
= a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw,
= and ventral Meckel’s cartilage forms the lower jaw.
The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid.
The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.
This document discusses the phylum Rotifera, including their:
- General characteristics such as a ciliated corona used for locomotion and feeding and sizes ranging from 40μm to 3mm.
- Anatomy including a head with corona and mouth, trunk containing organs, and foot used for locomotion.
- Habitats of still waters, flowing waters, mosses, lichens, and occasionally on other animals.
- Reproduction which can be sexual or parthenogenetic, with some classes having males and some reproducing without males.
Poisonous glands are specialized glands found in some fish and amphibians that secrete a venomous or poisonous mucus. These glands occur in the skin of cartilaginous fish or are associated with spines and fins of bony fish. The glands use a holocrine secretion method to release their toxic venom, which functions as a protective device and kills bacteria on bottom-dwelling fish. Some poisonous fish include porcupinefish, boxfish, and goatfish, while venomous fish like stingrays, catfish, stonefish, and butterfly cod have venom glands associated with their spines that can inflict painful wounds.
Scales are a type of integumentary structure found in fish that provide both external protection and flexibility. There are four main types of scales - cosmoid, ganoid, placoid, and leptoid scales. Leptoid scales are further divided into cycloid and ctenoid scales. Cosmoid scales are very rare today and resemble fused placoid scales. Placoid scales are found on sharks and rays and resemble teeth. Ganoid scales have a bony base layer and are rhomboid in shape. Cycloid scales have a smooth outer edge while ctenoid scales have teeth along the outer edge.
Mammals evolved from reptiles during the Triassic period, descending from reptilian synapsids. Key mammalian characteristics developed over time, including hairy skin, specialized dentition, and a high metabolic rate allowing for a constant body temperature. Early mammals originated from cynodont therapsids in the Late Triassic and included primitive groups like docodonts, triconodonts, symmetrodonts, pantotheres, and multituberculates which dominated until the rise of modern mammal groups in the Cenozoic. Key skull and jaw bones were adapted over generations to form the mammalian middle ear from ancestral jaw structures.
The document discusses the swim bladder in fish. It describes the swim bladder as an internal gas-filled organ that helps fish control their buoyancy and acts as an accessory respiratory and sound-producing organ. The swim bladder is located between the kidneys and alimentary canal, and is connected to the esophagus. There are two types of swim bladders: physostomous, which is directly connected to the digestive tract, and physoclistous, which is not connected. The swim bladder allows fish to rise and sink in water by increasing or decreasing the volume of gas inside through intake or release of air. It functions to control buoyancy and also plays roles in hearing, sensory perception, and sound production.
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
nervous system of mollusk cephalopod (cuttlefish)NikitaSharma334
The document discusses the nervous system of cuttlefish. It notes that cuttlefish are cephalopods with a bilaterally symmetrical body and astonishing ability to change skin color. Their central nervous system contains a brain enclosed in cartilage with four ganglionic masses. The peripheral nervous system is composed of stellate ganglia and nerves to the arms and tentacles. The cuttlefish has one of the most complex nervous systems among invertebrates, allowing for learning, color changing in less than a second, and a variety of senses like sight, smell, and sensing sound waves.
The respiratory system allows organisms to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. Respiration includes ventilation, external respiration where gases are exchanged with the environment, and internal respiration where gases are exchanged at the tissue level. The main respiratory organs are lungs, gills, and in some cases skin or gas bladders. Lungs are found in air-breathing vertebrates like mammals and birds, using an aspiration pump for ventilation. Gills are found in fish and some aquatic amphibians and function via various water pumping mechanisms. Skin respiration also occurs in some amphibians.
This document discusses crustacean parasites and provides examples. It begins with definitions of crustacea and parasites. Crustaceans have segmented bodies, a hard exoskeleton, and appendages. Parasites live in or on a host and obtain nutrients from the host. The document then covers characteristics of crustaceans, their classification, examples of parasitic crustaceans including copepods, branchiura, and cirripedia. It describes how parasites adapt to the host and affect the host, often preventing reproduction or causing disease.
1. All chordates have a circulatory system with blood and lymph traveling through separate yet interconnected vessels.
2. In vertebrates the blood vascular system is closed, with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the veins into the arteries.
3. Over the course of evolution, the structure of the heart has become more complex and compartmentalized. In early vertebrates like sharks the heart had two chambers, while in advanced mammals it is a four-chambered heart that fully separates pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Flying fish have unusually large pectoral fins and streamlined bodies that allow them to glide through the air over water to escape predators. They live in tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. When threatened, they can propel themselves out of the water by rapidly flapping their tails and gliding with extended fins for distances up to 50 meters. Their ability to fly enables them to evade predators and return safely back to the sea.
