Molecular Genetics

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The document discusses molecular genetics and the role of DNA in inheritance. It states that DNA codes for proteins, which determine an organism's heritable traits. It explains that the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA provides the code for building proteins, and that genes act as a blueprint for constructing cell parts and enzymes. Mutations in DNA can alter protein synthesis and affect an organism's characteristics.

Technology

Molecular Genetics
Understanding the Role of
Molecules in Inheritance

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Master Objectives:

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Master Objectives:

3.3.B.b Recognize that DNA codes for proteins,
which are expressed as the heritable
characteristics of an organism. (DOK: 1)

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Master Objectives:

3.3.B.b Recognize that DNA codes for proteins,
which are expressed as the heritable
characteristics of an organism. (DOK: 1)

3.3.B.e Identify possible external causes (e.g.,
heat, radiation, certain chemicals) and effects
of DNA mutations (e.g., altered proteins
which may affect chemical reactions and
structural development). (DOK: 2)
Tuesday, March 9, 2010

DNA provides the CODE

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

DNA provides the CODE
The sequence of nitrogen bases
in DNA code for the building of protein

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

DNA provides the CODE
The sequence of nitrogen bases
in DNA code for the building of protein

The code (genes) are like a blueprint
for constructing enzymes and cell
parts

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each strand of DNA contains many
genes which each code for a
different protein product
Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Protein is made by linking
AMINO ACIDS together

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Every 3 bases in DNA codes
for a speciﬁc amino acid

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

The sequence of amino acids
gives the protein its properties

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Structural proteins and
enzymes are responsible
for ALL of our inherited
characteristics

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Examples:

antibodies

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Examples: keratin

antibodies

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Examples: keratin

hemoglobin

antibodies

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Examples: keratin

hemoglobin
actin and
myosin
antibodies

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Examples: keratin

hemoglobin
actin and
myosin
antibodies
pepsin and
trypsin
Tuesday, March 9, 2010

The Big Picture
Central Dogma

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

The Big Picture

Protein Synthesis
Central Dogma

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Mutations are changes
in the DNA that alter
protein synthesis.

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

All mutation requires is
a change in 1 base pair...

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

All mutation requires is
a change in 1 base pair...

Chemicals

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

All mutation requires is
a change in 1 base pair...

Chemicals

UV Radiation
Tuesday, March 9, 2010

All mutation requires is
a change in 1 base pair...

Nuclear Radiation

Chemicals

UV Radiation
Tuesday, March 9, 2010

All mutation requires is
a change in 1 base pair...

Nuclear Radiation
Mistakes
Chemicals by the Cell

UV Radiation
Tuesday, March 9, 2010

All mutation requires is
a change in 1 base pair...

Nuclear Radiation
Mistakes
Chemicals by the Cell

UV Radiation Carcinogens
Tuesday, March 9, 2010

"DNA makes RNA and RNA makes
proteins and proteins make us."
~Francis Crick

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

The document discusses the structure and properties of DNA. It notes that DNA is a large polymer formed from linked nucleotides that contain sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogen bases in sections called genes, with each gene coding for a specific protein. The document also mentions that DNA molecules form chromosomes, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.

Nucleic acids

sbarkanic

Gene to protein paragraph

Omar00

The document summarizes a workshop that taught how proteins are formed in the body from DNA. DNA contains genetic codes that determine the structure and function of proteins and other cellular components. During the workshop, students extracted DNA from cheek cells and used techniques like PCR and electrophoresis to replicate and separate DNA, demonstrating how specific genes and proteins are identified. These techniques have various applications in forensics, research, genetic engineering, and paleontology.

Watson and crick model of dna

Bangaluru

Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA structure in 1953 as a double helix with two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis. Each strand consists of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups with purine or pyrimidine bases stacked inside. Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. Their model explained experimental X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules of base equivalence. The discovery revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity.

Nucleic acids 1

Gracielle Danica Sabanal

The document discusses the history and structure of nucleic acids. It describes how Friedrich Miescher first isolated nuclein in 1869 and how the tetranucleotide hypothesis proposed nucleic acids contained one of each nucleotide connected by phosphodiester linkages. Later, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed DNA could transform cells, supporting it as the molecule of heredity. Watson and Crick finally determined DNA's double helix structure in 1953. There are two main types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, which have similar structures but RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and has a 2' hydroxyl group.

Lecture1 nucleic acid

SourabhKumar240

The document provides details about a course on living systems taught by Professor Nihar Ranjan Jana at the School of Bioscience. It includes the course code, schedule of lecture topics covering areas like nucleic acids, transcription, translation, protein structure, and cells. It also discusses why studying living systems is important and provides background on key molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins. The central dogma of biology involving DNA, RNA and protein synthesis is explained.

Bell ringers

Mneel1

Here are 4 sentences using 1 vocabulary word from Evolution Part 2 in context in each sentence: 1. Directional selection occurs when a trait at one extreme of a range is favored, gradually shifting the population away from intermediate forms. 2. Stabilizing selection maintains genetic equilibrium in a population by favoring intermediate traits and eliminating extreme variants. 3. Geographic isolation prevents gene flow when physical barriers separate populations into isolated regions. 4. Endosymbiotic theory explains how cellular organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as once free-living prokaryotic cells that became permanent residents within eukaryotic cells.

