Mod 3 resistance to social influence
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Resistance to social influence can be explained by social support and locus of control. Social support refers to how having dissenting peers reduces conformity and obedience by providing a model of resistance. People with an internal locus of control, who believe they have control over their own lives, are more likely to resist social pressure to conform or obey because they are more self-confident and less dependent on social approval. However, research on the relationship between locus of control and resistance has produced contradictory findings, suggesting it may be a less important factor than initially proposed.
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1. The accuracy of eyewitness testimony can be affected by misleading information like leading questions and post-event discussion.
2. Researcher Elizabeth Loftus has shown how memory can be changed by later information through experiments on factors like leading questions and post-event discussion.
3. One experiment found that post-event discussion between witnesses affected memory and led to inaccurate recall of a crime.
Mod 6 lorenz
Lorenz conducted a study on goslings to test the hypothesis that they will imprint on and follow the first moving object they see. He found that goslings followed either him or their mother, depending on who they saw first, providing early evidence that animals form attachments to caregivers during a critical period. This research influenced later theories of attachment in humans but had limitations as it only studied one species and conclusions about permanence of imprinting were later disproven.
Mod 6 fathers
The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
Eyewitness testimony evaluation
The document discusses two controlled lab experiments by Loftus & Palmer (1979) and Gabbert et al (2003) that studied how wording of questions can affect eyewitness testimony. Both experiments used independent groups designs to test how the word used ("hit", "collided", "smashed") impacted participants' responses. The research demonstrates the value of controlled experiments for understanding eyewitness testimony, though the artificial tasks may limit real-world applications.
Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in a bare cage with just food and water often died, while monkeys in cages with a bare wire or cloth-covered wire "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated the important role of contact comfort, rather than just food, in the formation of attachment and healthy social-emotional development in young primates.
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Q4L01 - Social influence and conformity
Social influences can lead to conformity as people seek reassurance from others and adopt average positions rather than fringe positions. Experiments show that conformity rates increase with group size up to 3-5 members, and unanimity increases conformity. There are three main processes of conformity: informational influence to be correct, normative influence for social approval, and referent informational influence to follow in-group norms. Minority influences can create social change through consistent behavior, investment, and autonomy to negotiate influence with the majority.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Here is another document for you to summarize:
[DOCUMENT]
Social influence is the change in an individual's thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviors that results from
Social Influence .pptx
The document discusses various topics related to social influence and social learning, including social influence, conformity, types of conformity, social impact theory, propaganda, persuasion, and several classic experiments. It provides an overview of group members working on the topic and defines key concepts such as conformity, compliance, internalization, informational influence, normative influence, obedience, and propaganda techniques. It also summarizes Soloman Asch's classical conformity experiment and studies by Milgram on obedience and Zimbardo on role-playing in a simulated prison environment.
Unit 2 psychology revision powerpoint
1. Social psychology research on conformity and obedience found people often yield to group pressure and follow orders from authority figures. The Asch and Milgram experiments demonstrated high rates of conformity and obedience.
2. Cultural, individual, and situational factors influence levels of conformity and obedience. Collectivist cultures tend to conform more than individualist cultures. High IQ, dissenting peers, and questioning authority decrease conformity.
3. Biological responses to stress involve the sympathetic nervous system triggering fight or flight and the HPA axis releasing cortisol. Acute stress can boost immunity but chronic stress suppresses it over time. Social relationships and caregiving roles impact immune function.
Conformity Topic In Social Psychology.pptx
Sherif found that when individuals in a group were unsure of the correct answer to a perception task, they would conform to the estimates of others in the group over time. This showed that people conform due to informational social influence when they lack information to make their own judgment. Asch also found high rates of conformity, with participants agreeing with an intentionally wrong group even when the correct answer was obvious, showing normative social influence. Both studies demonstrate the powerful effect of social influence and conformity in groups.
Lesson 2 conformity
There are three main types of conformity according to the document:
1. Compliance, which involves going along with a group to gain approval or avoid disapproval, but does not reflect a change in underlying attitudes.
2. Internalization, which involves accepting and believing the group's views both publicly and privately.
3. Identification, which involves conforming in order to fit in as a group member and has elements of both compliance and internalization.
The two main explanations for conformity are normative social influence, which is conforming to avoid being rejected or mocked by the group, and informational social influence, which involves accepting information from others as evidence about reality when uncertain.
