The document summarizes the uses of the infinitive "to" form and the "-ing" form in English grammar. 1) The infinitive "to" is used to express purpose or intent after certain verbs, adjectives, nouns, and pronouns. 2) The "-ing" form is used as a noun or gerund after certain verbs to express preferences, and after prepositions and verbs like "spend" and "see". 3) Both forms are used in different constructions like "too/enough to", "be the first to", and "spend time doing" something.

1. Infinitive and the –ing Form Evelyn Fridolin Kadri Nikopensius Supervisor: Edda Kaimre ^_^ FORM 12a

2. To - Infinitive To – infinitive is used To express purpose After certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse) After adjectives which Describe feelings/emotions (happy, glad) Express willingness Refer to a person’s character With the adjectives lucky and fortunate

3. Sam went to the bank to get some money. He promised to help us with the decorations. I was annoyed to hear that he had left. You were clever not to believe him.

4. To - Infinitive After certain nouns and pronouns such as something, somewhere, anyone, nothing After too/enough With it + be + adjective/noun To talk about an unexpected event which can be unpleasant, usually with only After; be + the first/second etc./next/last/best etc. After verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain, etc. When they are followed by question words.

5. We’ve got a lot of homework to do . She is too young to stay out late. It is important to get there on time. She came home to find her sister waiting for her. He was the first to arrive. I don’t know why he left .

6. The –ing Form The –ing form is used As anoun After certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, forgive imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc.) After dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. 4. After expressions such as be busy, it’s no use, it’s (no) good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there’s no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, have hard/difficult time etc.

7. Cycling is a popular form of exercise. He avoided answering my question. She likes painting . (But: She likes to paint) She is busy writing the wedding invitations.

8. The –ing Form After spend, waste, lose After prepositions After the preposition „to” with verbs and expressions such as look foward to, be used to, get round to, object to, in addition to, prefer etc. After the werbs hear, listen to, notice, see, watch feel + bare infinitive to describe a complate action, something that somebody saw, heard etc.

9. He lost £10 investing in unsuccessful companies. He was found guilty of lying in court. She objects to working on Saturdays. I listened to James singing a song.

10. References Jenny Dooley. Virginia Evans. “Grammarway” brains