Understanding dna

Kelley Nelson

This document provides an overview of DNA structure and function. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the components of nucleic acids, the two types of nucleic acids, and the function of DNA. It then discusses early experiments by Griffith and others that discovered DNA's role in heredity and traits. The document explains the double helix structure of DNA and the roles of genes, chromosomes, and DNA replication in passing traits from parents to offspring. It also addresses DNA transcription and translation into proteins, as well as the causes and effects of mutations in DNA.

The document discusses natural selection and adaptation. It explains that natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction become more common over generations. It was introduced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Examples are given of natural selection in different organisms. Limiting factors like food, space, disease, and others influence population sizes within ecosystems.

Heredity

Nathan Arnold

The document outlines key concepts in heredity and genetics, including how genotypes (homozygous and heterozygous) influence phenotypes and how Mendel used pea plants to study traits. It defines important terms like trait, allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, true breeding, P/F1/F2 generations, homozygous, heterozygous, and Punnett squares as a tool to predict offspring from genetic crosses. The overall goal is to explain heredity and predict traits in offspring.

Bacteria

Nathan Arnold

The document discusses bacteria. It describes that bacteria have two kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms on Earth and live in extreme conditions. Bacteria can be unicellular and prokaryotic. They reproduce through binary fission or sexually through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have a capsule or form endospores. They can move using flagella or pili.

Building Muscle

Nathan Arnold

The document discusses misconceptions about muscle building and provides information on how muscles actually grow. It notes that fat does not turn into muscle, genetics are not the only factor, and supplements are not required for growth. The document explains that muscle is contractile tissue that grows through resistance training which causes microtears repaired through protein synthesis. Proper nutrition including protein, carbs, water and rest also support muscle growth. Anabolic steroids are discouraged due to health risks from long term use.

Virology

Nathan Arnold

The document discusses different types of viruses including their structure, replication cycles, and examples of diseases they cause. It describes viruses as consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, and that they come in helical, icosahedral, enveloped, and bacteriophage forms. It also discusses viral replication cycles including lytic versus lysogenic, and how DNA and RNA viruses replicate. Examples of viral diseases in humans covered include chickenpox, viral hepatitis, and AIDS.

Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis And Respiration Overview)

Nathan Arnold

The document discusses bioenergetic processes in living systems. It explains that there are two main types of organisms: autotrophs, which can produce their own food via photosynthesis, and heterotrophs, which rely on other organisms for food. Photosynthesis is described as the process by which autotrophs convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light as an energy source. Cellular respiration is then covered as the process heterotrophs use to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Key factors like temperature, gas levels and nutrients that can influence these energy transformation processes are also outlined.

Prok Euk Cell Division

Nathan Arnold

The document discusses different types of cells and cell division. It describes that eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus while prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotic cells are usually larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. Plant cells contain organelles like a cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplasts that animal cells lack. There are four main types of cell division - binary fission in prokaryotes produces two identical daughter cells, budding in fungi produces a parent cell and bud, mitosis in eukaryotic body cells produces two identical daughter cells, and meiosis in eukaryotic sex cells produces four unique daughter cells.

Cell Structure And Function

Nathan Arnold

This document discusses cells, their structure, function, and origin. It begins with an activity where students sketch and analyze 12 different cell types. They observe structural features and infer functions. The document then explains that cells originate from preexisting cells according to the Cell Theory. Cells usually begin as a zygote or stem cell and become specialized through differentiation, which is a result of changes in gene expression rather than DNA code.

Biomolecules

Nathan Arnold

The document discusses the four major classes of biomolecules (macromolecules) that are the building blocks of living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids include fats, oils, and other fatty substances used for energy storage and structural roles. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for structural, mechanical, and process roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information.

Dna Basics

Nathan Arnold

Mitosis

Nathan Arnold

Properties Of Water

Nathan Arnold

Water is essential for life. It makes up 75% of our cells and 90% of our blood, hydrating the body. Water acts as a buffer that regulates body temperature through sweating and vasoconstriction. As a polar solvent, water dissolves many other polar substances, providing an environment for chemical reactions in cells. Water also maintains cell turgor pressure through osmosis, leading to full cells and strong plants.

The Big Four

Nathan Arnold

The document describes the key components of an experimental design: the independent variable (IV) which is manipulated, the dependent variable (DV) which is measured, the control which is used for comparison, and constants which stay the same. It provides examples of an experiment measuring the effectiveness of different cleaners, where the type of cleaner is the IV, the percentage of residue removed is the DV, water is the control, and factors like the amount of cleaner and wiping method are kept constant.