Key experiments discussed include
Chapter: 11 Social Behavoir
Social psychology is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to others. It explores areas like social cognition, person perception, stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecies, attribution theory, heuristics, attitudes, persuasion, altruism, aggression, conformity, and obedience. Key concepts include the fundamental attribution error, the false consensus effect, cognitive dissonance, and social influence through conformity, obedience, and group dynamics.
Chapter 11 Lecture Disco 4e
Social psychology is the study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. Key concepts include person perception, attribution, attitudes, stereotypes, conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors. Studies have shown that people conform to group pressures even when the group is clearly wrong, and will obey authority figures instructing them to harm others.
locus of control.pptx
The document discusses the health locus of control model, which is based on Rotter's social learning theory. It proposes that health behaviors are predicted by whether an individual believes they can perform a behavior and whether it will be effective (internal locus) or believes their health is controlled by external forces like chance (external locus). Those with an internal locus are more likely to take action to manage their health, while an external locus is associated with negative health outcomes. The Multiple Health Locus of Control scale measures beliefs about specific health situations. Self-efficacy, the belief in one's ability to perform a behavior, is also important to health behaviors according to social cognitive theory.
Health locus of control
The document discusses the health locus of control model, which is based on Rotter's social learning theory. It proposes that health behaviors are predicted by whether an individual believes they can perform a behavior and whether it will be effective (internal locus of control), or believes their health is controlled by external forces like chance (external locus of control). The Multiple Health Locus of Control scale is used to measure beliefs about different health situations. Generally, internal locus of control is linked to better health outcomes, though some research found that an external locus of control increased patients' perceived control during medical consultations by viewing the doctor as a partner.
Social psychology
1) Kelman identified 3 types of conformity: compliance, internalization, and identification. Compliance involves public agreement but private disagreement. Internalization involves both public and private agreement after accepting the views. Identification involves agreement due to feeling membership with the group.
2) Asch's line experiment found that about 37% of participants conformed to the unanimous wrong judgments of confederates, showing the power of majority influence. However, conformity decreased with smaller majorities or when the task was easier.
3) Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment showed how readily people will conform to and embrace social roles, with guards quickly becoming abusive to prisoners though this was an uncontrolled study.
9e ch 16
This document provides an overview of Chapter 16 from the 9th edition of the psychology textbook "Psychology" by David Myers. It covers the key topics in social psychology, including social thinking, social influence, social relations, and focuses in social psychology. Specific areas discussed include attribution theory, conformity and obedience studies, prejudice, aggression, attraction, and conflict/peacemaking. Experimental research is referenced to illustrate important social psychology concepts and findings.
Conformity
conformity is a type of social influence that is very common in the society and it has the definitions and some experiments during the years done to prove this concept.
chapter 13-social-influences-psychology-4e-by-saul-kassin (1)
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 13 of the psychology textbook. It covers topics related to social perception, social influence, and social relations. Some main points include how social perception involves making attributions about others' behaviors and the fundamental attribution error. It also discusses conformity to group norms, obedience to authority, and factors that influence persuasion and attitude change. Group processes like social facilitation, social loafing, and groupthink are summarized. The chapter concludes with sections on aggression, altruism, and the bystander effect.
Lecture 4 notes ch 2 4
This document provides notes on structural explanations in sociology and key concepts related to social influence and individual responsibility. It discusses how structural explanations focus on overall social patterns and collective outcomes rather than individual intentions. It also examines how individual actions and decisions are constrained by social influences and circumstances outside of one's control. The document introduces concepts like self-fulfilling and self-negating prophecies, emergence, and unintended consequences to analyze how individual behaviors aggregate to form broader social patterns.
ARTICLE PUBLICATION (1).pdf
This document discusses social influence and the dynamics between minorities and majorities. It covers research on conformity, obedience, and minority influence. Some key points:
- Majority influence, known as conformity, occurs when an individual yields to group pressures and norms. Minority influence can also influence majorities under certain conditions.
- Obedience research showed people often comply with authority figures, as seen in the Milgram and Stanford prison experiments. Unanimity among the influencing group increases its power.
- Social influence comes from informational influence, looking to others for guidance, and normative influence, wanting to be liked or avoid rejection. Strength, immediacy and size of the influencing group impact its effects.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE (Psych 201 - Chapter 9 - Spring 2014)
The document provides a playlist of songs related to psychological concepts like obedience, conformity, and unconformity. It also includes a chapter from a psychology textbook about social influence and conformity. The chapter defines social influence, conformity, compliance and obedience. It discusses two types of conformity: informational social influence, which occurs when people conform due to ambiguity, and normative social influence, which occurs due to a desire for social acceptance. Factors that can influence conformity like group size and unanimity are also examined.
