This document discusses BICMOS technology. It begins by justifying the need for transistors and explaining the progression from vacuum tubes to BJT to FET to BICMOS. BICMOS combines bipolar and CMOS technologies, allowing designers to use both device types on a single integrated circuit. This provides benefits like high speed, gain, and driving capability from bipolar devices, along with low power and high density from CMOS. Key uses of BICMOS include high-performance microprocessors and mixed-signal circuit design. The document covers basic BICMOS circuitry and switching behavior, as well as applications like input/output and sample and hold circuits.
Complete description of AT89xxx (8051 based) microcontrollers with timers, serial communication and assembly language programming. Interfacing of some real time devices like led, sensor, and seven segment display is also covered.
JK flip flop in Digital electronics
You can watch my lectures at:
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The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
Complete description of AT89xxx (8051 based) microcontrollers with timers, serial communication and assembly language programming. Interfacing of some real time devices like led, sensor, and seven segment display is also covered.
JK flip flop in Digital electronics
You can watch my lectures at:
Digital electronics playlist in my youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_fItK7wBO6zdWHVPIYV8dQ?view_as=subscriber
My Website : https://easyninspire.blogspot.com/
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
pull up to pull down ratio of nmos inverter driven by another nmos inverter and also another describing with pass transistor. Transistor sizing with example and some formulas
pull up to pull down ratio of nmos inverter driven by another nmos inverter and also another describing with pass transistor. Transistor sizing with example and some formulas
This paper presents the design and performance comparison of a two stage
operational amplifier topology using CMOS and BiCMOS technology. This conventional op
amp circuit was designed by using RF model of BSIM3V3 in 0.6 μm CMOS technology and
0.35 μm BiCMOS technology. Both the op amp circuits were designed and simulated,
analyzed and performance parameters are compared. The performance parameters such as
gain, phase margin, CMRR, PSRR, power consumption etc achieved are compared. Finally,
we conclude the suitability of CMOS technology over BiCMOS technology for low power
RF design.
Ijeee 24-27-energy efficient communication for adhoc networksKumar Goud
Energy Efficient Communication for Adhoc Networks
1SK.Nagula Meera 2Dr. D.Srinivasa Kumar 3Dr. D.Srinivasa Rao
Research Scholar Professor & Principal Professor, ECE department
ECE department, JNTU Hyderabad Hosur Institute of Technology and Science
Errandapalli Village, Beerpalli PO JNTU College of Engineering Hyderabad(Autonomous)
Ramapuram (via), Krishnagri Dt., Tamilnadu
Abstract: A mobile accidental network (MANET) may be an assortment of nodes equipped with wireless communications and a networking capability while not central network management. The method of wireless networks within the applications like transferring video files is subjected to twin constraints. Each step-down of power and different QOS needs like delay, throughputs square measure need to be bewaring properly. Mobile accidental Networks square measure a lot of perceptive to those problems wherever every mobile device is active sort of a router and consequently, routing delay adds significantly to overall end-to-end delay. This paper presents a survey on power economical routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. This survey focused on recent progress on power saving algorithms. Additionally we recommend one power aware technique which can cut back power consumption yet as increase the lifespan of node and network.
Keywords: Mobile, Ad-Hoc networks, QOS, MANET, IBSS, ATIM, DPSM.
Bluetooth, the wireless protocol which uses a short range radio technology to simplify data
transmission among internet devices over short distances facilitates a typical way to connect and exchange
information between two or more devices through the creation of wireless Personal Area Networks (PANs)
whose specifications are licensed by Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) thereby supporting a dynamic
topology known as piconet or PAN. A piconet can be visualized as an ad-hoc computer network of devices
which use the protocols of Bluetooth technology.
A presentation on upcoming Solar Power Technologies as a viable means of efficiently harnessing solar energy. Part of Self Study Phase-I at RV College of Engineering, Bangalore.
Part 2 is here: http://www.slideshare.net/Jayanth-R/solar-power-satellites-part-2
Computed tomography (CT scan) is a medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed X-rays to produce tomographic images or 'slices' of specific areas of the body. These cross-sectional images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Distortion Analysis of Differential AmplifierIOSR Journals
Abstract: The linearity of the CMOS is of major concern in the design of many analog circuits. In this paper the nonlinearity behavior of CMOS analog integrated circuits is investigated.The basic building block of analog integrated circuits such as differential amplifier with current mirror load have been chosen for harmonic distortion analysis.A mechanism to analyze the distortion of CMOS circuits in deep submicron technology that can be easily used to detect the distortion is built.The MOSFET model used for simulation is TSMC BSIM3 SPICE model from 0.13-μm CMOS process technology. HSPICE circuit simulator tool is used for distortion analysis of CMOS circuits. The MOS model used in this paper includes short-channel effects and gate-source capacitance, gate-drain capacitance, output resistance of MOS transistor. Analytical results are compared with simulation results and the influences of circuit parameters on circuit linearity are discussed.
