This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, including main/independent clauses and dependent clauses. It discusses that a clause contains a subject and a verb and can form a complete sentence or part of a sentence. There are three main types of dependent clauses: noun clauses, which function as nouns; adjective clauses, which function as adjectives; and adverb clauses, which function as adverbs to describe verbs or other clauses. The document provides examples and introduces common subordinators that can introduce each type of dependent clause.

1. C L A U S E
S
B Y
M U H A M M A D A B D U L L A H
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2. Introduction
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a
verb
It may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence
in itself
For example:
The dog barks when the postman arrives
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3. This sentence has two clauses
 In the first one (shown in bold) the subject is "the
dog" and the verb is "barks”
 In the second one the subject is "the postman" and
the verb is "arrives"
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4. M A I N
T Y P E S
O F
C L A U S E
S 1. Dependent clause
2. Independent clause

5. M O R E
T Y P E S O F
C L A U S E S • Restrictive clause
• Non-restrictive clause
• Noun clause
• Adjective clause/Relative
clause
• Adverbial clause

6.  Independent or Main Clause expresses the complete idea or a
thought
• It has a subject and verb and can stand alone as a sentence
Examples
i.I saw a man he was crying
ii.He is crying but nobody actions
iii.He is a wise man
The bold part of the sentence conveys the complete sense and is
called main clause 6
1–Independent Clause
(Main Clause)

7. Coordinators of
Independent Clause
And
but
yet
so
or etc.
These words are used to join the clauses

8. Dependent or subordinate clause is that clause which
cannot express the complete meaning
 It depends upon independent clause to give a complete
meaning
Example
The villagers lived happily until the wolves appeared
• "Until the wolves appeared" is an example of a
dependent clause
• It cannot stand alone as a sentence
• "The villagers lived happily" is the main clause in this
sentence 8
2–Dependent Clause

9. A dependent clause functions like an adjective an
adverb or a noun
This means there are three types of dependent clause:
1. An adjective Clause
2. An Adverbial Clause
3. A Noun Clause
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Dependent Clause

10. 1. Noun Clause–
A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as a noun in the
sentence
• It has a subject+ verb
• However, it can’t stand alone as a complete thought
Example
I remember what you said yesterday
In above sentence “what you said yesterday” functions as noun
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Dependent Clause

11. Subordinators and
identifications of noun clause What
Where
Why
How
Whom
When
Who which
Whose
Whether
If

12. 2. Adjective Clause
Adjective clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as an adjective
in the sentence
• It always has a subject-verb
• However, it can’t stand alone as a complete thought
Example
He wears a shirt which looks nice.
In above sentence “which looks nice” is an adjective clause
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Dependent Clause

13. • An adjective clause always begins with relative pronoun
• Adjective clauses can be restrictive and non-restrictive:
i. Restrictive Clause
A restrictive clause limits the meaning of preceding noun or pronoun
Example
The student in the class who studied a lot pass the examination
ii. Non-restrictive Clause
Non-restrictive clause tells us something about preceding noun or pronoun but
does not limit the meaning of preceding noun or pronoun
Example
The student in the class attended all the lectures pass the exam
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Dependent Clause

14. Subordinators and
identifications of adjective
clause
who
whom
which
whose
where
when

15. 3. Adverb Clause
Adverb clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as an adverb
in the sentence
• It always has a subject and verb
• It cannot stand alone as a complete thought
Examples
Do not go before he comes
He takes medicine because he is ill
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Dependent Clause

16. • It also describes the main situation in terms of time, frequency,
cause and effect, condition etc.
i. Adverb clause in a time
It frequently starts with when, before, after, until, as soon as, since
Example
When he won the money, he decided to buy a car
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Dependent Clause

17. ii. Adverb clause in a place
It shows the place in the sentence and starts with where, wherever
Example
She drove wherever she wanted
iii. Adverb clause in a cause
It shows some cause of action
It starts with because, as, since
Example
She got a parking ticket because she parked illegally
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Dependent Clause

18. T H A N K
Y o u 
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