This document discusses independent and dependent clauses. It defines an independent clause as having one subject-verb pair and expressing a complete thought, essentially being another name for a simple sentence. A dependent clause is defined as an independent clause with a subordinating word like "because" or "when" added to the beginning, making it unable to stand alone as a complete thought and requiring it to be joined to an independent clause. Several examples of independent and dependent clauses are provided. The document also discusses subordinating conjunctions that can introduce dependent clauses and lists some common time-related subordinating conjunctions like "after", "before", and "when".

1. A clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb.
There are two kinds of clauses in
English: independent clauses
and dependent clauses.
Module 5
Independent and Dependent
Clauses

2. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
 An independent clausehas one SV pair and expresses a
complete thought.
 Independent clause is just another name for a simple
sentence.
Examples:
 It rained.
S V
 Paris has excellent art museums.
S V
 We finished our homework.
S V

3. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
 A dependent clause is an independent clause with a
subordinating word, such as because, after, and when
added to the beginning of it.
 Examples:
… after it rained...
S V
… because Paris has excellent art museums…
SV
… when we finished our homework…
S V
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION

4.  A dependent clause doesn’t express a complete thought,
so it is not a sentence by itself.
 It is only have a sentence.
 It MUST be joined to an independent clause.
 TOGETHER, the two clauses express a complete thought.
Examples:
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Art students should visit Paris because it has excellent art museums.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
After we finished our homework, we watched TV for a while.

5. There are many subordinating words that can make a
dependent clause.
We call them adverb subordinators because they
introduce dependent clauses that act like adverbs. They
answer the questions when?, why?, where?, and so on.
Adverb Subordinators

6.  Certain adverb subordinators introduce time clauses.
Here are some common time subordinators.
After: I will go to bed after I finish this
presentation.
As soon as: She felt better as soon as she
took the medicine.
Before: Wait for a green light before you
cross.

7. Until: We can’t leave until everyone
finishes.
When: Where were you when I called?
Whenever: Whenever I don’t eat, I get
a headache.
While: She was listening to music
while I was studying.

8. CAUTION!
A few times subordinators are also prepositions.
Prepositions are followed by nouns.
Subordinators are followed by subject-verb combinations.
after my accident (preposition)
Noun
after Ihad an accident (subordinator)
S V
Before class (preposition)
Noun
Before class begins (subordinator)
S V Information taken from: Hogue, A.
(2008). First steps in academic writing.
Longman: N.Y.