Keywords: Analog Integrated Circuits, CMOSanalog integrated circuits, harmonic distortion, HSPICE, Short-channel effects, small signal analysis, transient analysis.
In this article, we proposed a Variable threshold MOSFET(VTMOS)approach which is realized from Dynamic Threshold MOSFET(DTMOS), suitable for sub-threshold digital circuit operation. Basically the principle of sub- threshold logics is operating MOSFET in sub-threshold region and using the leakage current in that region for switching action, there by drastically decreasing power .To reduce the power consumption of sub-threshold circuits further, a novel body biasing technique termed VTMOS is introduced .VTMOS approach is realized from DTMOS approach. Dynamic threshold MOS (DTMOS) circuits provide low leakage and high current drive, compared to CMOS circuits, operated at lower voltages.
The VTMOS is based on operating the MOS devices with an appropriate substrate bias which varies with gate voltage, by connecting a positive bias voltage between gate and substrate for NMOS and negative bias voltage between gate and substrate for PMOS. With VTMOS, there is a considerable reduction in operating current and power dissipation, while the remaining characteristics are almost the same as those of DTMOS. Results of our investigations show that VTMOS circuits improves the power up to 50% when compared to CMOS and DTMOS circuits, in sub- threshold region..
The performance analysis and comparison of VTMOS , DTMOS and CMOS is made and test results of Power dissipation, Propagation delay and Power delay product are presented to justify the superiority of VTMOS logic over conventional sub-threshold logics using Hspice Tool. . The dependency of these parameters on frequency of operation has also been investigated.
ER Publication,
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Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
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Free Journals, Open access Journals,
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Design of A Low Power Low Voltage CMOS OpampVLSICS Design
In this paper a CMOS operational amplifier is presented which operates at 2V power supply and 1uA input bias current at 0.8 um technology using non conventional mode of operation of MOS transistors and whose input is depended on bias current. The unique behaviour of the MOS transistors in subthreshold region not only allows a designer to work at low input bias current but also at low voltage. While operating the device at weak inversion results low power dissipation but dynamic range is degraded. Optimum balance between power dissipation and dynamic range results when the MOS transistors are operated at moderate inversion. Power is again minimised by the application of input dependant bias current using feedback loops in the input transistors of the differential pair with two current substractors. In comparison with the reported low power low voltage opamps at 0.8 um
technology, this opamp has very low standby power consumption with a high driving capability and operates at low voltage. The opamp is fairly small (0.0084 mm 2 ) and slew rate is more than other low power low voltage opamps reported at 0.8 um technology [1,2]. Vittoz at al [3] reported that slew rate can be improved by adaptive biasing technique and power dissipation can be reduced by operating the device in weak inversion. Though lower power dissipation is achieved the area required by the circuit is very large and speed is too small. So, operating the device in moderate inversion is a good solution. Also operating the device in subthreshold region not only allows lower power dissipation but also a lower voltage operation is achieved.
Design of Low Voltage D-Flip Flop Using MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) For Hig...IOSRJVSP
This paper presents a new topology to implement MOS current mod logic (MCML) tri-state buffers. In Mos current mode logic (MCML) current section is improves the performance and maintains low power of the circuit. MCML circuits contains true differential operation by which provides the feature of low noise level generation and static power dissipation. So the amount of current drawn from the power supply does not depends on the switching activity. Due to this MOS current mode logic (MCML) circuits have been useful for developing analog and mixed signal IC’s. The implementing of MCML D-flip flop and Frequency divider done by using MCML D-latches. The proposed MCML D-latch consumes less power as it makes use of low power tri-state buffers. Which promotes power saving due to reduction in the overall current flow in the proposed D flip flop topology is verified though Cadence GPDK-180nM CMOS technology parameters.
Implementation of Full Adder Cell Using High Performance CMOS Technologyijsrd.com
This paper proposed design and implementation of full adder cell which is efficient in terms of both speed and energy consumption which becomes even more significant as the world length of the adder increases. We are introducing adders for low power imprecise applications. In this we propose a full adder design having low complexity, higher computing speed, lower energy consumption, and lower operating voltage. We will explain how to realize a general full adder circuit based on transistor using CMOS technology. The performance of the proposed full adder is evaluated by the comparison of the simulation result. In this system, not signals are generated internally that control the selection of the output multiplexers. Instead, the input signal, exhibiting a full voltage swing and no extra delay, is used to drive the multiplexers, reducing the overall propagation delays. The capacitive load for the input has been reduced, as it is connected only to some transistor gates and some drain or source terminals. The design a full adder having low complexity, higher computing speed, lower energy consumption, and lower operating voltage. Full Adder models to make it understandable for designer. We are giving high throughput with less complex system by showing synthesizable and simulated results.