Evolutionary change in heart of vertebrates
Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom.
Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins.
In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ.
. There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates.
The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish.
Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury.
The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
This document is the report of a group called MEB24 that was submitted to Ms. Ma. Luisa V. Cuaresma about the digestive system. It contains sections on the digestive systems of various animals including humans, fish, amphibians, mammals, birds, and reptiles. It provides information on the main organs of digestion and their functions for each group of animals. Tables and diagrams are included to illustrate the digestive processes. Links to additional reference materials are listed at the end.
This document provides information about vertebrate animals, beginning with their taxonomic classification and then describing key characteristics of major vertebrate groups including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines defining anatomical features for each group as well as examples of orders, classes, and important vocabulary terms.
This document provides information about vertebrate animals, beginning with their taxonomic classification and then describing key characteristics of major vertebrate groups including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines defining anatomical features for each group as well as examples of orders, classes, and important vocabulary terms.
This document provides an overview of animal biology, covering topics like animal form and function, nutrition and transport, and feedback mechanisms. It begins by defining the subtopics to be covered in Module 1B, which are animal form and function, nutrition and transport, and feedback mechanisms in animals. The next sections provide details on animal anatomy, morphology, physiology, diversity of forms, and nervous and immune functions. It describes the body plans and characteristics of different animal phyla such as porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminths, nematodes, annelids, molluscs, echinoderms, arthropods, and chordates. Reproduction strategies like asexual and sexual reproduction are also summarized.
Mammals are a class of vertebrate animals with hair, live birth, mammary glands, internal temperature regulation, and four-toed limbs. There are three subclasses of mammals defined by how they bear and nourish their young: monotremes lay eggs, marsupials carry young in pouches, and placental mammals carry young in placentas. Mammals are unique in their production of milk to feed their young through mammary glands.
The document summarizes characteristics of the phylum Annelida, focusing on two classes: Polychaeta and Clitellata. It describes the Samoan Palolo worm, which exhibits a unique reproductive behavior called epitoky where parts of the worm transform into reproductive individuals called epitokes. During the full moon, the epitokes swarm and spawn, providing a major food source for Samoans. The classes Polychaeta and Clitellata are then compared, contrasting characteristics like habitat, locomotion, feeding, and reproduction between marine worms and earthworms/leeches.
This document provides an overview of vertebrates, including their key characteristics and how they are classified. It discusses the main groups of vertebrates - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. For each group, it describes physical features, temperature regulation, reproduction methods, and examples of common types. The largest sections are devoted to fish, amphibians, and reptiles, explaining their distinguishing attributes and subgroups in detail.
This document describes the characteristics of the phylum Chordata, which includes humans and other vertebrate animals. Chordata are defined by having a notochord or backbone during development. The phylum contains five subphyla: Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Vertebrata are further divided into seven classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. The document provides details on characteristics and examples for each group.
This document provides information about different types of vertebrates including fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. It describes some key characteristics of each group and examples of common species. The document aims to classify different vertebrate animals according to their defining physical attributes and environmental adaptations.
This document summarizes key characteristics of different phyla in the animal kingdom. It describes how animals in the phylum Arthropoda have an exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and includes the classes Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea, and Myriapoda. It then discusses characteristics of vertebrates, including having a backbone and including the classes Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Finally, it provides examples of distinguishing features of different animal groups.
This document provides information about salamanders and bats. It discusses their classification, features, habitats, life cycles, and more. For salamanders, it notes they are amphibians in the order Caudata found in temperate regions. It describes their skin absorption of water and moist habitat needs. For bats, it distinguishes mega and micro bats, with mega bats in tropical areas and micro bats worldwide. It discusses bats roosting in caves, forests, and buildings. Their respiratory, circulatory and other systems are adapted for flight. Both salamanders and bats have adaptations and face threats to their conservation.
The document defines and provides details about Kingdom Animalia. It discusses how animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic. The kingdom is then divided into several main phyla, including Chordata, Porifera, Platyhelminthes, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Hemichordata, Echinodermata, Ctenophora, and Aschelminthes. Examples of animals from different phyla, such as jellyfish, dogs, and others are also provided.
This document provides an overview of the phylum Chordata, which includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharynx with gill slits, and postanal tail at some point in their lifecycle. It describes the three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (jawless and jawed fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Key characteristics and examples are given for each class within these groups.
