For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2 Class differences in achievement (1)Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 2 Education- Functionalist and the New Rig...Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2: Education, Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
Migration – the temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another.
Migration impacts on population change. It is difficult to account for this population change as much migration is illegal and not accounted for. The government often underestimate the number of migrants to help boost support, while the press often overestimate the number of migrants to sell sensational news articles.
Migration is a common phenomenon.The world is shrinking. The world is becoming a global village.Country boundaries and barriers no longer restrict people movement.
The key to addressing youth crime and antisocial behaviour in remote community's and regional towns, is for an Aboriginal led solution that address's the challenges of the children before they start criminal and anti-social behaviour.
For 3 years we interviewed current and former Don Dale managers, the kids, parents and many others.
From that work we have produced a new way forward that will put the child's needs front and centre, building them and empowering them to understand that culture and education are the pathways to attain their wildest dreams.
When presented at the 9th Annual National Indigenous Health Research Showcase, Professor Tom Calma jumped up and said, "we should be doing a longitudinal study on this."
The program is based on Applied behavoural Analysis, the same method I used to engage with my son who was within the spectrum of severe autism. He is now one of Darwin's top live event sound technicians.
https://www.murdoch.edu.au/news/articles/murdoch-research-aids-autism-recovery
Waiting to address antisocial behaviour when a child comes in contact with the juvenile justice system means they have already in many cases had 2/3 years of criminal behaviour.
They have missed the foundations needed to gain a good education. This limits their future employment opportunities and increases the likelihood of continuing a life of crime.
Many of these children have family or even parents who have been through the juvenile justice system into the adult prison system. So, the antisocial and criminal behaviour becomes intergenerational.
Whilst many programs focus on short term diversion or when a child is classed at risk at 12 or 14, the success rate is only measured the reduction in crime.
In my way of thinking they have failed the child because of the very fact that many of these children's education levels are no higher than grade 2.
There is limited potential of them regaining those years and achieving their greatest dreams and aspirations.
Like anything with children, early intervention is the key. With youth crime and antisocial behaviour it is no different.
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2 Class differences in achievement (1)Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 2 Education- Functionalist and the New Rig...Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2: Education, Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
Migration – the temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another.
Migration impacts on population change. It is difficult to account for this population change as much migration is illegal and not accounted for. The government often underestimate the number of migrants to help boost support, while the press often overestimate the number of migrants to sell sensational news articles.
Migration is a common phenomenon.The world is shrinking. The world is becoming a global village.Country boundaries and barriers no longer restrict people movement.
The key to addressing youth crime and antisocial behaviour in remote community's and regional towns, is for an Aboriginal led solution that address's the challenges of the children before they start criminal and anti-social behaviour.
For 3 years we interviewed current and former Don Dale managers, the kids, parents and many others.
From that work we have produced a new way forward that will put the child's needs front and centre, building them and empowering them to understand that culture and education are the pathways to attain their wildest dreams.
When presented at the 9th Annual National Indigenous Health Research Showcase, Professor Tom Calma jumped up and said, "we should be doing a longitudinal study on this."
The program is based on Applied behavoural Analysis, the same method I used to engage with my son who was within the spectrum of severe autism. He is now one of Darwin's top live event sound technicians.
https://www.murdoch.edu.au/news/articles/murdoch-research-aids-autism-recovery
Waiting to address antisocial behaviour when a child comes in contact with the juvenile justice system means they have already in many cases had 2/3 years of criminal behaviour.
They have missed the foundations needed to gain a good education. This limits their future employment opportunities and increases the likelihood of continuing a life of crime.
Many of these children have family or even parents who have been through the juvenile justice system into the adult prison system. So, the antisocial and criminal behaviour becomes intergenerational.
Whilst many programs focus on short term diversion or when a child is classed at risk at 12 or 14, the success rate is only measured the reduction in crime.
In my way of thinking they have failed the child because of the very fact that many of these children's education levels are no higher than grade 2.
There is limited potential of them regaining those years and achieving their greatest dreams and aspirations.