Design of 64 bit SRAM using Lector Technique for Low Leakage Power with Read ...IOSRJVSP
: In complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) the power dissipation predominantly comprises of dynamic as well as static power. Prior to introduction of “Deep submicron technologies” it is observed that in case of technology process with feature size larger than 1micro meter, the consumption of dynamic power out of the overall power consumption of any circuit is more than 90%,while that of static power is negligible. But in the present deep submicron technologies in order to, reduce the dynamic power consumption in VLSI circuits, the power supply is being scaled down, keeping in view the principle that the dynamic power dissipated is directly proportional to the square of the supply voltage (Vdd).The threshold voltage also needs to be reduced since the supply voltage is scaled down. Overcoming the inherent limitations in the existing method for leakage power reduction, The Lector (Leakage controlled transistor) technique which works efficiently both in active and idle states of the circuit and results in better leakage power reduction is now proposed. The proposed system presents the analysis of power on “64-bit SRAM array using leakage controlled transistor technique
Static variable is explained using simple terms and example followed by conclusion. An application is demonstrated using simple example. The examples provided in slide can be taken as a reference by c,c++,java,php students.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. TERM PAPER OF ECE-563, NOVEMBER, 2014
BICMOS
Himanshu Shekhar
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with BICMOS. First of all
the need of transistor is justified. After this it
is explained, the reason behind switching
from vacuum tube to BJT to FET to
BICMOS. Then simple working of BICMOS
inverter working, its advantages,
disadvantages and its application.
I. INTRODUCTION
The transistor is a three terminal, solid state
electronic device. In a three terminal device
we can control electric current or voltage
between two of the terminals by applying an
electric current or voltage to the third
terminal. This three terminal character of the
transistor is what allows us to make an
amplifier for electrical signals, like the one in
our radio. With the three-terminal transistor
we can also make an electric switch, which
can be controlled by another electrical
switch. Before transistor vacuum tube were
the device that were used for control
conduction. But Vacuum tube had to warm
up before they worked (and sometimes
overheated when they did), they were
unreliable and bulky and they used too much
energy.so we moved toward BJT, to reduce
power consumption, area and increase
execution speed and more reliable. But for
low power application and to reduce leakage
current in BJT, FET was developed and most
famous one is CMOS. From early 1980s BJT
and CMOS are combined together to make a
transistor that uses plus point of both to
nullify the negative points of both.
II. BICMOS
BICMOS is a combination of both bipolar
and CMOS that allows the designer to use
both devices on a single integrated circuit.
The development of BICMOS technology
began in the early 1980s. In general, bipolar
devices are attractive because of their high
speed, better gain, better driving capability,
and low wideband noise properties that allow
high-quality analog performance. CMOS is
particularly attractive for digital applications
because of its low power and high packing
density. Thus, the combination of both device
types would not only lead to the replacement
and improvement of existing integrated
circuit, but would also provide access to
design completely new circuits.
Let’s take an example to know the
importance of BICMOS.
Fig.1 Cascade inverter
As shown in Fig. 1 cascaded inverter is made
to drive a bigger load than just a single
inverter, and this has to do with speed. The
problem is that a CMOS gate can drive a
current proportionally to the width of its
channel: so doubling the channel width, we
2. will be able to charge a capacitor twice as
fast.
If we double the channel width, it also
double the input capacitance of the gate, so
the stage before will take twice the time to
drive the gate. So we need a gate which has
the minimum possible input capacitance,
while having as much as driving strength as
possible. This is obtained cascading several
inverters (the most elementary CMOS gate)
with increasing channel width, so that the
first has the required input capacitance and
the last has the required driving strength. In
comparison, bipolar junction transistors
(BJTs) have more current driving capability,
and hence, can overcome such speed
bottlenecks using less silicon area. However,
the power dissipation of bipolar logic gates is
typically one or two orders of magnitude
larger than that of comparable CMOS gates.
Therefore, such all-bipolar high speed VLSI
circuit are difficult to realize and require very
elaborate heat-sink arrangements.
An alternative solution to the problem of
driving large capacitive loads can be provide
by merging CMOS and bipolar devices
(BICMOS) on chip Taking advantage of the
low static power consumption of CMOS and
the high current driving capability of the
bipolar transistor during transients, the
BICMOS configuration
The BICMOS combination has significant
advantages to offer, such as improved
switching speed and less sensitivity with
respect to the load capacitance. BICMOS
logic circuits are not bipolar-intensive i.e.
most logic operations are performed by
conventional CMOS sub circuits, while the
bipolar transistors are used only when high
on-chip or off-chip drive capability is
required.