This document summarizes the key marine arthropod classes. It describes their general characteristics including bilateral symmetry, exoskeleton, molting, digestion, and circulatory and nervous systems. The major classes included are Malacostraca, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Pentastomida, and Cirripedia. These classes are distinguished by features like body plan, habitat, appendages, life cycle, and ecology.
The document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It is divided into two major groups: chordates and non-chordates based on the presence or absence of a notochord. Non-chordates are further divided into 8 subgroups based on other features. Chordates are divided into subphyla Protochordata and Vertebrata. Vertebrata are classified into 5 classes - Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia - based on characteristics like habitat, reproduction methods and body features.
The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Chordata. It describes the four defining characteristics of chordates as having a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, a postanal tail, and a hollow dorsal nerve cord. It provides examples of chordate animals like fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals. The phylum is divided into the subphyla of Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Vertebrata is further divided into classes including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
- Most fish breathe through gills and have skeletons made of bone or cartilage. They propel themselves through water using tail fins and other fins. Fish come in a wide variety of sizes, from less than an inch to over 60 feet long.
- Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates covered in scales that lay eggs. Examples are crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, and tortoises. They are often cold-blooded and regulate temperature behaviorally.
- Birds are feathered flying animals with wings, beaks, and lightweight skeletons adapted for flight. Their respiratory and skeletal systems are specialized for flying.
The document discusses the morphology and characteristics of mammals. It covers:
1. The three main categories of mammals based on how they are born: monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.
2. Key distinguishing features of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
3. Types of mammalian teeth and their functions for different diets.
4. Classification systems for placental structure and layers between fetal and maternal blood.
The document summarizes key aspects of mammal morphology and classification. It describes the three main ways mammals give birth - through eggs (monotremes), pouches (marsupials), or placentas (placentals). It then discusses various morphological features of mammals like hair, dentition, types of teeth, and placental structures. It also covers classification of mammals based on feeding habits and locomotion.
This document provides an introduction to the class Aves (birds). It discusses their key features such as being warm-blooded, feathered, and having adapted forelimbs that developed into wings allowing flight. It describes different types of beaks and feet found in birds, as well as two types of migration: latitudinal between northern and southern regions, and altitudinal within mountainous regions between high and low elevations depending on the season.
This document discusses the distinguishing characteristics of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes found in India. It identifies key morphological features that indicate whether a snake is poisonous or not, such as scale pattern and size. It also describes the different types of poisonous snakes in India, including cobras, kraits, vipers, and sea snakes. Each poisonous snake is defined by unique identifying characteristics. Non-poisonous snakes that are commonly found in India, such as rat snakes and sand boas, are also outlined.
Molluscs are a large phylum containing over 50,000 species. They share characteristics like a mantle that secretes a calcium shell, a mantle cavity, and a muscular foot. Their bodies are unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, and they have a true coelom. There are six main classes of molluscs: Monoplacophora, Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, and Cephalopoda. They live in a variety of habitats from marine to freshwater to land, and occupy niches from sedentary bottom dwellers to free-swimming cephalopods.
This document provides information on freshwater fishes found in India, including their habitats, feeding behaviors, breeding cycles, and role in aquaculture. It discusses three major carps - Rohu, Catla, and Mrigal - describing their physical characteristics, habitats in lakes and rivers, feeding as herbivores or surface feeders, breeding from June to August, and growth over several years to sexual maturity. Information is also provided on giant freshwater prawn habitat in brackish waters, omnivorous feeding, breeding cycles, and life cycle over 12 molting stages from larvae to sexual maturity in 9 months. The document closes with an overview of fishing crafts and gears used in Indian fisheries, including
The document summarizes the circulatory system of earthworms. It has a closed circulatory system with blood vessels that form distinct patterns in the intestinal and anterior regions. In the intestinal region, the main blood vessels are the dorsal, ventral, and subneural vessels which connect via commissural vessels. They supply and collect blood from the intestine, body wall, and other structures. The intestine also contains an external and internal plexus of capillaries. In the anterior region, the main blood vessels are the longitudinal, latero-oesophageal, supra-oesophageal and ventral vessels which supply blood to organs like the pharynx and gonads.
Amphibians display a wide range of parental care behaviors. Some female salamanders carry eggs attached to their neck until hatching. Frogs and toads also provide care, with some species gluing eggs to leaves or building mud nests. The male Darwin's frog cares for tadpoles by carrying them in his vocal sacs until they emerge fully developed.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Class: General Characters, Mammals classification , Adaptation.