Like anything with children, early intervention is the key. With youth crime and antisocial behaviour it is no different.
In psychology, compliance refers to changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person.
It is going along with the group or changing a behavior to fit in with the group, while still disagreeing with the group.
Unlike obedience, in which the other individual is in a position of authority, compliance does not rely upon being in a position of power or authority over others.
Presentation from AWS Worldwide Public Sector team's conference Building and Securing Applications in the Cloud (http://aws.amazon.com/campaigns/building-securing-applications-cloud/).
This is a presentation on Milgram(1961) Obedience Study.
You might want to download the presentation so that the animations work in the procedure slide and it gives you a clear understanding of how the study went.
Instead of looking at a slide with lots of things on it, clustered (which was done on purpose - because of the animations)
Enjoy Milgram! :)
In psychology, compliance refers to changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person.
It is going along with the group or changing a behavior to fit in with the group, while still disagreeing with the group.
Unlike obedience, in which the other individual is in a position of authority, compliance does not rely upon being in a position of power or authority over others.
Presentation from AWS Worldwide Public Sector team's conference Building and Securing Applications in the Cloud (http://aws.amazon.com/campaigns/building-securing-applications-cloud/).
This is a presentation on Milgram(1961) Obedience Study.
You might want to download the presentation so that the animations work in the procedure slide and it gives you a clear understanding of how the study went.
Instead of looking at a slide with lots of things on it, clustered (which was done on purpose - because of the animations)
Enjoy Milgram! :)
Research Methods (Unit 4: Issues and Debates)MissHSociology
Edexcel Psychology Unit 4: A-Level
Key notes and studies on research methods in psychology.
Evaluation points for all methods and description of studies: Milgram, Hofling, Charlton, Bandura, Mumford and Whitehouse, Loftus and Palmer, Gauntlett and Camberbatch, DeBellis, Freud (Little Hans).
Notes on how to improve research in Psychology.
I reccomend psychology IB students to see this presentation.
Hello everyone, here is a presentation of the IB Sociocultural level which breaks down the section to all its components:
Principles
Studies supporting principles
Research methods used in SCLA
Limitations of research methods
How to overcome limitations
Ethical considerations in research methods
Situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour
Two errors in attribution
Social Identity Theory
Formation of stereotypes and effect on behaviour
Social Learning Theory
Compliance techniques
Conformity
I hope you like it :D Good luck everyone!
AQA Psychology A Level Revision Cards - Social Influence Topicaesop
revision cards for aqa psych paper 1 social influence topic. please excuse spelling or grammar mistakes! made entirely by me using the standard year 1 textbook, for reference i achieved an a* :)
PSYA3 - Biological Rhythms powerpoint.
100 slides because there's a lot to know! Condensed it as much as possible.
Includes:
Biological rhythms - Circadian, Infradian, Ultradian, endogenous pacemakers, exogenous zeitgebers & consequences of disruption of said rhythms
Sleep states -
lifespan changes, restorative theory, evolutionary evaluations
Disorders of sleep - Insomnia & other sleep disorders.
There's minimal evaluation for Infradian - so do it yourself :D
Psychological explanations of gender development: Cognitive development theory, inc. Kohlberg and Gender schema theory.
Biological influences on gender, including hormones, evolutionary, and biosocial approach to gender dysphoria
Social influences on gender, including parents, peers, and cultural influences on gender role
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
3. 1. Define conformity:
Conformity:
A result of social influence where
people adopt the
behaviours, attitudes and
values of the majority members
of a group.
4. 2. Define, describe and recognise
examples of internalisation:
Internalisation:
A true change of someone’s
private views to match other’s
attitudes and behaviours.
5. 3. Define, describe and recognise
examples of compliance:
Compliance:
Publicly conforming to the
behaviour or views of others in
a group, whilst privately
maintaining one’s own views.
6. 4. Explain the difference between
compliance and internalisation:
If someone complies to other’s behaviour, then
they are publically conforming to the groups
views, whilst privately maintaining their own
views. However, if someone internalises, then
they make a true change of their private views
to match the attitudes and behaviour’s of
others.