III. BASIC BICMOS CIRCUIT
In BICMOS inverter as shown in Fig. 2, the
complementary pMOS and nMOS transistors
MP and MN supply base currents to the
bipolar transistor and thus act as a trigger
device for bipolar output stage configuration.
Depending on the logic level of the input
voltage, either MN or MP can be turned on in
steady state, therefore assuring a fully
complementary push pull operation mode for
the two bipolar transistors. In this very
simplistic configuration, configuration, two
resistors are used to remove the base charge
of the bipolar transistors when they are when
they are in cut-off mode
Fig. 2 Simple BICMOS inverter circuit with
resistive base pull-down.
The superiority of the BICMOS gate lies in
the high current drive capability of the
bipolar output transistors, the zero static
power dissipation, and the high input
impedance provided by the MOSFET
configuration. To reduce the turn-off time of
the bipolar transistors during switching,
Two minimum-size nMOS transistors (MB1
and MB2) are usually added to provide the
necessary base Discharge path, instead of the
two resistors. As shown in Fig.3
3. Fig. 3 Conventional BICMOS inverter
circuit with active base pull-down
V. BICMOS INVERTER
Consider first the output pull-up transient
response, which starts with the input voltage
abruptly falling from VOH to VOL at t = 0.
The initial condition of the output node
voltage is assumed to be VO, = VOH. The
inverter circuit during this switching event is
depicted in Fig.4, where the active
(conducting) devices are highlighted.
Fig. 4: BiCMOS inverter during transient
output pull-up event. The active devices in
thecircuit are highlighted (darker).
As the input voltage drops, the pMOS
transistor MP is turned on and starts
operating in the saturation region. The nMOS
transistors MN and MB 1 are turned off; thus,
the lower "pull-down" part of the inverter
circuit can be ignored except for the
corresponding parasitic capacitances of the
nMOS transistors and the bipolar transistor
Q2. The base pull-down transistor MB2 is
turned on, which effectively drains the excess
base minority carrier charge of Q2 and
assures that Q2 remains in cut-off mode. At
the same time, MP is supplying the base
current of Q1, which starts to charge up Cload
with its emitter current.
Now consider the output pull-down transient
response, which starts with the input voltage
abruptly rising from VOL to VOH at t = 0.
The initial condition of the output node
voltage is assumed to be Vout = VOL. The
inverter circuit during this switching event is
depicted in Fig.5, where the active
(conducting) devices are highlighted.
Fig. 5: BiCMOS inverter during a transient
output pull-down event.The active devices in
the circuit are highlighted (darker).
4. As the input voltage rises, the pMOS
transistor MP is turned off and the nMOS
Transistors MN and MB 1 are turned on. The
bipolar pull-up transistor Q1 immediately
ceases to conduct because its base current
drops to zero, and MB 1 starts to remove the
excess minority carrier base charge of Q1.
The nMOS transistor MN operates initially in
the saturation region and supplies the base
current of the bipolar pull-down transistor
Q2.
IV. USES OF BICMOS TECHNOLOGY
There have been two significant uses of
BICMOS technology.
One of the usages is in the design of the high-
performance microprocessor unit (MPU)
using the high driving capability of bipolar
junction transistor because bipolar junction
transistor has better transconductance.
Comparing the gate delay time and load
capacitance capability for same area design,
BICMOS has a lower gate delay time than the
CMOS at high load capacitive environment
as illustrated in Fig 6.
Fig. 6 CMOS vs BICMOS
And second one is in the mixed signal circuit
design, BICMOS design utilizes the excellent
analog performance of the double poly self-
aligned bipolar junction transistor
V. BICMOS APPLICATION
1. In some applications (in which there is
finite budget for power) the BICMOS speed
performance is better than that of bipolar.
2. This technology is well suited for the
intensive input/output applications.
3. The applications of BICMOS were initially
in RISC microprocessors rather than
traditional CISC microprocessors.
4. It can be used for sample and hold
applications as it provides high impedance
inputs.
5. This is also used in applications such as
adders, mixers, ADC and DAC
VI. CONCLUSION
The most significant drawback of the
BICMOS circuits lies in the increased
fabrication process complexity more than
that of CMOS. Apart from this it can be used
as an alternate of the previous bipolar, ECL
and CMOS in the market.
VII. REFERENCE
[1] http://www.nobelprize.org
[2] http://blog.oscarliang.net/bjt-vs-mosfet
[3] http:// www.elprocus.com
[4] Digital Integrated Circuits, 2/E Jan M.
Rabaey, University of California, Berkeley
Anantha Chandrakasan, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge Borivoje
Nikolic, University of California, Berkeley.
[5] CMOS Digital integrated Circuits Sung-
Mo-Kang & Yusuf Leblebici 3rd 2003 Tata
McGraw Hill