Chapter 8 Social Influence
Social influence can be described as an effort to change another person's behavior or attitudes. It can come from real or imagined social pressure. Six main principles of social influence are scarcity, liking, commitment/consistency, reciprocity, social validation, and authority. Social impact theory focuses on the strength of social influences, which can be positive or negative. Conformity is when people go along with the group to be accepted. Normative influence is conforming to be liked, while informational influence is conforming because others seem more informed. Minority influence can impact the majority through consistency of views over time. Compliance involves changing behaviors through requests, while obedience involves following commands from those in positions of authority.
Dispositional factors
1. The F-scale consists of closed questions where participants rate their level of agreement on a scale.
2. Positive correlation. A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases. So in this case, as Authoritarianism increased, obedience also increased.
3.
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Obedience
4. Two advantages of using an interview rather than a questionnaire:
- Interviews allow for open-ended questions which can provide more detailed explanations than closed questions.
- Interviews allow the researcher to ask follow up questions to gain further context and clarification from
Theoretical Approaches to Social Problems
Social Disorganization Approach
Cultural Lag Approach
Value Conflict Approach
Personal Deviation Approach
Anomie Approach
Conformity - Perception of Opinion and its Effects on Confidence of Reasoning...
This study examined how perceived opinions of others can influence confidence levels. Participants were split into three groups: one where confederates supported their answers, one where confederates refuted their answers, and a control group. All groups answered optical illusion questions. Those supported showed increased confidence, while those refuted showed decreased confidence, though results were limited by the small sample size and lack of understanding participants. The study aimed to directly explore how perceived opinions can impact confidence, building on prior research showing conformity effects.
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SOCIAL INFLUENCE (Psych 201 - Chapter 9 - Spring 2014)
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John Bowlby developed the theory of maternal deprivation which argued that children have an innate need to form attachments, especially to their mother, during the critical first five years. Disruption of this attachment through separation, loss of the mother, or failure to attach could lead to long term emotional and behavioral problems. However, some studies have challenged Bowlby's claims, finding no link between deprivation and issues like delinquency or finding children were able to form relationships after deprivation.
Mod 6 cultural variations1
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
Mod 3 attachment types question sheet
The document provides descriptions of 6 children's behaviors when their mothers leave and return to the room. It asks to identify each child's attachment type based on the descriptions, with A signifying a secure attachment, B an insecure-avoidant attachment, and C an insecure-resistant attachment. It provides descriptions of Tom ignoring his mother upon her return (B), Kenny crying but being soothed (A), Yasmin ignoring her mother upon return (C), Tilda being comforted by a stranger (B), Larry seeming angry with his mother upon return (C), and Helen being pleased and comforted quickly settling to play (A).
Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
The document discusses Ainsworth's identification of three main types of attachment: secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment, and insecure-resistant attachment. It then provides a case study describing the behaviors of two brothers, Rob and Sam, and asks the reader to identify the type of attachment each boy demonstrates. Rob is identified as having an insecure-resistant attachment as he cried and seemed scared around strangers, while Sam displayed a secure attachment by happily greeting his mother and being comfortable with other adults. The document evaluates the strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment in reliably identifying attachment types, and also notes limitations, such as additional types of attachment identified by others and concerns about its cultural specificity.
Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
Mod 6 explanations of attachment
Here are 3 limitations of Bowlby's theory identified in the attachment booklet:
1. Bowlby did not consider individual differences in attachment styles. He assumed all children form a secure attachment.
2. Bowlby did not consider cultural differences in childrearing practices and attachment. His ideas were based mainly on Western societies.
3. Bowlby's theory does not fully explain how attachment behaviors and internal working models change over time in response to new experiences and relationships. He saw them as fixed after the critical period.
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This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics and data representation techniques. It discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It also covers different ways to present quantitative data visually, including graphs, tables, scatterplots, bar charts, histograms, and frequency polygons. The key purposes of descriptive statistics and data representation are to summarize patterns in data sets and communicate information effectively.
Mod 3 retrieval failure2
This document discusses explanations for forgetting, specifically retrieval failure due to the absence of cues. It explains that while information is stored in long-term memory, we can forget due to an inability to retrieve it without cues. Cues can be external contextual details or internal state-dependent details associated with the initial learning that help with recall. The encoding specificity principle holds that cues present during learning must also be present during retrieval attempts. A lack of cues results in cue-dependent forgetting.