7. 5. Describe two reasons for conformity (Informational Social
Influence and Normative Social Influence) and the difference
between them
Normative Social Influence: Is based on our desire
to be liked. We conform so other’s will accept us.
So, publically, we go along with other peoples
views, so we feel we have something in common.
However privately, we retain our own views. (e.g.
Calling a friend to see what to wear)
Informational Social Influence: Is based on our
desire to be right. We look to other’s who we
think will be correct. (Can lead to internalisation.)
8. 6. Outline and evaluate Asch’s study into reasons
for conformity (1951) – MAJORITY INFLUENCE
Outline:
• 50 male college students tested.
• All but one were
confederates/accomplices per test.
Genuine participant called out his
answer last.
• 74% conformed at least once.
• 26% never conformed, they
experienced doubt, but resisted
pressure to conform.
• Asch concluded that people
Watch
conformed due to Normative Social
Influence (the desire to be liked). here!
• Other’s experienced internalisation
where they genuinely felt the others
9. Asch (1951)’s evaluation:
• All male participants = androcentric. Therefore may not be
generalisable.
• 1950’s, USA, everyone was very conservative. People tried to fit in.
This was called McCarthyism.
• Small sample size - only 50 students tested. May not be
representative.
• Was all in the USA, therefore ethnocentric. Not generalisable.
• Lab study - loweredecologically valid.
• Desire to conform.
• All participants were debriefed.
• Lab study – easily replicable, and therefore may be reliable if
repeated to produce similar results.
10. 7. Outline and evaluate Moscovici’s (1969) study into
reasons for conformity – MINORITY INFLUENCE.
OUTLINE: EVALUATE:
• 6 Participants. 2 were accomplices. • Lowered ecological validity –
• Had 36 slides, all were varying
shades of BLUE. done as a lab study.
• 2 conditions • All female participants –
- inconsistent gynocentric. Can’t generalise.
- consistent.
• Inconsistent – Two accomplices • Culturally bias – endocentric.
called the slides GREEN every time. All in USA.
Participants called the slides green in
8.4% of the trials. • Lab study, demand
32% of the participants called a slide characteristics.
green at least once.
• Lab study, therefore increased
• Consistent – Two accomplices reliability if tested again to
called the slides GREEN 24 produce similar results.
times, andBLUE 12times.
Participants called the slides GREEN in • Extraneous variables are more
1.3% of the trials. controlled in a lab study.
11. 8: Define the term ‘obedience’
An outcome of social influence where an
individual acts according to others, usually
from an authority figure. It is assumed that
without such an order, the person would not
have acted in this way.
12. 9. Explain the difference between
obedience and conformity
Obedience is obeying an order, often given by an
authoritarian figure, whereas with conformity,
no one tells you to do anything, you adopt
behaviours, attitudes and belief’s of those
around you.
13. 10. Outline and evaluate Milgram’s
(1963) study into obedience
Outline:
• 40 paid male volunteers.
• Given a ‘teacher’ role. Were separated from the
learner. Learner was quizzed. Every time an answer was
wrong, the ‘teacher’ had to ‘shock’ the learner.
• No shocks were actually administered.
• ‘Prods’ were given prompting the teacher to continue.
• Experiment continued until teacher refused or 450V
were given four times.
• Participants were debriefed.
• All participants went to at least 300V
14. Milgram (1963) evaluation:
• No protection from psychological harm – could
be long term!
• Little resemblance to a real life
situation, therefore lacked ecological validity.
• The teacher may have shown signs of demand
characteristics, acting in a certain way to please
the experimenter.
• All male, therefore androcentric.
• Lack of informed consent.
• 84% said they were glad they were involved, and
learnt something about themselves.
• Everyone was debriefed.
