There are two main types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence, while dependent clauses cannot. Dependent clauses are further classified into three types: adverb clauses which indicate time, place or manner using words like when, before, after; adjective clauses which modify nouns using relative pronouns like who, that, which; and noun clauses which function as nouns using words like what, when, why, how. Proper use of clauses is important for clear communication in writing.

1. Prepared By:

4. • CLAUSE is a string of words
that contains a subject and a
verb.
• In grammar, a clause is the
smallest grammatical unit that
can express a
complete proposition.

5. What are the 2
distinctions of CLAUSES?

6. INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES
▪ An independent clause is a group of
words that contains a subject and
verb and expresses a complete
thought. An independent clause is a
sentence.
▪ It is a simple sentence that can
stand alone.

7. INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE MARKERS
also
consequently
furthermore
however
moreover
nevertheless
therefore

8. Examples of Simple Sentences
(Independent Clauses):
▪ Mr. Smith arrived at the airport early
this morning.
▪ We must find a new strateghy.
▪ I play basketball.

9. Examples of Compound Sentences
(Two Independent Clauses):
▪ Mr. Smith arrived early this morning, but I
didn’t meet him.
▪ We must find a new strategy, or we will lose our
advantage.
▪ I play basketball, George plays baseball,
and Fred plays tennis.

10. DEPENDENT
CLAUSES
▪ A dependent clause functions not as a sentence
but as a part of speech (noun, adjective,
adverb). Therefore, it cannot stand alone as a
sentence. It is attached to some part of an
independent clause.
▪ It has an incomplete thought and cannot be a
sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked
by a dependent marker word.

11. DEPENDENT
CLAUSE MARKERS
after if
although in order
as to
as if since
because though
before unless
even if until
even though whatever
when whenever
whether while

12. Examples of Complex Sentences
(1 Dependent Clause, 1 Independent Clause):
▪ When I got home, I cooked for dinner.
▪ We visited the musuem, before it closed.
▪ When he handed in his homework, he
forgot to give the teacher the last page.

13. What are the 3 classifications of
DEPENDENT CLAUSES?

14. ▪ it act as adverbs and tell us
WHEN something happens.
▪ They usually begin with the
words:
When, Before, After, As soon as
and Until

15. What are the 2 classifications of
TIME CLAUSES?

16. • Clauses that refer to past time are
formmed with the verb in the PAST
tense:
Examples:
▪ When I finished my lunch, we played golf.
▪ After we played golf, we went to a party.
▪ As soon as we arrived at the party, they put
the steaks on.

17. • Clauses that refer to future time
are formed with the verb in the
PRESSENT tense:
Examples:
▪ As soon as we arrive at the party, they will put the
steaks on.
▪ Before we eat our steaks, we will sit around and talk.
▪ Until the party ends, there will be plenty of good wine.

18. ▪ It give information about
nouns (people, things, places, etc.).
▪ They appear after the noun they
describe.
▪ Adjective Clauses are also called
RELATIVE CLAUSES.

19. • Adjective Clauses are not set off by
commas if the information is neccessary in
order to identify the person or thing.
Examples:
▪ The person who is sitting on my right is left-
handed.
▪ The gentleman who dropped his wallet will
come back for it.
▪ My brother who lives in Alaska works as a
trapper and hunter.

20. • Adjecttive Clauses are set off by
commas if the information is not
necessary in order to identify the person or
thing.
Examples:
▪ John , who is sitting on my right , is left-
handed.
▪ The governor , who spoke at our banquet , will speak
again next year.
▪ My brother , who lives in Alaska , works as a trapper
and hunter.

21. ▪ It act as simple nouns and identify
persons, places, things, etc.
▪ They are introduced by words such
as:
How, If, That, What, When, Where,
Whether, Which, Who, Whom,
Whomever, Whose, Why

22. • A Noun Clause as the subject of
a sentence.
Examples:
▪ That sales have gone up is good news
inddeed.
▪ Who gets the credit for a good
idea should not be important.
▪ Why she said that is a mystery to me.

23. • A Noun Clause as the object of
a sentence.
Examples:
▪ I will never understand how we
arrived on time.
▪ I don't know when he resigned.
▪ I'd like to see if he can manage it.

24. QUIZ :))