Mod 3 retrieval failur
Memory stores differ in their coding, capacity, and duration. Specifically, the document discusses how memory is stored in various ways, can hold differing amounts of information, and lasts for varying lengths of time. Memory coding, capacity, and duration are the key factors that distinguish different types of memory storage.
Mod 3 forgetting interference theory
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Mod 6 harlow
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Mod 6 attachment1
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Cognitive interview1
The cognitive interview is a technique developed by Fisher and Gieselman in 1992 to improve the accuracy and detail of eyewitness testimony. It involves having the witness reconstruct the original context of the crime, report every detail in any order, and recall the event from different perspectives. Research has found the cognitive interview results in a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard police interviews, but it may be difficult to apply in real-life criminal investigations due to time and cost constraints.
Cognitive interview
The cognitive interview is a technique for interviewing eyewitnesses that is intended to improve the accuracy and detail of their memories. It involves having witnesses report everything they remember, mentally reinstate the context of the event, change the order of details reported, and change perspectives. Research has found that the cognitive interview produces a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard interviews and improves recall of details when multiple components are used. However, many real-world studies of the technique's effectiveness are difficult due to variations in police implementation of the full cognitive interview method.
Mod 6 anxiety1
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- When recalling memories, gaps and inconsistencies can arise. Memory retrieval involves reconstructing memories based on prior knowledge, which can introduce inaccuracies.
- While some research has found anxiety harms recall accuracy, other studies have found it can improve memory of important details. The level of anxiety likely influences its effects, as the Yerkes-Dodson law proposes an optimal level for performance.
- Field research on eyewitness
Mod 4 ocd
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Mod 3 resistance to social influence
- 1. Resistance to social influence Specification: Explanations of resistance to social influence including social support and locus of control.
- 2. Resistance to social influence • This refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority. • The ability to resist social pressure is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors. • The two explanations you need to know are: Social support Locus of control (LOC)
- 3. Social support – AO1 The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same. These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible Conformity Obedience • Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer. • The effect is not long lasting. • Obedience is reduced by one other dissenting partner. • The dissenter’s disobedience frees the participant to act from their own conscience.
- 4. Social support – AO1 Conformity - Asch Obedience - Milgram • Asch found that conformity reduced to 5.5% when one of the confederates gave a different answer to the rest of the group. • This was true even when the confederates answer was a different wrong answer the others in the group. • Social support breaks the unanimous position of the majority. • Obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when the real participant was joined by a disobedient confederate. • Social support – people are more confident to resist obedience if they can find an ally who is willing to join them.
- 5. Locus of control – AO1 Locus of control: is how much individual control do we think we have over our lives and what happens to us. Rotter (1966) proposed the concept of locus of control – a concept concerned with internal vs external locus of control Internal LOC External LOC • Internals believe that they are mostly responsible for what happens to them. • Externals believe that things happen because of things outside of their control.
- 6. Locus of control – AO1 Continuum People differ in the way they explain their successes and failures but this is not simply a matter of being internal or external – there is a continuum High external LOC High internal LOC Low external + low internal LOC
- 7. Locus of control Resistance to social influence •People with an internal LOC are more likely to be able to resist pressure to conform or obey: If someone takes personal responsibility for their actions and experiences (good or bad) they are more likely to base their decisions on their own beliefs. People with high internal LOC are more self- confident, more achievement-oriented, have higher intelligence and less need for social approval. These personality traits lead to greater resistance to social influence.
- 8. Evaluation: strengths Research support – resistance to obedience •Holland (1967) repeated Milgram’s study and measured whether participants were internals or externals. •37% of internals did not continue to the highest shock level (they showed independence.) •Only 23% of externals did not continue. •This finding backs up LOC as an explanation for resistance to social influence.
- 9. Evaluation: limitations Contradictory research •Twenge et al (2004) analysed data from American obedience studies over a 40-year period (1960-2002) •The data showed that, over this time span, people have become more resistant to obedience but more external. •If resistance were linked to an internal LOC then we would expect people to have become more internal. •This challenges the link between internal LOC and resistance. •However, the results may be due to a changing society where many things are increasingly outside personal control .
- 10. Locus of control – AO3 The role of LOC may be exaggerated •Rotter et al (1982) found LOC is only important in new situations – it has little influence in familiar situations where previous experiences are always more important •This does suggests that locus of control can explain only a limited range of situations in which people might resist social influence. •This means that locus of control is not as important a factor in resistance as some have suggested.