15. 11. Milgram 1963 Variations:
Variation What happened Obedience going to 450V
Original experiment 65%
Venue moved to ‘seedy’ Obedience fell 47.5%
offices
Teacher had to force learner’s Obedience fell further, when 30%
hand on plate to receive shock teachers physical force was
applied
Experimenter left the room, Obedience fell when teacher 20.5%
and instructed teacher via felt they were being less
phone closely observed
Teacher given support by two Obedience fell when 10%
confederates participants conformed to
modelled disobedience
16. 12. Explain at least two reasons people
obey supported by studies (ieHofling and
Rank and Jacobson, 1977):
Hoflinget al (1966) – Obedient nurses:
In this experiment. Nurses received a phone call from a doctor, telling
them to administer 20mg of a drug (which would be double the
max. dosage) to a patient.
21/22 participants began to give the medication – which was actually a
placebo - before another nurse stopped them.
10/22 nurses noticed that it was over the maximum dose, but didn’t
want to disobey doctors.
Field experiment – ecologically valid
Clear procedure – therefore repeatable.
If repeated to produce similar results, it would also be reliable.
Rank and Jacobson (1977) repeated, and got dissimilar results.
Question reliability.
No informed consent, no right to withdraw.
Nurses could have been psychologically harmed due to it being
something that could have harmed patients.
17. Rank and Jacobson (1977)
They then repeated the experiment with a
more common drug (valium) and at 3 times
the max dosage, but let the nurses ask other
nurses what they would do. In this test, only
2/18 nurses prepared the medicine. They
concluded that the nurses only prepared in
Hofling’s experiment because they weren’t
allowed to seek advice, and they didn’t know
about the drug.
18. 13. Be able to give at least four explanations of why people obey
(e.g. Gradual commitment, Agentic shift, Buffers, legitimate
authority, authoritarian personality)
Gradual commitment:
People have difficulty refusing
commands. They comply with a
trivial request, but as the
request gets more
significant, the participants
finds it harder to deny. They
have a desire to seem
consistent.
This theory links to Milgram
(1963) as participants gradually
increased the ‘electric shocks’
19. Agentic Shift:
A participant sees themselves as
‘agents’ of others, therefore no
longer feeling responsible for
their actions.
This theory links to Milgram (1963)
as the learners didn’t feel as
guilty, as they were just obeying
the experimenters orders.
It also links to Hoflinget al (1966)
as the nurses acted as agents for
the doctors.
20. Contractual obligation:
When the participant makes
a commitment, and they
feel obliged to continue
the experiment.
Links to Milgram (1963) as
prompts made them feel
as though they had to
continue.
21. Buffers:
Protect people from
having to confront the
consequences of their
actions.
Links to Milgram
(1963) research into
obedience as the
participants couldn’t
see the learners, as
they were in different
rooms.
22.
23. 14. Outline and evaluate locus of control as an
individual difference affecting individual behaviour
(Rotter)
Locus of Control – Rotter 1966
• Attributional Style
• Agentic shift (shift from agentic to autonomous state)
• EXTERNAL LOC is when you believe your behaviour is
predetermined by an external being, such as God, or fate.
• INTERNAL LOC is when you believe your behaviour is
determined by your own thoughts and feelings.
• People are more likely to obey if they have an externalLOC.
• The locus of control is on a continuum, therefore it is a fluid
model, and has no fixed points.
• THE LOC IS ‘HOW MUCH A PERSON BELIEVES THAT THEY
HAVE CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN BEHAVIOUR.’
24. Evaluation of LOC
High internal – Neurotic/anxious/depressed
High external – Chilled/easy-going
+ Reliable methodology
+ Give quantitative results
- Simplistic explanation of a complex subject =
reductionist
- Gender stereotype:
They say MEN are more INTERNAL.
And WOMEN are more EXTERNAL.
- This is socially sensitive, stating that women can’t work
independently.
25. Attributional style:
• Some people blame themselves, therefore not
fitting a category and not a positive
attributional style.
• Situation may be most important.
• More complex than LOC, accounts for
personality type.
• Heaven et al (2005) looked at consciences and
rebellious students, and found negative
attributional styles with rebellious students.
26. 15. Explain at least two ways people can resist pressures to
conform (role of allies, Asch; Presence of a dissenter, Asch; Prior
commitment; personality including internal locus of control)
Resisting pressure to conform:
• Desire for individuation –
Snyder and Fromkin (1980) led a group of American
students to believe that their most important
attitudes were different from 10,000 other students.