1. 3. Introduction to class -
Mammalia.
3.1 Salient features of class Mammalia with two examples (names only) – Rat, Rabbit.
3.2 Egg laying mammals.
3.3 Aquatic adaptations in mammals.
3.4 Flying adaptations in mammals.
3.5 Cursorial and fossorial adaptation in mammals
Dethe V.D
2. • Mammals are one of the most evolved in the vertebrata.
• They are found all over and have adapted well to their surroundings.
• Characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females
produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region
of the brain), fur or hair, and three middle ear bones.
3. Salient features of class Mammalia Mammals (from Latin mamma,
'breast')
• Mammals possess mammary or milk glands, Sweat gland and
Sebaceous gland.
• Mammals are Homoeothermic animals.
• Give birth to their younger ones.(Viviparous).
• They have two pairs of limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing,
burrowing, swimming and flying.
• The skin of mammals has hair or fur.
• External ear or pinnae are present
8. • Heart is four chambered. The sinus venous and renal portal system
are absent.
• Blood red in colour (RBC,WBC)
• Respiration is by lungs.
• Muscular diaphragm separating the thorax and abdomen.
13. Egg laying mammals.
• The mammals can lay eggs also. They are known as Monotrems.
• Monotreme, (order Monotremata),
• Member of the egg-laying mammalian order Monotremata, which
includes the amphibious duck billed- platypus (family
Ornithorhynchidae) and
• the terrestrial echidnas (family Tachyglossidae)
15. Aquatic adaptations in mammals.
• Types of Aquatic mammals.
• 1. Completely aquatic mammals.
• 2. Semi-aquatic or amphibious mammals.
16. Completely aquatic mammals.
• live their entire life in the water. For Ex. Whales, Dolphins or
manatees. They never come to land and are completely live in water
Dolphins
Blue whale
Manatees
18. Amphibious mammals
• These mammals do not live permanently in water. They live on land
but go into water for food and shelter.
• seals, otters, and hippopotamuses etc.
21. Important Aquatic adaptations
• Body shape: tapering and stream lined body.
• Locomotory Organ: flipper (swimming paddles ), dorsal fin, tail flukes.
• Integument: blubber (fatty layer of adipose tissue, loss of skin gland.
• Skeleton Modification:Modification of skull bone, Cervical vertebrae
are fused, Endoskeleton is light.
• Lungs:Highly elastic & non lobular, allow the animal to stay under
water for a longer period.
24. Flying adaptations in mammals
• Arboreal mammals are able to climb the trees and modes of aerial
locomotion or flight-gliding, soaring and flapping.
• Gliding : Adaptation: Limbs are long and equal, patagium (Skin Fold),
streamlined body, Tapered Tail
• Examples:
https://images.app.goo.gl/HvUxaG1YoNf11u6r5
Phalangers Order Marsupialia Flying Squirrels Order Rodentia
Flying lemurs Order Dermoptera
25. • Flying Mammals and Adaptations (Flapping)
• Adaptation : Wings: patagia are thin with elastic membranes, The
muscles and other body structures in bats to support and operate the
wings,
• Bats: Order Chiroptera
https://images.app.goo.gl/Qqs4sW652YJAmCYE7
26. Cursorial and fossorial adaptation in
mammals
• Cursorial Adaptation: (limbs adapted for running).This is important for
speed on hard surface
• The body of cursorial animals is streamlined and spindle-shaped.
• Loss of clavicle in mammals, which allows the scapula to move
forwards and backwards with the limb and thereby increase stride
length.
• Increased limb bone length
• Reduction or loss of digits.
• Hooves, hoof-like claws, or blunt claws for traction
28. Fossorial adaptation
Adapted for use in burrowing.
• i. Animal digging the soil for food. e.g., elephant, swine,
• ii. Animals digging for retreats but seek their food above the
ground. e.g., fox, mongoose
• iii. Animals digging for retreat but find their food under the ground.
e.g., Rattus etc.
• Body is fusiform or spindle shaped
• Head is tapering, skull is conical (e.g., spiny ant-eater, moles and
shrews).
https://www.notesonzoology.com/
29. • Incisor Teeth:
• The incisor teeth are upturned protruded and helps in digging in
pocket gopher. The tusks in elephant also help in digging.
• Canine Teeth:
• In swine, canines are effective digging instrument and in others it
becomes reduced.
• Functions of the Limbs:
• strong fore limbs is well suited for digging into the soil