Minerals - How they form?
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Minerals form through crystallization as elements in magma or dissolved in water solutions solidify into crystals. Magma crystallization produces minerals through slow cooling underground or rapid cooling when lava reaches the surface. Slowly cooled underground magma results in larger mineral crystals, while rapidly cooled lava produces smaller crystals. Water solutions deposit minerals as crystals through evaporation, such as salt precipitating from seawater.
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This document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It begins by defining what constitutes a mineral and explaining the key criteria. The main mineral groups are then introduced, particularly silicate minerals which are the most common. The document outlines different silicate mineral structures and provides examples. Physical properties that can be used to identify unknown minerals are described in detail. These include habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, streak, and other properties. Common non-silicate minerals are also listed. The document concludes with links to additional mineral resources.
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that make up rocks. Rocks can be classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma either below or above the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, causing them to recrystallize without melting. Minerals can be identified based on properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, fracture, crystal form, specific gravity, and others.
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Introduction
Descriptive parameters of texture
Equigranular texture
Inequigranular texture
Directive texture
Intergrowth texture
Exsolution texture
Devitrification
Conclusion
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This document provides information on various members of the amphibole group of minerals. It begins with an introduction to amphiboles, noting their double chain silicate structure and presence in both igneous and metamorphic rocks. It then describes the distinguishing characteristics and chemical formulas of important orthorhombic amphiboles like anthophyllite and gedrite. Next, it covers the monoclinic amphiboles, detailing minerals in the cummingtonite, actinolite, and hornblende series as well as the sodium-bearing amphiboles glaucophane and riebeckite. Paragenesis and typical crystal habits are also discussed for each amphibole.
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1) There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
2) All new rock starts as igneous rock, formed from cooled lava or magma.
3) Igneous rock can be intrusive or extrusive depending on whether the magma cools below or above the surface.
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1. Refractive index is a measure of how light propagates through a material and is calculated as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the material. It is a unique property useful for mineral identification.
2. The refractometer is an instrument used to measure refractive index based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection. It consists of a glass prism with a known refractive index that allows measurement of the critical angle and calculation of the unknown refractive index of a material.
3. Refractive index can vary with wavelength, so it is conventionally measured using yellow sodium light. Values range from around 1.4 to 2.4 for most gemstones. Refractometers with different
Petro microscope
1. A petrological microscope is used to study thin sections of minerals and rocks. It magnifies objects and controls the direction of light vibrations.
2. The main parts of a petrological microscope include an ocular, objectives, rotating stage, condenser, polarizer, and analyzer which work together to illuminate and magnify thin sections for analysis.
3. Objectives are used for magnification and come in low, medium, and high powers while the ocular and stage facilitate viewing and rotating of thin sections under the microscope.
Gemmology notes
This document provides an overview of gemstones, including their physical and optical properties, shapes and cuts, and synthetics and simulants. It discusses the key properties used to identify gemstones such as crystal habit, specific gravity, hardness, refractive index, and luminescence. Different cutting styles including cabochon and faceted cuts are described. The document also covers synthetic gemstones which mimic natural stones, and simulants which have similar appearances but different properties. It aims to equip gemologists with the knowledge to distinguish natural gems from synthetics or enhanced stones.
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1) There are three main types of meteorites: iron, stone, and stony-iron. Iron meteorites contain over 90% iron and nickel and have a distinctive crystalline pattern.
2) Stone meteorites, which make up the largest group, contain less iron and some contain ancient chondrules. They can resemble terrestrial rocks.
3) Stony-iron meteorites contain roughly equal amounts of iron and stone and include pallasites with olivine crystals and mesosiderites with a silver and black appearance.
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This document discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the rock cycle. It explains that igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction or cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from extreme heat and pressure changing existing rocks. The rock cycle is also summarized, noting that geological forces cause rocks to change forms over time, passing through the different types.
Rock Cycle PowerPoint
The document discusses the three main rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground (intrusive) or above ground (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure without melting. The rock cycle diagram shows how rocks continuously change between these three types through various geologic processes.