They then told the second group that their most
important attitudes were the same as the 10,000
other students. After being stripped of their usual
identities, they took part in a conformity study and
THEY RESISTED PRESSURES TO CONFORM. Snyder
argued he was trying to make them assert their
individuality.
27. • Desire to maintain control:
We like to think that we can control events in our lives, this
opposes the idea of yielding to social influence.
However, BURGER (1992) demonstrated that people with a high
need for personal control are more likely to resist conformity
pressures than those with a lower need.
DAUBMAN (1993) researched this further, by using jigsaw puzzles.
the participants took a Desirability test, and results were
accumulated on a Desirability of a Control Scale. Those who
scored lowly on the Desirability test welcomed hints on the
puzzles, however, those who scored highly felt worse after it was
offered.
This supports Burger’s contention that other people’s offers of
advice or attempts at influence are seen as threats.
28. Prior commitment:
Once publicly committed to an idea, people are
less likely to change their position than if their
initial opinion was kept private.
Deutsch and Gerard (1955) did a study, where a
naïve participant gave an idea, which was then
followed by confederates giving different
answers. When asked to reconsider, the
participant declined due to his desire to seem
consistent.
29. 16. Explain at least two ways people can resist pressures to obey
(eg the situation - Milgram in office block, attributional style,
locus of control, agentic shift, allies)
People can resist pressures to obey due to the situation. For example,
in Milgram’s (1963) study into obedience, when the study was
repeated in a shady office block – an area much less prestigious
than the initial lab, the obedience rates decreased from 65% to
47.5%.
Another way that people can resist pressures to obey could be their
locus of control. If someone has an internal locus of control, they
very much believe that what they do is up to them, and they are less
likely to obey
A third reason that people can resist obeying could be the agentic shift.
If a person believes that they will not be held responsible for doing
something deemed ‘bad’ in a situation, they are more likely to do it.
This links to HOFLING et al (1966) with his ‘obedient nurses’ study.
The nurses obeyed as they are ‘agents’ for the doctor.
30. 17. Evaluate resistance to obedience and conformity.
Consider the research evidence and alternative
explanations
• People obey due to gradual commitment,
agentic shift, contractual obligation, buffers,
and legitimate authority. (All can link to
Milgram 1963.)
• People conform due to Normative Social
Influence (the desire to be liked) and
Informational Social Influence (the desire to
be right.) (Can link to Asch 1951.)
31.
32. 18. Discuss how findings from social influence research might have
implications for change in society (eg snowball effect; consistency;
foot in the door; development of ethical guidelines). .
• Snowball effect (Van Avermaet 1996)
- What happens with minority influence.
- A few members of the majority move towards the
minority influence.
- Then the influence of the minority gathers
momentum as more people join the minority
view.
• Gradual commitment
- Once people comply with a seemingly trival
task, they find it more difficult to refuse to carry
out more serious tasks.
33. 19. Consider the role of minority influence in Social Change
(consistency, flexible, not dogmatic, gradual commitment, role of a
dissenter and snowball effect). Moscovici can be used to support this.
• Snowball effect (Van Avermaet 1996)
- What happens with minority influence.
- A few members of the majority move towards the minority
influence.
- Then the influence of the minority gathers momentum as
more people join the minority view.
• Gradual commitment
- Once people comply with a seemingly trival task, they find
it more difficult to refuse to carry out more serious tasks.
• Supported by Moscovici
- The BLUE slides. 2/6 were accomplices of the experimenter.
34. 20. Outline and evaluate two of these implications for
society (using study support and opposing
explanations)
• Snowball effect (Van Avermaet 1996)
- What happens with minority influence.
- A few members of the majority move towards the
minority influence.
- Then the influence of the minority gathers
momentum as more people join the minority
view.
• Gradual commitment
- Once people comply with a seemingly trivial task,
they find it more difficult to refuse to carry out
more serious tasks.