Protists

Nathan Arnold

Protists are eukaryotic microorganisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. They are usually unicellular and reproduce through fission, conjugation, or spore formation. Protists include animal-like protists that are heterotrophic and move to capture prey, plant-like protists that are mostly autotrophic algae, and fungus-like protists such as water molds and slime molds. Protists play important roles in the environment such as producing oxygen, forming the base of marine food webs, and contributing to the carbon cycle through decomposition. They are also economically significant as food sources, in industry, and can cause human diseases like malaria, sleeping

Fungus

Nathan Arnold

Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing them from their environment or other organisms. They can exist as multicellular molds or unicellular yeasts. Fungi are classified into three phyla - Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota - which differ in their reproductive structures and life cycles. Many fungi form beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms through symbiosis, while some cause diseases in humans.

The Genomic Era

Nathan Arnold

DrosophilaNathan Arnold

The Cell

Nathan Arnold

All living things are made of cells, which come from preexisting cells and are the basic functional units of life. A cell's structure relates to its function, with skin cells being flat and nerve cells long and branching. Cells must maintain a high surface area to volume ratio to avoid starvation as they get too large. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and are usually small and simple, like bacteria. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are usually large and complex, like plants, animals, fungi and protists. Plant cells contain a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these features.

Passive Transport

Nathan Arnold

There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.

Biological Organization

Nathan Arnold

This document outlines the hierarchy of organization in biology from the smallest to largest levels of organization: atoms make up molecules, molecules make up macromolecules, macromolecules make up cell organelles, organelles make up cells, cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up organ systems, organ systems make up organisms, organisms make up populations, populations make up communities, communities make up ecosystems, ecosystems make up biomes, and biomes make up the biosphere.

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Molecular Genetics

1. Molecular Genetics Understanding the Role of Molecules in Inheritance Tuesday, March 9, 2010

2. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

3. Master Objectives: Tuesday, March 9, 2010

4. Master Objectives: 3.3.B.b Recognize that DNA codes for proteins, which are expressed as the heritable characteristics of an organism. (DOK: 1) Tuesday, March 9, 2010

5. Master Objectives: 3.3.B.b Recognize that DNA codes for proteins, which are expressed as the heritable characteristics of an organism. (DOK: 1) 3.3.B.e Identify possible external causes (e.g., heat, radiation, certain chemicals) and effects of DNA mutations (e.g., altered proteins which may affect chemical reactions and structural development). (DOK: 2) Tuesday, March 9, 2010

6. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

7. DNA provides the CODE Tuesday, March 9, 2010

8. DNA provides the CODE The sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA code for the building of protein Tuesday, March 9, 2010

9. DNA provides the CODE The sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA code for the building of protein Tuesday, March 9, 2010

10. DNA provides the CODE The sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA code for the building of protein The code (genes) are like a blueprint for constructing enzymes and cell parts Tuesday, March 9, 2010

11. Each strand of DNA contains many genes which each code for a different protein product Tuesday, March 9, 2010

12. Each strand of DNA contains many genes which each code for a different protein product Tuesday, March 9, 2010

13. Protein is made by linking AMINO ACIDS together Tuesday, March 9, 2010

14. Protein is made by linking AMINO ACIDS together Tuesday, March 9, 2010

15. Every 3 bases in DNA codes for a speciﬁc amino acid Tuesday, March 9, 2010

16. Every 3 bases in DNA codes for a speciﬁc amino acid Tuesday, March 9, 2010

17. The sequence of amino acids gives the protein its properties Tuesday, March 9, 2010

18. The sequence of amino acids gives the protein its properties Tuesday, March 9, 2010

19. Structural proteins and enzymes are responsible for ALL of our inherited characteristics Tuesday, March 9, 2010

20. Examples: Tuesday, March 9, 2010

21. Examples: antibodies Tuesday, March 9, 2010

22. Examples: keratin antibodies Tuesday, March 9, 2010

23. Examples: keratin hemoglobin antibodies Tuesday, March 9, 2010

24. Examples: keratin hemoglobin actin and myosin antibodies Tuesday, March 9, 2010

25. Examples: keratin hemoglobin actin and myosin antibodies pepsin and trypsin Tuesday, March 9, 2010

26. The Big Picture Tuesday, March 9, 2010

27. The Big Picture Central Dogma Tuesday, March 9, 2010

28. The Big Picture Protein Synthesis Central Dogma Tuesday, March 9, 2010

29. The Big Picture Protein Synthesis Central Dogma Tuesday, March 9, 2010

30. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

31. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

32. Mutations are changes in the DNA that alter protein synthesis. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

33. All mutation requires is a change in 1 base pair... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

34. All mutation requires is a change in 1 base pair... Chemicals Tuesday, March 9, 2010

35. All mutation requires is a change in 1 base pair... Chemicals UV Radiation Tuesday, March 9, 2010

36. All mutation requires is a change in 1 base pair... Nuclear Radiation Chemicals UV Radiation Tuesday, March 9, 2010

37. All mutation requires is a change in 1 base pair... Nuclear Radiation Mistakes Chemicals by the Cell UV Radiation Tuesday, March 9, 2010

38. All mutation requires is a change in 1 base pair... Nuclear Radiation Mistakes Chemicals by the Cell UV Radiation Carcinogens Tuesday, March 9, 2010

39. "DNA makes RNA and RNA makes proteins and proteins make us." ~Francis Crick Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Molecular Genetics

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