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Chapter 3 - Minerals
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines a mineral as being naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, and having a definite crystal structure and chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or hot water solutions cool. Common minerals include quartz, calcite, and pyrite. Minerals have various properties that can be used to identify them such as color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. Many minerals are important resources and are used to make products like glass, jewelry, and metals. Metals are extracted from minerals through mining and smelting.
Rocks Geology Presentation.pptx
Rocks are naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, or organic matter that are divided into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on their formation process. Rocks are continually changed over time through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, melted, cooled, cemented, and subjected to heat and pressure, allowing them to transition between the three rock types. The composition and origins of rocks, such as whether they formed from magma, sediments, or changed forms due to heat and pressure, are used to classify the different types of rocks.
Types of rocks
- Rocks are naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter that are divided into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on how they were formed.
- Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava either below or above ground. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the Earth.
- Rocks are constantly changing between these three types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, melted, cooled, and subjected to pressure and heat within the Earth.
Properties of Minerals
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solids with a crystal structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or solutions cool. They can crystallize on the surface through evaporation or underground as magma cools. The size of mineral crystals depends on the cooling rate, with slower cooling deep underground producing larger crystals. Minerals have many uses including in jewelry, metals, construction materials, and tools. Metals are extracted from ores through mining and smelting to remove the metal.
Rocks Science..232323232323232323
This document defines and describes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat and pressure in the Earth. Rocks can change between these types through geological processes in the rock cycle.
Lesson 1 minerals and rocks notes
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and come in over 3,500 varieties. They form rocks through the rock cycle of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure.
Rocks Geology ppt.pdf
This document defines rocks and describes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat and pressure in the Earth. Rocks can change between these types through geological processes in the rock cycle.
Ch 15 gs
Minerals form in two main ways - some cool from magma underground or lava above ground, while others form through evaporation of mineral-rich waters. Minerals have distinct properties that can be used to identify them, such as their crystal structure, cleavage/fracture patterns, color streak, luster, and hardness. Over 4,000 minerals have been identified that make up the building blocks of rocks.
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Different Types of Rocks and the processes involved in its formation,ppt
Different Types of Rocks and the processes involved in its formation,ppt
Rock and the Rock cycle dsflkdsfkdskfl;dskfl;dskfldskflkds;f
Rock and the Rock cycle dsflkdsfkdskfl;dskfl;dskfldskflkds;f
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Minerals - How they form?
- 1. • Minerals form through processes called crystallization. • Crystallization is a “crystal-forming process”. • Minerals are Crystals • Not all crystals are minerals! • Sugar is a crystal…Why is it not a mineral? • It is not naturally made, but processed by drying sugar cane plants. Mineral (Crystals) can form in two ways 1.Cooling of Magma 2.Solution Evaporation
- 2. • Magma is melted rock liquefied into a pool of elements. • Things like Fe, Mg, Ca are all floating around in the liquid magma. • Just like water cooling to form ice, magma can cool so the elements in the liquid become solids. • The elements solidify and group together to form solid crystals called minerals and fall out of the liquid magma.
- 3. • The size of the minerals crystal depends on how fast the magma cools… • Magma that cools Fast: • The minerals do not have enough time to grow to they are small. • COOLS FAST = SMALL CRYSTALS • Magma that cools Slow • The minerals crystals have lots of time to grow so they are large. • COOLS SLOW = LARGE CRYSTALS
- 6. • Where would magma cool the slowest? •Magma cools slowest inside Earth (intrusive) • Where would magma cool the fastest? •Lava cools fastest when outside the Earth (extrusive) • Where would we find large crystals in minerals?
- 7. • Minerals dissolve in water and create a solution. • Eventually, the water will evaporate and the minerals will fall out of solution and be left behind. • When minerals fall out of a solution they are said to precipitate. • EXAMPLE: Salt Water evaporating with salt crystals left behind.